Which of the following is a member of the domain Archaea?
A) gram-positive bacteria
B) methanogens
C) spirochetes
D) chlamydias
Transduction
A) is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another.
B) occurs when a bacterium acquires DNA from the surrounding environment.
C) occurs when a phage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another.
D) requires DNA polymerase.
The retina of the eye is similar to what part of a camera?
A) lens
B) aperture (light opener)
C) film
D) flash
How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
Biosphere II is a huge dome-covered self-contained structure located outside Tucson,
Arizona. It was built to try to duplicate Earth’s biosphere and ecosystems in miniature
and to use the information gained from the experiment to help design similar habitats
on the Moon and Mars. The habitat contained small versions of many of Earth’s
ecosystems, including an ocean with a coral reef, mangrove wetlands, a grassland, a
desert, an agricultural system, and a human habitat. Eight men and women were sealed
inside the habitat for a proposed two-year stay. The air, water, and food for the
“biospherians” all came from inside the sealed habitat, and their only contact with the
outside was through computers and telephones.
Before the two years were up, however, the experiment failed. Supplemental oxygen
was pumped into the facility, and food supplies were provided through the airlocks.
What caused the failure of the experiment? It was traced to nutrient pollution. The soil
in some of the biosphere ecosystems was unusually rich in nutrients. These excess
nutrients caused a huge population explosion in decomposer bacteria, which led to
oxygen depletion.
To stabilize the environment in the habitat and enable it to become self-sufficient again,
it would be helpful to
A) add nitrates and phosphates to the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
B) add producers to absorb excess carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
C) add consumers to absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
D) add decomposers to recycle nutrients in the soil and water.
Mechanoreceptors (touch and pressure) are not evenly spaced on your body. What is an
advantage of having mechanoreceptors located farther apart?
A) allows often used parts of the human body to feel pressure more severely than areas
where mechanoreceptors are closer together
B) allows often used parts of the human body to feel pressure less severely than areas
where mechanoreceptors are closer together
C) allows for greater dendrite regeneration after the body has experienced excessive
pressure
D) allows for a thicker epidermis than in areas where mechanoreceptors are closer
together
During chemiosmosis,
A) energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes.
B) ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase.
C) a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively
transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion’s intermembrane
space.
D) H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor.
To reduce the risk of cancer, it has been suggested that a diet high in ________ is
beneficial.
A) vitamin E
B) bacon
C) red meat
D) antioxidants
As cell size increases, the
A) volume and surface area decrease.
B) volume increases proportionally more than the surface area.
C) surface area increases proportionally more than the volume.
D) ratio of surface area to volume stays the same.
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic RNA is true?
A) Introns are added to the RNA.
B) Exons are spliced together.
C) A small cap of extra nucleotides is added to both ends of the RNA.
D) The modified RNA molecule is transported into the nucleus.
In the axolotl, development is altered. Adult axolotls retain features (external gills and
aquatic life) that were juvenile in its ancestors, a phenomenon known as
A) “evo-devo.”
B) paedomorphosis.
C) punctuated evolution.
D) homology.
What kind of connective tissue has an extracellular liquid matrix called plasma?
A) nerve tissue
B) loose connective tissue
C) adipose tissue
D) blood
An experimental forest ecosystem is enclosed in a sealed greenhouse. The entire
ecosystem, including the air and soil, is treated with an extremely potent fungicide that
kills all fungal life stages including spores. What will probably happen next?
A) Tree growth will increase because the dead fungi will act as a fertilizer.
B) Plants will enjoy a long-term increase in growth and survival because of the removal
of fungal pathogens.
C) Dead organic matter will accumulate on the forest floor; plant growth will decline
because of a lack of nutrients and the loss of mycorrhizal partners.
D) A few animals will go extinct due to loss of their fungal food sources, but otherwise
the forest will be largely unchanged.
Lack of exercise and activity can be one of several reasons a person might become
constipated, or be unable to have regular bowel movements. Which of the four stages of
food processing is directly affected in this situation?
A) ingestion
B) digestion
C) absorption
D) elimination
Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae
A) are photosynthetic.
B) obtain food by decomposing the remains of dead organisms and absorbing the
nutrients.
C) are unicellular and lack a nucleus.
D) are multicellular and lack a nucleus.
Connective tissue is different from the other major tissue types in that
A) it is made of cells.
B) the cells are sparsely scattered through a nonliving matrix.
C) it is not made of cells.
D) it is found only in humans.
Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the
following correctly lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive?
A) neuron, phospholipid, brain, nervous system, nerve tissue, human
B) phospholipid, neuron, nerve tissue, brain, nervous system, human
C) phospholipid, neuron, brain, nervous system, nerve tissue, human
D) neuron, phospholipid, nerve tissue, nervous system, human
If you lay your forearm along a table, you can rotate it so that your hand changes from a
palm-down to a palm-up position. This is possible because your radius and ulna join at
a
A) ball-and-socket joint.
B) hinge joint.
C) pivot joint.
D) ligament.
Which of the following organisms belongs to the group represented in box 1?
A) giraffe
B) tree
C) decomposing bacteria
D) leopard
Foods that are high in fiber are most likely derived from
A) plants.
B) dairy products.
C) red meats.
D) fish.
You are looking at a tissue under a microscope. You see mostly densely packed fibers
with some cells scattered throughout. You would predict that the function of this tissue
is to
A) attach bones to muscles or other bones.
B) connect epithelia to underlying tissues.
C) conduct electrical impulses.
D) make voluntary movements of the body.
Suppose scientists discovered an organism that had a head with a brain at the anterior
end of the dorsal nerve, eyes and other sensory organs, a skull, and a vertebral column.
The organism couldnot be a/a26
A) lamprey.
B) hagfish.
C) ray-finned shark.
D) amphibian.
A scientist performs a controlled experiment. This means that
A) the experiment is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate.
B) the experiment proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully
observe all reactions and process all experimental data.
C) two versions of the experiment are conducted, one differing from the other by only a
single variable.
D) one experiment is performed, but the scientist controls the variables.
The fossil record shows that for many plant and animal groups, the time between
speciation events
A) is usually about 50,000 years.
B) varies greatly, but averages 6.5 million years.
C) is usually greater than 40 million years.
D) is equivalent to the length of one hundred generations of a species.
Which part of this seed contains stored food that allows the seed to grow until it can
perform photosynthesis?
A) part A
B) part B
C) part C
D) part D
Which of the following statements is true?
A) Gymnosperms have seeds that are not enclosed in a protective casing, while
angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds with a protective casing.
B) Gymnosperms have flowers that produce seeds with a protective casing, while
angiosperms have seeds that are not enclosed in a protective casing.
C) Gymnosperms lack true roots and leaves, while angiosperms lack lignin cell walls.
D) Gymnosperms lack seeds, while angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds with a
protective casing.
Which of the following nutrients is digested only after it reaches the small intestine?
A) fat
B) protein
C) starch
D) polypeptide
Which of the following foods would be least likely to contribute to the development of
coronary heart disease?
A) margarine
B) butter
C) bacon
D) fish oil
Which of the following structures is/are used by prokaryotes for attaching to surfaces?
A) flagella
B) nucleoid
C) anchoring junctions
D) capsule
________ are toxic proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria, and ________ are toxic
components of the outer membrane of gram-negative pathogens.
A) Endotoxins; phosphotoxins
B) Endotoxins; botulinum toxins
C) Exotoxins; enterotoxins
D) Exotoxins; endotoxins