How does Helicobacter pylori cause gastric ulcers in humans?
A) It neutralizes the acids of the stomach.
B) It causes the production of excess acid in the stomach.
C) It damages the stomach’s mucus coat.
D) It causes the stomach to produce stronger acids.
A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered
pea plant would produce a(n) ________.
A) purebred variety
B) hybrid
C) P generation
D) F2 generation
Please read the following paragraph and then answer the following questions.
The human eye is an incredible organ, capable of gathering light to focus on images
near and far, in bright light or dim, and with quick adjustments between these extremes.
However, eyes can develop problems, such as floaters, which are small particles that
interfere with the transmission of light between the lens and the retina, and bloodshot
eyes, which occur when irritants such as dust or smoke get in the eye.
Eyes can become bloodshot when irritants in the eye trigger an increased blood flow to
the connective tissue covering the eye. These swollen blood vessels are located on the
________.
A) cornea
B) sclera
C) iris
D) lens
Which of the following best describes the pathway an oxygen molecule would take
through the human circulatory system?
A) systemic tissues → alveoli → pulmonary vein → pulmonary capillaries → systemic
capillaries → left ventricle → left atrium → aorta → systemic arteries
B) alveoli → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle
→ aorta → systemic arteries → systemic capillaries → systemic tissues
C) alveoli → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary artery → right atrium → right
ventricle → pulmonary vein → systemic arteries → systemic capillaries → systemic
tissues
D) alveoli → pulmonary vein → pulmonary capillaries → systemic capillaries → left
atrium → left ventricle → aorta → systemic arteries → systemic tissues
The gel shown above includes a DNA ladder that can be used to estimate the sizes of
DNA molecules. The ladder increases in 100 nucleotide increments, from 100 to 700.
Four DNA molecules have been separated on this gel (labeled A to D). What is the
approximate size of DNA molecule A?
A) 250 nucleotides
B) 300 nucleotides
C) 350 nucleotides
D) 400 nucleotides
An example of a mutualism, or +/+ relationship, is ________.
A) the relationship between corals and unicellular algae
B) cryptic coloration in frogs
C) herbivory
D) the relationship between Virginia’s warblers and orange-crowned warblers, which
use some of the same resources
Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging
to the genus Plasmodium. These eukaryotic organisms are transmitted from one person
to another by the female Anopheles mosquito when it feeds on human blood. Within
humans, the Plasmodium species destroy red blood cells and, without effective
treatment, serious infections can lead to death. Currently, more than 400 million people
are afflicted with malaria and between 1 and 3 million people die from it each year.
Historically, a chemical compound called quinine has been used in developing effective
drugs against malaria. In its natural environment, quinine is produced by certain trees
native to South America. This chemical is synthesized in the outer layer of tree trunks
and acts as an herbivore deterrent.
Humans, mosquitoes, and Plasmodium together would be considered a(n) ________.
A) population
B) community
C) ecosystem
D) population and community
At a natural history museum, you see a skeleton with the following characteristics: four
long, slender finger bones and a smaller opposable thumb bone, and larger feet with
long toes. In what type of environment would you expect this organism to have lived?
A) one that lacks vegetation
B) one that is very cold
C) one that is very dry
D) one that is heavily forested
For a plant, carbon and nitrogen are ________.
A) macronutrients
B) micronutrients
C) minerals
D) compost
Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
Blood flowing away from the heart is under tremendous pressure, able to travel to just
about any portion of the body. However, blood pressure drops considerably as it moves
away from the heart. When blood finally reaches capillaries, the blood pressure drops to
nearly zero. Therefore, when a person is standing, blood returning from the feet is not
moved back towards the heart by contractions of the heart.
Because of the changes in blood pressure through the circulatory system, the best way
to feel a pulse is by pressing a finger against ________.
A) a vein
B) a capillary
C) an artery
D) either an artery or a vein
Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
Yawning is a reflexive action that is often associated with sleepiness. When a person
yawns, the mouth opens, and a longer than normal breath of air is inhaled, followed by
a longer than normal exhalation. Hypothesizing that yawning has a regulatory
mechanism similar to breathing, scientists conducted an experiment on college students
to test the effect of ambient carbon dioxide levels on yawning.
Which of the following would be considered support for the hypothesis tested by the
scientists?
A) College students produce more carbon dioxide when they yawn more frequently.
B) College students yawn with the same frequency regardless of carbon dioxide levels.
C) College students yawn more when they are in lecture, compared to when they are in
lab.
D) College students yawn more when they are exposed to higher levels of carbon
dioxide.
Nate is gaining weight, is often tired, and feels cold. His thyroid hormone level is high
as is the level of TSH. Nate also has a goiter. Which of these diagnoses is the most
likely for Nate’s condition?
A) defective thyroid hormone receptors in his body cells
B) insufficient iodine in his diet
C) defective receptors for thyroid hormone control by the anterior pituitary
D) too much iodine in the diet
Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions.
If an herbicide blocked the Calvin cycle before the generation of glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate (G3P), which of the following statements would be TRUE?
A) The plant would still be able to make sugar, just a lot less.
B) No oxygen would be released by the plant.
C) No sugar would be made by the plant.
D) Only RuBP would be recycled.
Vacuoles are ________.
A) membranous sacs
B) manufactured by ribosomes
C) composed of microtubules
D) found only in plant cells
Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Several years ago, scientists discovered a mutation in zebrafish larvae that prevented
the absorption of lipids from dietary fat. Larvae carrying this mutation died shortly after
they hatched because all cells need fat to carry out their normal functions. More recent
studies have determined that the mutation leading to this disorder occurs in a single
gene on chromosome 10. When a normal gene is inserted into embryos carrying the
mutation, these fish are able to process fats normally when they hatch. To discover
more about the gene’s function, researchers examined and compared cells from normal
and mutant fish larvae under a microscope. A major difference was noticed in the
intestinal cells. The Golgi apparatus in the intestinal cells of mutant larvae is much
larger than those of normal larvae. As the Golgi apparatus processes fats and proteins,
the lipids become trapped, resulting in the abnormally large size of the organelle.
Assuming that the digestive system of zebrafish works like that of a human, what
substance do zebrafish need to make fats more easily digested by enzymes?
A) chyme
B) bile
C) lipase
D) pepsin
Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions.
The one-way flow of blood in veins is maintained by ________.
A) blood pressure
B) muscles pressing against the veins
C) their thick walls
D) valves
Which of the following hormones is made by the hypothalamus and released by the
posterior pituitary?
A) estrogen
B) growth hormone
C) ADH
D) insulin
Please read the following scenario and then answer the following questions.
Molecular biologists have perfected DNA fingerprinting so that it is possible to use the
technique to provide evidence to solve crimes and even identify a child’s parents.
Recently, a U.S. immigrant asked the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services for
permission to have her young daughter who was living with grandparents in their
homeland join her in the United States. Her request was denied because there was an
apparent mix-up with the child’s birth certificate and it could not be used as proof of
maternity. Other forms of proof are required in cases such as this. The mother requested
DNA fingerprinting to show that she was the mother of the daughter. Samples of DNA
were taken from the mother (Mom) and the daughter (D) as well as from her son (S)
living in the United States with her. STR analysis was run on the three samples, and the
results are shown below.
STR analysis can also be used for crime scene investigations in addition to maternity
testing. Suppose that the results for the Mom were found at a crime scene, that the
daughter’s and the son’s results were from possible suspects, and that each of the DNA
markers in the gel was an STR marker. Would these results be enough to convince a
jury that the results from the daughter matched the crime scene DNA (Mom)?
A) Yes, because the two STR markers match in size.
B) Yes, because you need only one STR marker to match to definitely make a
connection between two people’s DNA.
C) No, because even though two STR markers matched, there still could be mismatches
in the other 11 markers.
D) No, because blood-typing data analysis was not performed.
Which of the following is a stem modification for storage?
A) tuber
B) petiole
C) internode
D) runner
The world’s first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ________.
A) humulin
B) HGH
C) tPA
D) EPO
From the point of view of an angiosperm, what is the function of fruit?
A) It is where the male gametophyte develops.
B) It is a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds.
C) It provides nutrients to germinating seeds.
D) It attracts pollinators.
Nearly all food plants are ________.
A) bryophytes
B) gymnosperms
C) ferns
D) angiosperms
Microtubules are associated with ________.
A) cilia
B) flagella
C) cell shape
D) all of the answer choices
All organisms with bilateral symmetry also have ________.
A) hard skeletons
B) bilateral adults
C) sense organs
D) an anterior head
Use the following information to answer the following questions.
There are many diseases of the digestive system. Sjgren’s syndrome is an autoimmune
disease that destroys tear ducts and salivary glands. In megaesophagus, peristalsis fails
to occur properly and the esophagus is enlarged. In achlorhydria (also called
“hypochlorhydria”) production of gastric acid is absent or low. When a person has
diverticulitis, feces are trapped in small pouches of the large intestine, and cause
infection. Infected portions of the large intestine can swell and block the large intestine.
In exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, there is a progressive loss of pancreatic cells that
make digestive enzymes. In gallstone cholestasis, bile cannot flow from the liver to the
duodenum.
Regurgitation of food could indicate ________.
A) Sjgren’s syndrome
B) achlorhydria
C) megaesophagus
D) celiac disease
Which of the following hormones affects the greatest variety of cell types?
A) prolactin
B) insulin
C) growth hormone
D) calcitonin
While on an archaeology expedition, you unearth a skeleton with the following
characteristics: four long, slender finger bones and a smaller opposable thumb bone,
long arm bones, fingernails, and eye sockets close together on a skull. What type of
organism do you suspect you may have found?
A) an anthropoid
B) a tarsier
C) a crustacean
D) a marsupial
Please read the following scenario to answer the following questions
If you were asked to study the pattern of bacterial growth (increase in numbers over
time) during an infection, you would find that numbers of bacteria increase
exponentially up to a certain point. Assume that you have been asked to interpret the
growth of bacteriophages. You infect the host bacteria and measure the increase of
phages over a defined period of time. You plot the results and get the graph shown here.
At what point on the graph are the viruses increasing in number the fastest?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Usually, enzymes are ________.
A) fats
B) steroids
C) chemical reactions
D) proteins
Which of the following occurs during interphase?
A) Chromatin becomes tightly coiled.
B) Chromosome duplication occurs.
C) Sister chromatids separate.
D) The mitotic spindle forms.