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Which functional group shown above is characteristic of alcohols?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
The Panama Canal was completed in 1914, and its depth is about fifty feet. After 1914,
snapping shrimp species from which habitats should be most likely to form hybrids as
the result of the canal?
A) A5 and B5
B) A3 and B3
C) A1 and B1
D) A1-A3 and B1-B3 have equal likelihoods of harboring snapping shrimp species that
can hybridize.
Sulfur is in the same column of the periodic table as oxygen, but has electronegativity
similar to carbon. Compared to water molecules, molecules of H2S will _____.
A) have greater cohesion to other molecules of H2S
B) have a greater tendency to form hydrogen bonds with each other
C) have a higher capacity to absorb heat for the same change in temperature
D) not form hydrogen bonds with each other
In a healthy cell, the rate of DNA repair is equal to the rate of DNA mutation. When the
rate of repair lags behind the rate of mutation, what is a possible fate of the cell?
A) The cell can be transformed to a cancerous cell.
B) RNA may be used instead of DNA as inheritance material.
C) The cell will become embryonic.
D) DNA synthesis will continue by a new mechanism.
Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?
A) a rasping tongue
B) paired fins
C) jaws
D) a well-developed notochord
The peppered moth provides a well-known example of natural selection. The
light-colored form of the moth was predominant in England before the Industrial
Revolution. In the mid-nineteenth century, a dark-colored form appeared. The
difference is produced by a dominant allele of one gene. By about 1900, approximately
90% of the moths around industrial areas were dark colored, whereas light-colored
moths were still abundant elsewhere. Apparently, birds could readily find the light
moths against the soot-darkened background in industrial areas and, therefore, were
eating more light moths. Recently, use of cleaner fuels has greatly reduced soot in the
landscape, and the dark-colored moths have been disappearing. Should the two forms of
moths be considered separate species?
A) Yes, because natural selection has affected the frequency of the two different forms.
B) Yes, because they have completely different coloration.
C) Yes, because they are reproductively isolated based on habitat.
D) No.
Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?
A) the set of antibodies produced
B) the set of major histocompatability (MHC) molecules produced
C) the set of T cell antigen receptors produced
D) the susceptibility to a particular virus
Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16.
A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for
species C would probably be _____.
A) 14
B) 16
C) 28
D) 56
After looking at the figure above, what can be said about productivity in this
ecosystem?
A) Nothing can be said based on this information.
B) Between 80% and 90% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels.
C) Between 10% and 20% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels.
D) Productivity increases with each trophic level.
A population of white-footed mice becomes severely overpopulated in a habitat that has
been disturbed by human activity. Sometimes intrinsic factors cause the population to
increase in mortality and lower reproduction rates to occur in reaction to the stress of
overpopulation. Which of the following is an example of intrinsic population control?
A) Owl populations frequent the area more often because of increased hunting success.
B) Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation, and many
individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of
overpopulation.
C) Clumped dispersion of the population leads to increased spread of disease and
parasites, resulting in a population crash.
D) All of the resources (food and shelter) are used up by overpopulation, and much of
the population dies of exposure and/or starvation.
The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory
response are _____.
A) phagocytes and chemokines
B) dendritic cells and interferons
C) mast cells and histamines
D) lymphocytes and interferons
Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers
and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The
genes for flower color and location assort independently. Among the F2 offspring, what
is the probability of plants with white axial flowers?
A) 9/16
B) 1/16
C) 3/16
D) 1/4
Nudibranchs, a type of predatory sea slug, can have various protuberances (that is,
extensions) on their dorsal surfaces. Rhinophores are paired structures, located close to
the head, which bear many chemoreceptors. Dorsal plummules, usually located
posteriorly, perform respiratory gas exchange. Cerata usually cover much of the dorsal
surface and contain nematocysts at their tips.
The spiracles and tracheae of insects have a function most similar to that of _____.
A) rhinophores
B) dorsal plummules
C) cerata.
D) chemoreceptors
In a plant cell, DNA may be found _____.
A) only in the nucleus
B) only in the nucleus and chloroplasts
C) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes
In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual
reproduction more likely to occur?
A) when conditions for survival are favorable
B) when conditions for survival are unfavorable
C) when males and females find each other
D) What conditions favor sexual over asexual remains a complete mystery.
Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely
_____.
A) running by a 50-gram rodent
B) running by a 40-kilogram ungulate
C) flying by a 100-gram bird
D) swimming by a 100-kilogram tuna (bony fish)
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal
cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic
common to all of these extracellular structures?
A) They must block water and small molecules to regulate the exchange of matter and
energy with their environment.
B) They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface
area to volume.
C) They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then
transported out of the cell.
D) They are composed of a mixture of lipids and nucleotides.
In a series of mapping experiments, the recombination frequencies for four different
linked genes of Drosophila were determined as shown in the figure above. What is the
order of these genes on a chromosome map?
A) rb-cn-vg-b
B) cn-rb-b-vg
C) b-rb-cn-vg
D) vg-cn-b-rb
The movement of water across biological membranes can best be predicted by _____.
A) prevailing weather conditions
B) aquaporins
C) level of active transport
D) water potentials
What is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can be covalently bonded in a
molecule containing two carbon atoms?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
Whenever diploid populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a particular locus,
_____.
A) the allele's frequency should not change from one generation to the next
B) natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift are acting equally to change an allele's
frequency
C) two alleles are present in equal proportions
D) individuals within the population are evolving
Using modern techniques of sequencing by synthesis and the shotgun approach,
sequences are assembled into chromosomes by ______.
A) placing them on previously generated genetic maps.
B) cloning them into plasmid vectors.
C) computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps.
D) cloning them into plasmid vectors, placing them on previously generated genetic
maps, followed by computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps.
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity. But does
biodiversity really matter? Canadian and Swiss researchers wanted to know if the
diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was important to the productivity of
grasslands (M.G.A. van der Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R.
Streitwolf-Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal
diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature
396:69-72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF
species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various
plants in combination with one of four AMF species (A, B, C, and D), no AMF species
(O), or all four AMF species together (A+B+C+D); and they measured plant growth
under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always
competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were
present.
On the graphs below, the x-axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species
(bar 0 = no fungi; bars A-D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF
species together). The y-axis indicates the amount (grams) of plant biomass for the
species shown in italics above each graph.
Based on the van der Heijden et al. (1998) graphs in the figure above, which of the
following is the best description of the data supporting the idea that a plant species did
not form mycorrhizae with a fungus? Its biomass is greatest when _____.
A) no AMF are present
B) AM fungus A is present
C) AM fungus B is present
D) AM fungus C is present
Which of the following is most likely to have a small protein called ubiquitin attached
to it?
A) a cyclin protein, that usually acts in G1, in a cell that is in G2
B) a cell surface protein that requires transport from the ER
C) an mRNA leaving the nucleus to be translated
D) an mRNA produced by an egg cell that will be retained until after fertilization
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction
reaction, the molecule becomes _____.
A) hydrolyzed
B) oxidized
C) reduced
D) an oxidizing agent
How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate
lineages?
A) It allowed for smaller body size.
B) It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull.
C) It made additional food sources available.
D) It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding.
Nitrogen (N) normally forms three covalent bonds with a valence of 5. However,
ammonium has four covalent bonds, each to a different hydrogen (H) atom (H has a
valence of 1). What do you predict to be the charge on ammonium?
A) +1
B) -1
C) +2
D) -2
In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce a six-carbon
molecule, which is then split to produce two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. After
phosphorylation and reduction produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), what more
needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle?
A) addition of a pair of electrons from NADPH
B) regeneration of ATP from ADP
C) regeneration of RuBP
D) regeneration of NADP+
An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a
saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher
proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided
to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous
sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial
hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several herbivorous gastropod
varieties. Lastly, she added some vertebratesa parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged
for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish.
If the teacher wanted to show the students what a lophophore is and how it works, the
teacher would point out a feeding _____.
A) hydra
B) sponge
C) gastropod
D) ectoproct
The following questions refer to the figure below, which shows an outcrop of
sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D.
If x indicates the fossils of two closely related species, neither of which is extinct, then
their remains may be found in how many of these strata?
A) one stratum
B) two strata
C) three strata
D) four strata
Humans have twenty-three pairs of chromosomes and chimps have twenty-four pairs of
chromosomes. What is the most likely explanation for these differences in human and
chimp genomes?
A) The common ancestor of humans and chimps had twenty-four pairs of
chromosomes. After the two groups evolved, two human chromosomes fused end to
end
B) In the evolution of chimps, new adaptations resulted from additional chromosomal
material.
C) At some point in evolution, human and chimp ancestors reproduced with each other.
D) Errors in mitosis resulted in an additional pair of chromosomes in chimps.
The cyclin component of MPF is destroyed toward the end of which phase?
A) G1
B) S
C) G2
D) M
Which of the following statements describes a eukaryotic chromosome?
A) a single strand of DNA
B) a series of nucleosomes wrapped around two DNA molecules
C) a chromosome with different numbers of genes in different cell types of an organism
D) a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins
Which of the following studies would a community ecologist undertake to learn about
competitive interactions?
I) selectivity of nest sites among cavity-nesting songbirds
II) the grass species preferred by grazing pronghorn antelope and bison
III) stomach analysis of brown trout and brook trout in streams where they coexist
A) only I and II
B) only I and III
C) only II and III
D) I, II, and III
