Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved
in lichens?
A) Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells.
B) Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells.
C) Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.
D) The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae.
The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact _____.
A) spinal cord
B) corpus callosum
C) cerebellum
D) medulla
As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the
three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas
without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger
beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into
the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of
both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of _____.
A) mutualism
B) character displacement
C) Batesian mimicry
D) resource partitioning
Before plowing a field, a farmer thought the bare field looked weed-free. Three days
after plowing and turning over the soil, he was amazed to see thousands of tiny
seedlings. What is the most likely reason for the mass germination of seeds?
A) large seeds that needed soil disturbance to germinate
B) small seeds that need light to germinate
C) small seeds that were scarified by exposure to plow
D) large seeds that needed exposure to higher levels of oxygen to germinate
In the figure above, which of the following conclusions is most logical based on the
data?
A) Females produce more eggs more quickly when exposed to breeding males.
B) Females produce eggs more quickly when exposed to many males than females
paired with a male.
C) All non-isolated females do just as well as isolated females.
D) After four weeks together, females with males produce mature follicles to the same
extent as females without males.
The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of
the cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B?
A) spindle formation
B) spindle attachment to kinetochores
C) cell elongation during anaphase
D) cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis
Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, for example) the seeds
are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon
opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature
seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is (are)
true?
1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated.
2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods.
3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such
pods.
4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts.
5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.
A) 1 only
B) 1 and 5
C) 2 and 5
D) 3 and 5
You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you
sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman’s virus, but
over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for
almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation
for this?
A) Your friend had antibodies to that virus.
B) You had an adaptive immunity to that virus.
C) Your friend had an autoimmune disorder.
D) Your friend had allergies.
The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight
in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest
advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the
soil surface.
Assume that all four locations are 0.5 meters above the surface. On a breezy day with
prevailing winds blowing from left to right, where should one expect to find the highest
concentration of free basidiospores in an air sample?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
In looking at the speciesarea plot in the figure above, what can be concluded?
A) Number of bird species increases linearly with island area.
B) Number of bird species remains the same on these various islands.
C) Diversity is independent from island area.
D) Number of bird species increases exponentially with island area.
Which of the following statements about human population in industrialized countries
are correct?
I) Life history is r-selected.
II) The population has undergone the demographic transition.
III) The survivorship curve is Type III.
IV) Age distribution is relatively uniform.
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only I, II, and IV
D) only II, III, and IV
Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in
epinephrine’s effect on liver cells?
A) Receptor studies indicated that epinephrine was a ligand.
B) Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was administered to
intact cells.
C) Glycogen breakdown was observed when epinephrine and glycogen phosphorylase
were combined.
D) Epinephrine was known to have different effects on different types of cells.
Individuals with the disorder xeroderma pigmentosum are hypersensitive to sunlight.
This occurs because their cells cannot_____.
A) replicate DNA
B) undergo mitosis
C) exchange DNA with other cells
D) repair thymine dimers
Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an
ecosystem?
A) the ecosystem’s rate of primary production
B) the production efficiency of the ecosystem’s consumers
C) the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem
D) the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem
Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the
correct term (A-E) that matches each example in the following question(s).
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
If a viral host cell has a mutation that interferes with the addition of carbohydrates to
proteins in the Golgi, which of the following could likely result?
A) The viral envelope proteins would not be glycosylated and might not arrive at the
host plasma membrane.
B) The viral capsid proteins would not be glycosylated and might not arrive at the host
plasma membrane.
C) The viral core proteins would not be glycosylated and might not arrive at the host
plasma membrane.
D) The virus would be unable to reproduce within the host cell.
Rank, from low to high, the pH of blood, stomach acid, and urine.
A) blood, urine, and stomach acid
B) stomach acid, blood, and urine
C) urine, blood, stomach acid
D) stomach acid, urine, blood
During aerobic respiration, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen atom for the
formation of the water come from?
A) carbon dioxide (CO2)
B) glucose (C6H12O6)
C) molecular oxygen (O2)
D) pyruvate (C3H3O3
–)
For a biologist studying a small fish population in the lab, which Hardy-Weinberg
condition is easiest to meet?
A) no selection
B) no genetic drift
C) no gene flow
D) no mutation
Of the following human aneuploidies, which is the one that generally has the most
severe impact on the health of the individual?
A) 47, trisomy 21
B) 47, XXY
C) 47, XXX
D) 45, X
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
A) carbonyl and amino groups
B) carboxyl and amino groups
C) amino and sulfhydryl groups
D) hydroxyl and carboxyl groups
Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive
exclusion?
A) The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the
population growth of the other competing species.
B) Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species.
C) Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the
less well adapted of two competing species.
D) Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.
The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that _____.
A) fat absorption primarily occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed
from the small intestine
B) carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not
C) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly
enter the blood
D) fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption
Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?
A) limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount
B) influence of temperature on competition among plants
C) influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers
D) effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
A researcher found a method she could use to manipulate and quantify phosphorylation
and methylation in embryonic cells in culture.
In one set of experiments she succeeded in increasing acetlylation of histone tails.
Which of the following results would she most likely see?
A) increased chromatin condensation
B) decreased chromatin condensation
C) decreased binding of transcription factors
D) inactivation of the selected genes
Unripe fruits protect seeds from predation and early germination. What is the major
function of ripe fruits?
A) attracting pollinators
B) dispersing seed
C) releasing nutrients to seeds
D) keeping the seed hydrated before germination
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
A) chloroplast
B) central vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D) centriole
Speciation _____.
A) occurs at such a slow pace that no one has ever observed the emergence of new
species
B) occurs only by the accumulation of small genetic changes over vast expanses of time
C) must begin with the geographic isolation of a small, frontier population
D) can involve changes to a single gene
Most types of communication between cells utilize _____.
A) the exchange of cytosol between the cells
B) the movement of the cells
C) chemical or electrical signals
D) the exchange of DNA between the cells
Which of the following is a fitness trade-off (compromise)?
A) In some hornbill species, the male helps seal the female in a tree with her nest until
the young are ready to fledge.
B) Hummingbirds are the best pollinators of certain flowers, but bees are the best
pollinators for orchids.
C) The strong, thick beak of a woodpecker helps it find insects in trees.
D) Turtle shells provide protection but are heavy and burdensome when moving.
The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the _____.
A) stomach
B) pharynx
C) rectum
D) epiglottis
What would be the most direct effect of removing or damaging an insect’s antennae?
The insect would have trouble _____.
A) hearing
B) mating
C) seeing
D) smelling