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A peanut farmer decides that she can make more money growing cotton and so plants
her fields with cotton. The terrific yield of her fields is so encouraging that she
continues to plant cotton for several more years, but each year her cotton yield
decreases. What advice could you give her to increase her yield?
A) Use a little less fertilizer each year since the soil is becoming overfertilized.
B) Plant peanuts in alternate years since this crop rotation will provide extra nitrogen to
the soil.
C) Leave the fields unplanted in alternate years so the soil can recover.
D) Plant a different crop every year since different crops deplete different soil nutrients.
Examine the following two DNA sequences.
Sequence 1: ATGCGATGCTAGCAT
Sequence 2: ATGCGATGATAGCAT
If both of these sequences code for proteins, how might the function of protein 2 differ
from the function of protein 1? Use the genetic code below for assistance.
A) Protein 1 and protein 2 will function exactly the same.
B) Protein 1 will be shorter than protein 2, so they will not function the same.
C) Protein 2 will be shorter than protein 1, so they will not function the same.
D) Protein 2 has a different sequence, so it will function differently from protein 1.
The dominant stage of the moss life cycle is the
A) sporophyte.
B) gametangium.
C) pollen.
D) gametophyte.
Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system
A) has a faster response, but the signal does not last as long.
B) has a slower response and a signal that does not last as long.
C) has a faster response with a longer-lasting signal.
D) has a slower response with a longer-lasting signal.
Which of the following is probably the main factor responsible for the phenomenon of
density-dependent inhibition?
A) a local accumulation of growth-inhibiting factors
B) cells' innate ability to 'sense" when the organ of which they are a part has no need for
additional cells
C) a local deficiency of nutrients
D) physical contact of cell-surface proteins between adjacent cells
Citrus fruit has always been distributed from areas where the fruit is grown to other
parts of the country, often by train. In the early 1900s train cars were heated with coal,
and it was believed that this heat helped ripen the fruit. Imagine the surprise of growers
and suppliers when fruit that arrived in new boxcars heated by steam arrived unripe.
Why did the fruit no longer ripen?
A) The length of time needed to ripen the fruit was met by slow-moving older trains;
newer steam-powered locomotives arrived before the fruit ripened.
B) Ethylene, a by-product of coal burning, ripened the fruit in the cars with the coal
stove but was absent from the steam-powered trains.
C) The light from the coal-burning stoves caused the fruits to experience short nights,
so they ripened.
D) The steam prevented the buildup of abscisic acid, which is needed to ripen fruit.
Which of the following statements about enzymes is false?
A) They increase the rate of chemical reactions.
B) They function as chemical catalysts.
C) They regulate virtually all chemical reactions in a cell.
D) They are monomers used to build proteins.
Many of the regions of the world where hunger is prevalent are also regions with hot
and dry climates. What types of agricultural crops would you suggest that these regions
attempt to grow?
A) C3 plants, such as wheat and rice
B) C3 plants and C4 plants, such as corn and sugarcane
C) C3 plants and CAM plants, such as prickly pear and pineapple
D) C4 plants and CAM plants
Spring has arrived, and you notice your neighbors are cutting their grass. When you
walk outside to check if your mail has arrived, your eyes begin to water and feel itchy.
You are more than likely experiencing
A) an overreaction to pollen.
B) a reaction due to an autoimmune disease.
C) a pollen allergy.
D) both A and C.
Diane Dodd's experiments using fruit flies demonstrated that
A) the evolution of reproductive barriers occurs much too slowly to produce
measurable effects in the laboratory.
B) new species can form in a single generation by the production of new reproductive
structures.
C) formation of a reproductive barrier between two populations is more likely if they
experience and adapt to different environmental conditions.
D) reproductive barriers usually are absolute: Either two populations are fully willing
and able to interbreed, or they are strictly separated by a fully effective reproductive
barrier.
Excitatory neurotransmitters are most like what part of an automobile?
A) brakes
B) windshield wiper
C) accelerator
D) horn
Asexual reproduction requires ________ individual(s), whereas sexual reproduction
requires _______ individual(s).
A) 1; 1
B) 1; 2
C) 2; 1
D) 2; 2
Exposure to the HIV virus doesn't necessarily mean that a person will develop AIDS.
Some people have genetic resistance to infection by HIV. Dr. Stephen O'Brien from the
U.S. National Cancer Institute has recently identified a mutant form of a gene, called
CCR5, that can protect against HIV infection. The mutation probably originated in
Europe among survivors of the bubonic plague. The mutated gene prevents the plague
bacteria from attaching to cell membranes and, therefore, from entering and infecting
body cells.
Although the HIV virus is very different from the bacteria that causes the plague, both
diseases affect the exact same cells and use the same method of infection. The presence
of the mutated gene in descendants of plague survivors helps prevent them from
contracting AIDS. Pharmaceutical companies are using this information as the basis for
a new approach to AIDS prevention. This could be very important in areas of the world
where the mutation is scarce or absent, such as Africa.
The most likely method by which the mutated CCR5 gene prevents AIDS is by
A) covering the cell membrane.
B) rupturing the nuclear membrane.
C) attacking and destroying the HIV virus particles.
D) coding for a protective protein in the cell membrane.
Which of the following is the best definition of a genomic library?
A) a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes some parts of organism's
genome
B) a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome
C) a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes multiple organisms' genomes
D) a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes only exons from an organism's
genome
What is the function of urea reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney?
A) It restores the correct concentration of blood urea.
B) It increases the osmotic concentration of the interstitial fluid in the renal medulla so
that more water can be extracted from the urine.
C) It reduces the salinity of the renal medulla and thus helps regulate how much water
is reabsorbed from the urine.
D) It moves the urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle so that it can be
excreted from there in the urine.
A biologist interested in determining which plant organs (stems, buds, leaves, etc.) are
responsible for sensing photoperiod might perform which of the following
experiments?
A) Remove the apical meristems from different parts of the plant.
B) Measure auxin levels in different parts of the plant before and after exposure to light.
C) Cover different plant organs with a foil covering to prevent light exposure.
D) Expose the plants to different wavelengths of light.
Which of the following statements regarding the endomembrane system is false?
A) The endomembrane system is involved in the synthesis, storage, and export of
important molecules.
B) The endomembrane system includes the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
C) The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope.
D) The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all
physically connected.
________ are heterotrophic protists; ________ are photoautotrophic protists.
A) Mixotrophs; protozoans
B) Protozoans; algae
C) Protozoans; plants
D) Parasites; protozoans
Where do plants get most of their mass?
A) from nitrogen in the atmosphere
B) from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
C) from water, as van Helmont predicted
D) from organic molecules taken up from the soil
Members of the kingdom Animalia
A) can obtain their food either by absorption or by photosynthesis.
B) are composed of cells that lack a cell membrane.
C) can obtain their food by eating other organisms.
D) make their own food through photosynthesis.
When sarcomeres contract, they generate force (tension). However, the amount of force
generated depends on the sarcomere length and the amount of thick and thin filament
overlap. Below is a figure that details the forcegenerating properties of a single
sarcomere. This figure was modified from a scientific paper by Al Gordon and
colleagues from 1966 and is a classic illustration of the relationship between sarcomere
length and force.
At what point on the graph are thick and thin filaments most overlapped?
A) point A
B) point B
C) point D
D) point E
In the equation 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O,
A) H2, O2, and H2O are all compounds.
B) H2, O2, and H2O are all elements.
C) only H2O is a compound.
D) only H2 and O2 are compounds.
At any given time, what percentage of the body's capillaries have blood flowing
through them?
A) 5-10%
B) 20-25%
C) 40-50%
D) 85-90%
Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the
stomach. This enzyme is a protein. Which of the following processes could be
responsible for its secretion?
A) endocytosis
B) exocytosis
C) diffusion
D) pinocytosis
Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are
A) chemosynthetic autotrophs.
B) photoautotrophs.
C) fungi.
D) heterotrophs.
When a lepidopterist examined museum specimens of a particular moth species, she
noticed that the variation in color was distributed as shown in the first graph. She was
surprised because her data indicated the distribution of colors shown in the second
graph. Which of the following hypotheses about the cause of this shift in the range of
genetic variation is the most likely to be supported by examination of the distribution of
colors in a collection assembled at a time between that of the collection of the museum
specimens and her current specimens?
A) Darker moths tend to lay more eggs than light moths.
B) Birds prefer to eat lighter moths rather than darker moths.
C) The bark of the tree on which moths landed became darker over time.
D) Darker moths were more likely to survive and have more offspring over time.
Approximately what percentage of the human genome is identical to that of a
chimpanzee?
A) 50.0%
B) 62.3%
C) 92.0%
D) 98.8%
Monocot floral parts usually occur in multiples of
A) five.
B) four.
C) two.
D) three.
The plant genus Pinus reaches optimal growth when it grows with the fungal genus
Suillusis. The ________ of the fungus give Pinus water and mineral nutrients, while
Pinus gives the fungus sugars and organic macromolecules. Pinus and Suillusis have a
________ relationship.
A) hyphae; symbiotic
B) spores; symbiotic
C) chitin; eukaryotic
D) fruit; endothermic
Of the over 19,000 new species described for the first time in 2009, more than half were
A) marine organisms.
B) plants.
C) insects.
D) vertebrates.
The main function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is to help achieve homeostasis of
water balance. All of the following are reasons to test for abnormal ADH levels except
A) swelling due to fluid buildup.
B) excessive urination.
C) feeling thirsty after exercising.
D) overhydration.
Which of the following cells are phagocytes?
A) monocytes and neutrophils
B) basophils and eosinophils
C) lymphocytes only
D) lymphocytes, basophils, and eosinophils
