BIO 10833

subject Type Homework Help
subject Pages 13
subject Words 2816
subject Authors Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Peter V. Minorsky, Steven A. Wasserman

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Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that _____.
A) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine
B) speeds up movement of material in the large intestine
C) decreases water reabsorption in the small intestine
D) stimulates peristalsis
The best experimental design _____.
A) includes a large sample size for each condition
B) includes a control
C) alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition
D) includes a large sample size and a control, and alters only one condition between the
controls and the experimental condition
A P. bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is said to be aposymbiotic. It might be
able to replenish its contingent of zoochlorellae by ingesting them without subsequently
digesting them. Which of the following situations would be most favorable to the
reestablishment of resident zoochlorellae, assuming compatible Chlorella are present in
P. bursaria'shabitat?
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A) abundant light, no bacterial prey
B) abundant light, abundant bacterial prey
C) no light, no bacterial prey
D) no light, abundant bacterial prey
The cerebrospinal fluid is _____.
A) a filtrate of the blood
B) a secretion of glial cells
C) cytosol secreted from ependymal cells
D) secreted by the hypothalamus
The body's reaction to PTH (parathyroid hormone), raising plasma levels of calcium,
can be opposed by _____.
A) thyroxine
B) epinephrine
C) growth hormone
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D) calcitonin
A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will
_____.
A) thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life
B) excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion
ingestion
C) develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload
D) risk becoming overhydrated within twelve hours
The herpes viruses are important enveloped DNA viruses that cause disease in
vertebrates and in some invertebrates such as oysters. Some of the human forms are
herpes simplex virus (HSV) types I and II, causing facial and genital lesions, and the
varicella zoster virus (VSV), causing chicken pox and shingles. Each of these three
actively infects nervous tissue. Primary infections are fairly mild, but the virus is not
then cleared from the host; rather, viral genomes are maintained in cells in a latent
phase. The virus can later reactivate, replicate again, and infect others.
Poliovirus is an RNA virus of the picornavirus group, which uses its RNA as mRNA. At
its end, the RNA genome has a viral protein (VPg) instead of a cap. This is
followed by a nontranslated leader sequence, and then a single long protein-coding
region (~7000 nucleotides), followed by a poly-A tail. Observations were made that
used radioactive amino acid analogues. Short period use of the radioactive amino acids
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result in labeling of only very long proteins, while longer periods of labeling result in
several different short polypeptides. What conclusion is most consistent with the results
of the radioactive labeling experiment?
A) Host cell ribosomes only translate the viral code into short polypeptides.
B) The RNA is only translated into a single long polypeptide, which is then cleaved into
shorter ones.
C) The RNA is translated into short polypeptides, which are subsequently assembled
into large ones.
D) The large radioactive polypeptides are coded by the host, whereas the short ones are
coded for by the virus.
At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where
the chain opens to form a replication fork:
C C T A G G C T G C A A T C C
An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the
following represents the primer sequence?
A) G C C T A G G
B) A C G T T A G G
C) A C G U U A G G
D) G C C U A G G
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Telomere shortening puts a limit on the number of times a cell can divide. Research has
shown that telomerase can extend the life span of cultured human cells. How might
adding telomerase affect cellular aging?
A) Telomerase will speed up the rate of cell proliferation.
B) Telomerase eliminates telomere shortening and retards aging.
C) Telomerase shortens telomeres, which delays cellular aging.
D) Telomerase would have no effect on cellular aging.
What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate?
A) The two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes.
B) All of the offspring have combinations of traits that match one of the two parents.
C) The genes are located on sex chromosomes.
D) Abnormal meiosis has occurred.
The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a
more natural state is known as _____.
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A) landscape ecology
B) conservation ecology
C) restoration ecology
D) resource conservation
"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species.
These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them
to successfully capture polychaete worms, other molluscs, or in some cases fish as their
primary food sources. conotoxins from Australian species of Conus have the capacity to
inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." (B. G.
Livett, K. R. Gayler, and Z. Khalil. 2004. Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential
therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.)
Refer to the paragraph above on the venom of marine core snails. What is the adaptive
value of this toxin?
I) It would cause muscle spasms in the prey.
II) It would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle of the prey.
III) It would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting of
the prey.
A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) only I and II
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There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity. But does
biodiversity really matter? Canadian and Swiss researchers wanted to know if the
diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was important to the productivity of
grasslands (M.G.A. van der Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R.
Streitwolf-Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal
diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature
396:69-72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF
species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various
plants in combination with one of four AMF species (A, B, C, and D), no AMF species
(O), or all four AMF species together (A+B+C+D); and they measured plant growth
under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always
competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were
present.
On the graphs below, the x-axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species
(bar 0 = no fungi; bars A-D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF
species together). The y-axis indicates the amount (grams) of plant biomass for the
species shown in italics above each graph.
Based on the graphs in the figure above, which of the following plant species is most
likely NOT to form mycorrhizal associations?
A) Carex flacca (graph a)
B) Lotus corniculatus (graph b)
C) Sanguisorba officinalis (graph c)
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D) Centaurium erythrea (graph d)
The Pimas are a group of people living in the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Although Pima Indians living in the United States and Mexico have a similar genetic
background, a five-fold increase in the incidence of type II diabetes mellitus among
U.S. Pima has been reported. The body mass index of Mexicans of non-Pima descent,
Mexicans of Pima descent, and Pimas living in the United States is shown in the figure
above. Based on this information and the graph above, what can you infer about the
incidence of type II diabetes mellitus?
A) Obesity is a risk factor for development of type II diabetes mellitus.
B) If you maintain a normal body weight (body mass index less than 25), you will not
get type II diabetes mellitus.
C) The incidence of type II diabetes mellitus has increased in the past ten years.
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D) People who develop type II diabetes mellitus are typically diagnosed in childhood or
adolescence.
The following questions refer to this phylogenetic tree, depicting the origins of life and
of the three domains. Horizontal lines indicate instances of gene or genome transfer.
A possible phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life.
Which of these processes can be included among those responsible for the horizontal
components of the figure above?
A) endosymbiosis
B) mitosis
C) binary fission
D) point mutations
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The most commonly occurring mutation in people with cystic fibrosis is a deletion of a
single codon. This results in _____.
A) a base-pair substitution
B) a frameshift mutation
C) a polypeptide missing an amino acid
D) a nonsense mutation
Which of the following is a type of work a conservation biologist would be involved?
I) reestablishing whooping cranes in their former breeding grounds in North Dakota
II) studying species diversity and interaction in the Florida Everglades, past and present
III) studying population ecology of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park
IV) determining the effects of hunting white-tailed deer in Vermont
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only II, III, and IV
D) I, II, III and IV
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Which of the following best describes the consequences of white-band disease in
Caribbean coral reefs?
A) Staghorn coral is decimated by the pathogen, and Elkhorn coral takes its place.
B) Key habitat for lobsters, snappers, and other reef fishes improves.
C) Algal species take the place of the dead coral, and the fish community is dominated
by herbivores.
D) Algal species take over and the overall reef diversity increases due to increases in
primary productivity.
What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a
capillary bed?
A) more fluid entering the venous capillaries
B) an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed
C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas
D) the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small
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Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its germ layer tissue?
A) nervous mesoderm
B) muscular mesoderm
C) stomach endoderm
D) skin ectoderm
In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the "2" in the term
2pq is necessary because _____.
A) the population is diploid
B) heterozygotes can come about in two ways
C) the population is doubling in number
D) heterozygotes have two alleles
A fellow student brought in a leaf to be examined. The leaf was dark green, thin, had
stoma on the lower surface only, and had a total surface area of ten square meters.
Where is the most likely environment where this leaf was growing?
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A) a large, still pond
B) a tropical rain forest
C) an oasis within a grassland
D) the floor of a deciduous forest
A product of the anterior pituitary gland that causes color changes in its target cells is
_____.
A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B) luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
At the beginning of this century there was a general announcement regarding the
sequencing of the human genome and the genomes of many other multicellular
eukaryotes. Many people were surprised that the number of protein-coding sequences
was much smaller than they had expected. Which of the following could account for
much of the DNA that is not coding for proteins?
A) DNA that consists of histone coding sequences
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B) DNA that is translated directly without being transcribed
C) non-protein-coding DNA that is transcribed into several kinds of small RNAs with
biological function
D) non-protein-coding DNA that serves as binding sites for reverse transcriptase
The questions below refer to the following paragraph.
A sediment core is removed from the floor of an inland sea. The sea has been in
existence, off and on, throughout the entire time that terrestrial life has existed.
Researchers wish to locate and study the terrestrial organisms fossilized in this core.
The core is illustrated as a vertical column, with the top of the column representing the
most recent strata and the bottom representing the time when land was first colonized
by life.
To assign absolute dates to fossils in this sediment core, it would be most helpful if
_____.
A) we knew the order in which the fossils occurred
B) the sediments had not been affected by underwater currents during their deposition
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C) volcanic ash layers were regularly interspersed between the sedimentary strata
D) fossils throughout the column were equally spaced apart
The somatic cells of a privet shrub each contain 46 chromosomes. How do privet
chromosomes differ from the chromosomes of humans ,who also have 46?
A) Privet cells cannot reproduce sexually.
B) Privet sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse with human chromosomes in
the laboratory.
C) Genes of privet chromosomes are significantly different than those in humans.
D) Privet shrubs must be metabolically more like animals than like other shrubs.
The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is
_____.
A) endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm
B) mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm
C) ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm
D) ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm
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Which type of receptor would you expect to be most abundant in the antennae of a
moth?
A) thermoreceptors
B) mechanoreceptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) electroreceptors
One should expect to find cilia associated with the feeding apparatus of _____.
A) annelids
B) coral animals
C) tapeworms
D) sponges
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Which of the following is a true statement about sexual vs. asexual reproduction?
A) Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of plants and
fungi.
B) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of
their offspring.
C) In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis.
D) Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.
You are weeding your garden when you accidentally expose some roots of your pea
plants. You notice swellings (root nodules) on the roots and there is a reddish tinge to
the ones you accidentally damaged. Most likely your peas plants_____.
A) suffer from a mineral deficiency
B) are infected with a parasite
C) are benefiting from a mutualistic bacterium
D) are developing offshoots from the root
Replication in prokaryotes differs from replication in eukaryotes for which of the
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following reasons?
A) Prokaryotic chromosomes have histones, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes do not.
B) Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic
chromosomes have many.
C) The rate of elongation during DNA replication is slower in prokaryotes than in
eukaryotes.
D) Prokaryotes produce Okazaki fragments during DNA replication, but eukaryotes do
not.
The main goal of sustainable development is to _____.
A) involve more countries in conservation efforts
B) use only natural resources in the construction of new buildings
C) use natural resources such that they do not decline over time
D) reevaluating and re-implementing management plans over time
Which of the following is required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?
A) The behavior is determined entirely by genes.
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B) The behavior is the same in all individuals in the population.
C) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is
performed.
D) The behavior is not genetically inherited.
Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary
because it _____.
A) was the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation
B) proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time
C) dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of
variation and change in populations
D) was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time

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