Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor in species extinction?
a. habitat loss
b. overharvesting
c. habitat fragmentation
d. conservation biology
e. illegal wildlife trading
Use the figure above to answer the following questions.
The letter “B” in the above figure represents
a. sclerenchyma fibers.
b. parenchyma.
c. xylem.
d. epidermis.
e. phloem.
Countercurrent flow in the respiratory systems of fish is a mechanism that accounts for
a. oxygen uptake by blood capillaries in the gills.
b. ventilation across fish gills.
c. the transport of blood from the gills to the fish’s heart.
d. the transport of blood from the heart to the fish’s main body mass.
e. the flow of blood in gills as opposed to the flow of blood in the main body mass of
fish.
oxytocin
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. acts to trigger ovulation in females
b. structures that secrete mucus and nutrients absorbable by sperm; open into the
ejaculatory duct
c. forms as an outgrowth of the yolk sac; becomes part of umbilical cord and urinary
bladder
d. a drug that causes severely deformed arms and legs in developing embryos
e. two of these connect seminiferous tubules with vasa deferentia
f. opening between uterus and vagina
g. organ that supplies the embryo/fetus with nutrients and removes wastes
h. connects epididymis with ejaculatory duct
i. hormones that stimulate uterine contractions in the female
j. cap over the head of a sperm; contains lytic enzymes to penetrate egg membranes
k. inner cell mass plus trophoblast; attaches to uterine wall
l. testosterone produced here
m. sensitive to sexual stimulation; develops from same embryonic tissues as does the
penis in males
n. the uterine lining
o. acts on gonad to help mature gametes; released from anterior lobe of pituitary
A lake in which nutrients are low is
a. atrophic.
b. oligotrophic.
c. eutrophic.
d. hypotrophic.
e. hypertrophic.
A rise in sodium levels and extracellular volume leads to a rise in blood pressure. As a
result,
a. renin levels rise, but aldosterone levels fall.
b. renin levels fall, but angiotensin levels rise.
c. renin and aldosterone levels all rise.
d. renin and aldosterone levels all drop.
e. none of these occur.
The cell junctions labeled “A” in the figure
a. prevent movement of materials between cells.
b. are found in tissues subjected to stretching.
c. allow the free passage of materials between cells.
d. are found mostly in heart muscle.
e. are found in most tissues except in the stomach.
heterothermic
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. do not maintain the same body temperature at all times; are capable of internal heat
production
b. heat energy is released to the air when liquid water converts to gaseous form
c. bulk flow of protein-free plasma from capillaries into Bowman’s capsule
d. animals with more or less constant body temperature
e. emission of heat from body surface when environmental temperature is lower than
the body temperature
f. movement of ions from peritubular capillaries into nephron tubules
g. loss of too much body heat
h. heat next to the body’s surface undergoes mass transport by air or water currents
i. active and passive transport of solutes from peritubular capillaries into the glomerular
capillaries
j. a long, slender, tubular unit in the vertebrate kidney that forms urine
k. body temperatures rise and fall with environmental changes
l. secreted by adrenal glands; influences sodium reabsorption
m. passive transport of water; active and passive transport of solutes out of the nephron
into peritubular capillaries
n. heat energy is transferred from high to low temperature regions due to collisions
between adjacent molecules
o. released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary in response to hypothalamic signals
p. toxic substances are extracted from blood circulating in cellophane tubes suspended
in a warm-water bath
q. erection of hairs and feathers by smooth muscles in the skin
Choose the one most appropriate response for each.
a. contain enzymes for intracellular digestion
b. are primary cellular organelles where proteins are assembled
c. package cellular secretions for export
d. extract energy stored in carbohydrates; synthesize ATP; produce water and carbon
dioxide
e. synthesize subunits that will be assembled into two-part ribosomes in the cytoplasm
f. transcribe, translate hereditary instructions into specific proteins
g. store substances
h. encode hereditary information
i. help distribute chromosomes to the new cells during cell division
j. convert light energy to chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose or
starch
Chloroplasts
The first level of inquiry in making a systematic survey of biodiversity is carried out
a. at the ecoregion level.
b. among the riparian zones.
c. in hot spots.
d. at the regional research station.
e. on a global scale.
Thomas Malthus proposed that
a. the food supply increased faster than the population.
b. the population increased faster than the food supply.
c. the food supply and population increased at the same rate.
d. artificial selection was the key to evolution.
e. natural selection was the key to evolution.
The Dust Bowl of the 1930s was the result of destruction of
a. deserts.
b. chaparrals.
c. tallgrass prairies.
d. shortgrass prairies.
e. temperate deciduous forests.
Using the analogy of a 12-hour geologic time clock
a. prokaryotes appear shortly after 5 a.m.
b. eukaryotes appear at 9 a.m.
c. dinosaurs appear at 10 a.m.
d. early fishes appear at 11 a.m.
e. the first humans appear at 11:59 a.m.
How many ATP are spent before a glucose molecule can be broken down to release
energy?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 6
clone
Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as
well as mutant and cancerous cells
c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid
response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and
manufacture antibodies
f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h. “big eaters” that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several
mature cell types
j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
Ocean currents flow in response to ____; their direction is an outcome of the earth’s
rotation and ____, causing a ____ rotation in the Northern Hemisphere and a ____
rotation in the Southern Hemisphere.
a. gravity; topography; counterclockwise; clockwise
b. topography; gravity; clockwise; counterclockwise
c. temperature; topography; clockwise; counterclockwise
d. gravity; topography; clockwise; counterclockwise
e. winds; gravity; clockwise; counterclockwise
Answer the following questions in reference to the five eye structures listed below.
a. cornea
b. lens
c. retina
d. ommatidium
e. vitreous body
This structure is found in the compound eyes of insects but not in the eyes of
vertebrates.
learning
Choose the one most appropriate response for each. Some letters may not be used.
a. studied nest decorating behavior in birds
b. imprinting in goslings
c. capacity of an animal to complete complex, stereotyped responses to first-time
encounters with key stimuli
d. problem solving without trial-and-error
e. behavior is modified by experience
f. voluntary behavior is modified in response to consequences of that behavior
g. communal display ground
h. occurs during a sensitive period in which a following response or social attachment
becomes fixed on a particular moving object
i. self-sacrificing behavior
Coevolution is
a. where each species is a selective agent that shifts the range of variation in the other.
b. random association between two individuals that allows similarity patterns to
emerge.
c. resource partitioning between two related species.
d. mutualistic associations and commensalism.
e. none of these.
The human body has close to ____ muscles.
a. 100
b. 206
c. 300
d. 500
e. 700
Gastrulation produces
a. hollow balls of cells.
b. embryos with primary tissue layers.
c. solid balls of cells.
d. maternal messages.
e. all of these.
Aerobic respiration
a. evolved and enabled living organisms to utilize energy stored in glucose.
b. occurs only in animal cells because plants carry on photosynthesis.
c. utilizes fat as its primary energy source.
d. occurs at the same rate throughout all cells of the body.
e. is the only cellular mechanism that yields ATP.
Strictly speaking, mitosis and meiosis are divisions of the
a. nucleus.
b. cytoplasm.
c. chromosomes.
d. nucleus and chromosomes.
e. nucleus, cytoplasm, and chromosomes.
The above figure represents
a. individual genes from an asexual worm.
b. maternal chromosomes that are identical.
c. paternal chromosomes that are identical.
d. both maternal and paternal chromosomes.
e. none of these.
Antibodies are
a. proteins.
b. steroids.
c. polysaccharides.
d. lipoproteins.
e. any of these.
A reflex pathway is the simplest pathway because it
a. involves only one synapse.
b. is evaluated and integrated by the medulla, not the cerebrum.
c. involves only two or three neurons.
d. does not involve the central nervous system in any way.
e. includes all of these.
This graph shows both human birth weight and newborn infant mortality. The most
common birth weight is between seven and eight pounds. Human birth weight seems to
be an example of
a. directional selection.
b. stabilizing selection.
c. sexual selection.
d. disruptive selection.
e. artificial selection.
All deserts have which of the following in common?
a. low rainfall amounts
b. uniformly high temperature
c. sand
d. sparse vegetation
e. large leafy plants
The methanogenic archaeans belong are ____.
a. aerobes
b. facultative anaerobes
c. strict aerobes
d. facultative anaerobes
e. strict anaerobes
The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating logistic growth.
The population is in exponential growth at
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. E.