After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to
secrete more of the hormone known as _____.
A) angiotensinogen
B) renin
C) antidiuretic hormone
D) atrial natriuretic peptide
Use the following information to answer the questions below.
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in
the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate (1) loses a carbon, which is given off
as a molecule of CO2, (2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate,
and (3) is bonded to coenzyme A.
Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO2) from a
molecule of pyruvate?
A) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
B) oxaloacetate
C) acetyl CoA
D) citrate
Patients with damage to Wernicke’s area have difficulty _____.
A) generating speech
B) recognizing faces
C) understanding language
D) experiencing emotion
Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from
which cells?
A) vascular cambium
B) apical meristem
C) endodermis
D) xylem
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be
secreted by a cell?
A) ER → Golgi → nucleus
B) Golgi → ER → lysosome
C) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
D) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates _____.
A) secretion
B) absorption
C) filtration
D) temperature regulation
The botulinum toxin, which causes botulism, reduces the synaptic release of _____.
A) acetylcholine
B) endorphin
C) nitric oxide
D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of
evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid?
A) It is segmented.
B) It is triploblastic.
C) It has a coelom.
D) It sheds its external skeleton to grow.
Which of the following solutions would require the addition of the greatest amount of
base to bring the solution to neutral pH?
A) gastric juice at pH 2
B) vinegar at pH 3
C) black coffee at pH 5
D) household bleach at pH 12
An original section of DNA has the base sequence AGCGTTACCGT. A mutation in this
DNA strand results in the base sequence AGGCGTTACCGT. This change represents
_____.
A) a missense mutation
B) a point mutation
C) a silent mutation
D) frameshift mutation
The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are _____.
A) ferns, horsetails, lycophytes, and club mosses
B) hornworts, liverworts, and mosses
C) gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos
D) elms, maples, and aspens
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following
structures in animal cells?
A) desmosomes
B) gap junctions
C) extracellular matrix
D) tight junctions
The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative
phase is often revealed by _____.
A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced
B) the initiation of secondary growth
C) a change in the orientation of preprophase bands and cytoplasmic microtubules in
lateral meristems
D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes
One of the major categories of receptors in the plasma membrane reacts by forming
dimers, adding phosphate groups, and then activating relay proteins. Which type does
this?
A) G protein-coupled receptors
B) ligand-gated ion channels
C) steroid receptors
D) receptor tyrosine kinases
According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to
keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?
A) The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
B) The engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide.
C) The engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose.
D) The host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell alive.
Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest
surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length.
A) a mollusk
B) an annelid
C) an arthropod
D) a platyhelminth
Based on the experiment in the figure above, which of the following are plausible
reasons for the result?
I) No nutrients evaporate now that vegetation is absent.
II) Nutrients dissolve in the water running through the watershed.
III) Nutrients are attached to small particles of sand or clay that leave the watershed.
IV) Plant roots that held soil particles in place are no longer there.
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only I, II, and IV
D) only II, III, and IV
CAP is said to be responsible for positive regulation of the lac operon because _____.
A) CAP binds cAMP
B) CAP binds to the CAP-binding site
C) CAP prevents binding of the repressor to the operator
D) CAP bound to the CAP-binding site increases the frequency of transcription
initiation
Which molecule shown above can form a cross linkage?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a
population in an extinction vortex?
A) Capture all remaining individuals in the population for captive breeding followed by
reintroduction to the wild.
B) Establish a reserve that protects the population’s habitat.
C) Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.
D) Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population.
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells
that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and to lie in
the grooves between larger, underlying cells.
This embryo may potentially develop into a(n) _____.
A) turtle
B) earthworm
C) sea star
D) sea urchin
Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle?
A) The pine tree is a gametophyte.
B) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis.
C) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.
D) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon.
Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so
they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks
osmoregulate at least partially by _____.
A) using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts
B) monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins
C) tolerating high urea concentrations that are balanced with internal salt concentrations
to seawater osmolarity
D) synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts
inside cells
In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits “efferent” impulses from the
anterior ganglion to distal segments is the _____.
A) central nervous system
B) peripheral nervous system
C) autonomic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system
If 14C-labeled uracil is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will
be labeled?
A) DNA
B) RNA
C) both DNA and RNA
D) proteins
What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?
A) primary xylem
B) secondary xylem
C) secondary phloem
D) vascular cambium
Measurements of the amount of DNA per nucleus were taken on a large number of cells
from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels ranged from 3 to 6 picograms per
nucleus. In which stage of the cell cycle did the nucleus contain 6 picograms of DNA?
A) G1
B) S
C) G2
D) M
Which of the following conditions is the most likely indicator of a population in an
extinction vortex?
A) The species in question is found only in small, stable pockets of its former range.
B) The effective population size of the species falls below 1000.
C) Genetic measurements indicate a loss of genetic variation over time.
D) The population is connected only by corridors.
Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any
organelles that might have the 9 + 2 pattern. They obtain their nutrition from functional
chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which
question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of
individual diatoms?
A) How do diatoms get transported from one location on the water’s surface layers to
another location on the surface?
B) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters?
C) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action of
waves?
D) How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells?
How might a change of one amino acid at a site, distant from the active site of an
enzyme, alter an enzyme’s substrate specificity?
A) by changing the enzyme’s stability
B) by changing the shape of an enzyme
C) by changing the enzyme’s pH optimum
D) An amino acid change away from the active site cannot alter the enzyme’s substrate
specificity.
In mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large and very convoluted
neocortex, but birds are capable of sophisticated cognition because they have _____.
A) a more advanced cerebellum
B) a cerebellum with several flat layers
C) a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei
D) microvilli to increase the brain’s surface area
Telomere shortening is a problem in which types of cells?
A) only prokaryotic cells
B) only eukaryotic cells
C) cells in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Once heat is transferred to the soil, where does it go next (reference the study by
Noormets et al. 2004)?
I) The heat is emitted back to the atmosphere.
II) The heat is transferred to other soil layers.
III) The heat is stored in the soil.
A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) I, II, and III
The primitive streak in a bird is the functional equivalent of _____.
A) the lip of the blastopore in the frog
B) the archenteron in a frog
C) the notochord in a mammal
D) neural crest cells in a mammal