Which of the following best describes transpiration?
A) the loss of oxygen from a plant
B) evaporation from a plant’s roots
C) the bulk flow movement of water in a plant
D) the loss of water from plant leaves through evaporation
A fat that is hydrogenated is ________.
A) more unsaturated
B) easier to digest
C) more solid
D) less likely to cause strokes
If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not.
What accounts for this difference?
A) expulsion of water by the plant cell’s central vacuole
B) the relative impermeability of the plant cell membrane to water
C) the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water
D) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall
How do radioactive isotopes differ from isotopes?
A) Radioactive isotopes have more neutrons than do isotopes.
B) Radioactive isotopes are stable; isotopes are unstable.
C) Radioactive isotopes have fewer neutrons than do isotopes.
D) Radioactive isotopes are unstable; isotopes are stable.
Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility
to heart disease, are ________.
A) determined only by our genes
B) influenced by both genes and the environment
C) determined by genes in some people and by the environment in other people
D) not affected by our genes
Please refer to the following art of the cross-sections of two trees to answer the
following questions.
When were the cross-sections of these trees made?
A) before completion of the first year of growth
B) in the spring
C) later in the summer
D) in the winter
The DNA codon AGT codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon
________.
A) TCU
B) AGU
C) TCA
D) AGT
In Yellowstone National Park, wolves were hunted to extinction in the 1920s. A current
restoration project has reintroduced wolves to Yellowstone National Park. Predict the
response of the Yellowstone ecological community if wolves are a keystone species.
A) Species richness should decrease.
B) The relative abundances of each species should become more unequal.
C) Species diversity should decrease.
D) Species richness should increase, and the relative abundances of each species should
be about equal.
Competition among individuals of the same species is ________ competition.
A) density-independent
B) intraspecific
C) Type II
D) Type III
Which of the following convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium?
A) nitrifying bacteria
B) nitrogen-fixing bacteria
C) mycorrhizae
D) ammonifying bacteria
If a population’s growth rate decreases as the population size approaches carrying
capacity, the population’s growth follows a(n) ________ model.
A) exponential
B) boom-and-bust
C) logistic
D) density-independent
Which type of tissue forms an electrical communication system within the body?
A) nervous
B) blood
C) connective
D) muscle
Examine the figure below. What process has to occur to produce a haploid embryo sac?
A) meiosis
B) meiosis followed by mitosis
C) mitosis followed by meiosis
D) mitosis
Which of the following correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups
of plants?
A) gymnosperms, ferns, bryophytes, angiosperms
B) bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
C) bryophytes, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms
D) ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes
Chinese privet is a plant that is native to China. Over 150 years ago, Chinese privet was
introduced to the United States as a fast-growing shrub that serves as an excellent
privacy hedge. With no natural predators, Chinese privet quickly established itself and
spread in natural areas throughout the southeast and eastern seaboard of the United
States. Its dominance in these areas has jeopardized the survival of native plant species.
Chinese privet provides evidence that ________.
A) introducing non-native organisms can cause environmental damage
B) American gardeners can easily control the spread of Chinese privet
C) integrated pest management strategies will not decrease Chinese privet populations
D) non-native plant species have Type I survivorship curves
Opportunistic species typically ________.
A) are very long-living
B) have a large number of offspring
C) reach sexual maturity slowly
D) exhibit a Type I survivorship curve
Please read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
While shopping, you settle on two types of cookies. The nutritional label for the
chocolate mint cookies lists 5 grams of saturated fat, 0 grams of trans fat, 22 grams of
carbohydrates, and 11 grams of protein per serving. The nutritional label for the peanut
butter cookies lists 0 grams of saturated fat, 5 grams of trans fat, 26 grams of
carbohydrates, and 4 grams of protein per serving.
The amount of carbohydrates in a food product is usually separated into two groups: 1)
sugars, which refers only to mono- and disaccharides, and 2) fiber. Out of the 22 grams
of total carbohydrates, there are 12 grams of sugars and 2 grams of fiber in the
chocolate mint cookies. All of the following statements EXCEPT for one are true.
Choose the exception.
A) There are more mono- and disaccharides than cellulose in the cookies.
B) There are 8 grams of carbohydrates in the cookies that are not monosaccharides,
disaccharides, or fiber.
C) The majority of the carbohydrates in the cookies will be able to be broken down via
hydrolysis reactions when eaten.
D) There are 6 grams of monosaccharides and 6 grams of disaccharides in the cookies.
The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ________.
A) gene regulation
B) transcription
C) gene expression
D) translation
Please read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
While shopping, you settle on two types of cookies. The nutritional label for the
chocolate mint cookies lists 5 grams of saturated fat, 0 grams of trans fat, 22 grams of
carbohydrates, and 11 grams of protein per serving. The nutritional label for the peanut
butter cookies lists 0 grams of saturated fat, 5 grams of trans fat, 26 grams of
carbohydrates, and 4 grams of protein per serving.
Which cookies are less healthy?
A) The chocolate mint cookies because they contain more saturated fat.
B) The chocolate mint cookies because they contain more total grams of protein and
carbohydrates.
C) The peanut butter cookies because they contain more trans fat.
D) The peanut butter cookies because they contain more grams of carbohydrates.
Which of the following describes allopatric speciation?
A) A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. The two subpopulations
evolve into two distinct species.
B) A tetraploid plant species evolves from a diploid ancestor. Both the tetraploid and
diploid species are found in the same habitat.
C) One population breeds in the fall; another population breeds in the spring.
D) A male horse and a female donkey mate, producing a sterile hinny.
Which of the following choices INCORRECTLY pairs an endocrine gland or hormone
with an aspect of metabolism that it regulates?
A) TSH”thyroid hormone
B) pancreas”blood glucose levels
C) prolactin”blood potassium levels
D) ovary”female sexual characteristics
When referring to cell division, oncogenes are most like ________ while tumor
suppressor genes are most like ________.
A) the brakes on a car” the gas pedal on a car
B) the gas pedal on a car” the brakes on a car
C) the steering wheel on a car” the gas pedal on a car
D) the brakes on a car” the steering wheel on a car
Most decomposers are ________.
A) plants and fungi
B) bacteria and plants
C) fungi and prokaryotes
D) animals
The figure below shows that ________.
A) amino acids can move directly into the electron transport chain
B) our cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP
C) our cells can produce ATP only from glucose
D) our cells can produce ATP from sugars and glycerol, but not fatty acids
Would you expect motor units to vary in size? If so, which of these structures would
probably have the largest ones?
A) No; all motor units are the same size.
B) Yes; a motor unit in the thigh to control leg movements would be the largest one.
C) Yes; a motor unit that controls eye movements would be the largest one.
D) Yes; a motor unit that controls hand movements would be the largest one.
Homeotic genes ________.
A) have very different sequences in plant cells as compared to animal cells
B) are an example of convergent evolution
C) are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms
D) regulate gene expression in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
The cardiovascular system of a mouse works like that of a human. A mouse is moved
from sea level (low altitude) to the top of a mountain (high altitude). How could this
mouse’s cardiovascular system maintain a similar rate of oxygen delivery to its tissues
now that the mouse is at the top of the mountain?
A) Decrease breathing rate.
B) Decrease heart rate.
C) Increase the depth of ventilation.
D) Increase lung pressure.
Which of the following describes the vascular system of a typical plant?
I) It is made up of xylem and phloem.
II) It provides support.
III) It transports nutrients throughout the plant.
A) I
B) I and II
C) I and III
D) I, II, and III
Which of these carry incoming messages toward the cell body of a neuron?
A) axons
B) dendrites
C) actin filaments
D) supporting cells
What global climatic change gave gymnosperms an advantage over ferns?
A) the climate becoming hotter and wetter
B) increased fluctuations in global climate temperatures
C) the climate becoming cooler and drier
D) the climate becoming hotter and drier
Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
In order for cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells, they must bind to the self protein on
the surface of the infected cell. Other proteins on the surface of the cytotoxic T cells
assist with this binding process. One of these accessory proteins, CD8, has been
implicated in many immunodeficiency disorders, including AIDS. CD8 is required for
cytotoxic T cells to function normally.
Chronic alcohol use is associated with increased rates of pulmonary bacterial and viral
infections. A recent study examined this association by investigating the effects of
alcohol on the immune system in mice. Mice were given either water or alcohol
(ethanol) to drink and then were infected with the influenza virus. The number of
cytotoxic T cells that have the CD8 accessory protein was measured in both groups of
mice. The data collected are shown in the figure below.
Which group of mice has more functional cytotoxic T cells?
A) The mice that drank water.
B) The mice that drank alcohol.
C) Both groups of mice have similar amounts of functional cytotoxic T cells.
D) There is not enough information to make a conclusion.
In aerobic respiration, how many molecules of acetic acid are produced from six
molecules of glucose?
A) 1
B) 38
C) 6
D) 12
Please read the following paragraph and then answer the following questions.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a fatal disorder
characterized by muscle weakness. Stumbling when walking or difficulty with using a
hand is a typical early symptom. Individuals with ALS lose the ability to consciously
control movement, though cognitive and sensory functions generally remain
unimpaired. There is currently no cure for ALS.
In ALS, sensory input and integration are unaffected, and muscle cells still respond to
neurotransmitters when they are present. Which structure would you recommend
scientists to study to find a cure for ALS?
A) sensory neurons
B) interneurons
C) motor neurons
D) mechanoreceptors