Plant viruses ________.
A) often use RNA, rather than DNA, as their genetic material
B) benefit plants, rather than causing disease
C) cause diseases that can be easily cured
D) do not exist, as viruses attack only animals
Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).
Cellular respiration converts the energy of fuel molecules to a form of energy that a cell
can use to perform work. In an average day, most adult humans need to consume about
2,000 Calories to maintain their health. However, the exact amount of dietary Calories a
person needs depends upon many factors, including the person’s age, physical activity,
size, and health. Foods that we consume vary greatly in their nutritional content and
quality. A large hard-boiled egg, for example, has about 75 dietary Calories and
contains about 70% of our recommended daily intake of cholesterol.
The amount of dietary Calories in one hard-boiled egg could raise the temperature of
________.
A) 75 grams of water by 1 degree Celsius
B) 750 grams of water by 1 degree Celsius
C) 1,000 grams of water by 75 degrees Celsius
D) 7,500 grams of water by 50 degrees Celsius
Which of the following is NOT recycled but is lost from ecosystems?
A) nitrogen
B) energy
C) magnesium
D) carbon
Which of the following molecules spontaneously form membranes when mixed in
water and most likely were one of the first organic compounds formed on Earth?
A) DNA
B) Enzymes
C) Phospholipids
D) RNA
Which of the following best describes the mechanism that causes stomata to open?
A) Water accumulates below the opening and eventually causes the stoma to open.
B) A large bubble of oxygen accumulates below the stoma and eventually causes it to
open.
C) Two guard cells flanking each stoma control its opening by changing shape.
D) The internal pressure of xylem sap expands the leaf, stretching the stoma open.
Please read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
In May 2014, the European Union (EU) published a report of population structure and
aging data that described growing trends of low birth rates and longer life expectancies
in the EU. In their report, the EU described that, due to these trends, some EU member
states are beginning to demonstrate a population structure with many much-older
individuals.
Why might this changing population structure be a concern for EU leaders?
A) Eventually greater resources will be needed to support a much larger and older
generation, and this burden will fall on an increasingly smaller workforce.
B) Eventually the EU population will exhibit a Type III survivorship curve.
C) Eventually intraspecific competition for resources amongst the older members of the
population will lead to a decrease in food and water availability.
D) Eventually individuals of reproductive age will face a boom-and-bust population
cycle.
A duplicated chromosome consists of two ________.
A) centromeres
B) centrosomes
C) genomes
D) sister chromatids
Which type of ecosystem has low primary production but nonetheless contributes a
large proportion of Earth’s total net primary production?
A) tropical rain forest
B) coral reef
C) open ocean
D) desert
Which of the following are most closely related to plants?
A) brown algae
B) red algae
C) slime molds
D) green algae
One function of this organ system is ________.
A) thermoregulation
B) excretion
C) exchange of gases between the blood and air
D) transport of substances throughout the body
In angiosperms, the ________ is a nutrient-storing tissue that nourishes a developing
embryo.
A) fruit
B) seed
C) carpels
D) endosperm
Why are bryophytes considered incompletely liberated from their ancestral aquatic
habitat?
A) They lack lignin.
B) Their sperm are flagellated.
C) The gametophyte generation is dominant.
D) They lack a cuticle.
Please read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
While working with cultured mouse cells, a researcher unknowingly treated the cells
with a mutagen that causes the deletion or insertion of individual nucleotides in DNA.
Subsequently, the researcher isolated and cultured a single cell from this group and
noticed that the progeny of this cell were not producing a certain protein and that this
affected their survival.
The mutation would be most harmful to the cells if it resulted in ________.
A) a single nucleotide insertion near the start of the coding sequence
B) a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence
C) a single nucleotide in the middle of an intron
D) deletion of a triplet near the middle of the gene
Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
The pineapple, grown for its sweet fruit, is a tropical monocot with a diploid number of
50. It can live for many years. The plant starts as one short stem with tough leaves. The
flowers of the pineapple are located as a cluster at the very top of the stem. After
pollination, the single fruit forms from the fusion of the ovaries of the flowers in the
cluster. The seeds are located just underneath the surface of the fruit. The pineapple
fruit is harvested by cutting at the base of the fruit. After the first fruit is produced, side
shoots grow from the main stem, which can go on to produce additional fruits.
The first pineapple on a plant develops from ________, whereas the pineapples from
the second harvest of the same plant develop from ________.
A) the terminal bud” the axillary buds
B) the terminal bud” the root caps
C) the axillary bud” the terminal buds
D) primary growth” secondary growth
Please read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
Widow’s peak, a pointed hairline on the forehead, is a genetic trait caused by a
dominant allele. It can be traced back through a family’s history using pedigree analysis.
The pedigree shown here is of three generations of a family. Notice that some
individuals (shown in gray) have a widow’s peak (W = dominant allele and w =
recessive allele).
Janice’s genotype is ________.
A) Ww
B) WW
C) ww
D) WW orWw
What is the chromosome number found in humans cells after meiosis I is completed?
A) 46 autosomes
B) 43 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
C) 22 autosomes and a sex chromosome
D) 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA?
A) DNA that results from bacterial conjugation
B) DNA that includes pieces from two different sources
C) an alternate form of DNA that is the product of a mutation
D) DNA that carries a translocation
Herd immunity fails when what percentage of the population is NOT vaccinated?
A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 50%
The basic rhythm of the heartbeat is set by the ________.
A) systolic pressure
B) EKG
C) sinoatrial node
D) “fight-or-flight” hormone
Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?
A) regulate the traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell
B) regulate the production of lipids in the cell
C) regulate the production of DNA in and out of the nucleus
D) regulate the production of proteins in the cell
Insects breathe using ________.
A) lungs
B) tracheae
C) their entire outer skin
D) book lungs
Linked genes are usually ________.
A) found on the X chromosome
B) found on the Y chromosome
C) codominant
D) located close together on a chromosome
RNAs that can act as enzymes are called ________.
A) ribozymes
B) ATPs
C) lysosomes
D) prokaryotes
Modern conservation science increasingly aims at ________.
A) protecting federally listed endangered species
B) countering pollution
C) sustaining entire ecosystems
D) maintaining genetic diversity within species
The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is found within the ________.
A) archaea
B) nucleus
C) prokaryotic cell
D) insulin
Humans need food in order to obtain ________.
I) essential nutrients
II) fuel to power all body activities
III) organic raw materials to make their own molecules
A) I only
B) I and II, but not III
C) II only
D) I, II, and III
The cells that carry electric signals from one part of the body to another in the nervous
system are ________.
A) dendrites
B) neurons
C) effectors
D) synapses
Which component of the following reaction is the substrate?
sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose
A) sucrose
B) sucrase
C) glucose
D) fructose
What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and abiotic aspects of an
environment?
A) community
B) organism
C) ecosystem
D) population
Mad cow disease is caused by
A) a retrovirus similar to HIV.
B) an enveloped virus.
C) small circular RNA molecules called viroids.
D) infectious proteins called prions.
Which of the following is a component of the female structure of a flowering plant?
A) petal
B) filament
C) anther
D) stigma
How does RNA differ from DNA?
A) RNA is double-stranded; DNA is single-stranded.
B) RNA is a polymer of amino acids; DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
C) RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine.
D) In RNA G pairs with T; in DNA G pairs with C.
Leukemia ________.
A) decreases the production of white blood cells
B) increases the production of red blood cells
C) is a cancer of the white blood cells
D) is a cancer that arises in the lungs
The lifeline between the embryo and the placenta ________.
A) is derived from the yolk sac
B) is derived from the amnion
C) is called the “chorion”
D) is called the “umbilical cord”
Which of the following is a stage of mitosis?
A) cytokinesis
B) telophase
C) interphase
D) DNA synthesis