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Which of the following can be found in the mesohyl of a sponge?
1. amoebocytes
2. spicules
3. spongin
4. zygotes
5. choanocytes
A) 1 and 2
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 3, and 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of
oxygen must cross _____.
A) one membranethat of the lining in the lungsand then bind directly to hemoglobin, a
protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood
B) two membranesin and out of the cell lining the lungand then bind directly to
hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood
C) four membranesin and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial
cell lining an alveolar capillaryand then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved
in the plasma of the blood
D) five membranesin and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial
cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cellto bind with hemoglobin
Why is the climate drier on the leeward (downwind) side of mountain ranges that are
subjected to prevailing winds?
A) Deserts create dry conditions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.
B) The sun illuminates the leeward side of mountain ranges at a more direct angle,
converting to heat energy, which evaporates most of the water present.
C) Pushed by the prevailing winds on the windward side, air is forced to rise, cool,
condense, and drop its precipitation, leaving drier air to descend the leeward side.
D) Air masses pushed by the prevailing winds are stopped by mountain ranges and the
moisture is used up in the stagnant air masses on the leeward side.
On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various,
now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich
ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds
have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in
the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive
breeding preferences.
If one builds a canal linking a predator-rich pond to a predator-poor pond, then what
type(s) of selection should subsequently be most expected among the mosquitofish in
the original predator-rich pond, and what type(s) should be most expected among the
mosquitofish in the formerly predator-poor pond?
A) stabilizing selection; directional selection
B) stabilizing selection; stabilizing selection
C) less-intense directional selection; more-intense directional selection
D) less-intense disruptive selection; more-intense disruptive selection
In a frog embryo, gastrulation _____.
A) produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere
B) occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere
C) proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore
D) occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an
individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 64
When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels,
the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway?
A) relay molecule
B) transducer
C) signal molecule
D) response molecule
Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of
thermodynamics?
A) Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some
gain of free energy.
B) Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy.
C) Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization.
D) Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe.
To understand the chemical basis of inheritance, we must understand the molecular
structure of DNA. This is an example of the application of which concept to the study
of biology?
A) evolution
B) emergent properties
C) reductionism
D) feedback regulation
Which process in Paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in
population size?
A) budding
B) meiotic division
C) conjugation
D) binary fission
Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?
A) An input of energy is required for transport.
B) Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane.
C) There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane.
D) Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.
The questions below refer to the following description and figure.
The figure below represents a cross section of the sea floor through a mid-ocean rift
valley, with alternating patches of black and white indicating sea floor with reversed
magnetic polarities. At the arrow labeled "I" (the rift valley), the igneous rock of the sea
floor is so young that it can be accurately dated using carbon-14 dating. At the arrow
labeled "III," however, the igneous rock is about one million years old, and
potassium-40 dating is typically used to date such rocks. Note: The horizontal arrows
indicate the direction of sea-floor spreading, away from the rift valley.
If a particular marine organism is fossilized in the sediments immediately overlying the
igneous rock at the arrow labeled "II," at which other location, labeled A-E, would a
search be most likely to find more fossils of this organism?
A) B
B) C
C) D
D) E
Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are
able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms
would be to _____.
A) determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts
B) test for liberation of O2 in the light
C) test for CO2 fixation in the dark
D) do experiments to generate an action spectrum
Which of the following is an example of Mllerian mimicry?
A) two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern
B) a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp
C) a chameleon that changes its color to look like a dead leaf
D) two species of rattlesnakes that both rattle their tails
Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for
evolution. Biological systems have multiple processes, such as reproduction, that affect
genetic variation. They are evolutionarily conserved and shared by various organisms.
Which statement best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution?
A) Plants that use sexual reproduction are rare since this type of reproduction in plants
does not contribute to genetic diversity.
B) In order to increase genetic diversity for evolution in sexually reproducing
organisms, mutations must occur in the zygote after fertilization.
C) Since prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually, there is no mechanism for them to
add genetic diversity for evolution.
D) Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be
shuffled between organisms.
In respiration, beta oxidation involves the _____.
A) oxidation of glucose
B) oxidation of pyruvate
C) regulation of glycolysis
D) breakdown of fatty acids
Five dialysis bags constructed of membrane, which is permeable to water and
impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then
placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution.
At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass
of each bag was graphed.
Which line in the graph represents the bag with the highest initial concentration of
sucrose?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
The organism was found to have two lungs, but the left lung was much smaller than the
right lung. Kelly added that the herpetology instructor had said that in most snakes, the
same condition exists. If the size difference between the lungs in this organism is not a
shared ancestral characteristic with its occurrence in snakes, then its existence in this
organism is explained as which of the following?
1. a result of convergent evolution
2. an example of homologous structures
3. a similar adaptation to a shared lifestyle or body plan
4. a result of having identical Hox genes
A) 1 only
B) 1 and 3
C) 2 and 3
D) 3 and 4
All animals with eyes or eyespots that have been studied so far share a gene in
common. When mutated, the gene Pax-6 causes lack of eyes in fruit flies, tiny eyes in
mice, and missing irises (and other eye parts) in humans. The sequence of Pax-6 in
humans and mice is identical. There are so few sequence differences with fruit fly
Pax-6 that the human/mouse version can cause eye formation in eyeless fruit flies, even
though vertebrates and invertebrates last shared a common ancestor more than five
hundred million years ago.
The appearance of Pax-6 in all animals with eyes can be explained in multiple ways.
Based on the information above, which explanation is most likely?
A) Pax-6 in all of these animals is not homologous; it arose independently in many
different animal phyla due to intense selective pressure favoring vision.
B) The Pax-6 gene is really not one gene. It is many different genes that, over
evolutionary time and due to convergence, have come to have a similar nucleotide
sequence and function.
C) The Pax-6 gene was an innovation of an ancestral animal of the early Cambrian
period. Animals with eyes or eyespots are descendants of this ancestor.
D) The need for eyes has resulted in the separate evolution of Pax-6 genes.
Which of the following is most like the formation of identical twins?
A) cell cloning
B) therapeutic cloning
C) use of adult stem cells
D) organismal cloning
Nudibranchs, a type of predatory sea slug, can have various protuberances (that is,
extensions) on their dorsal surfaces. Rhinophores are paired structures, located close to
the head, which bear many chemoreceptors. Dorsal plummules, usually located
posteriorly, perform respiratory gas exchange. Cerata usually cover much of the dorsal
surface and contain nematocysts at their tips.
If nudibranch rhinophores are located at the anterior ends of these sea slugs, then they
contribute to the sea slugs' _____.
A) segmentation
B) lack of torsion
C) cephalization
D) identity as lophotrochozoans
The following questions refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the
figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant
part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.
The embryo sac of an angiosperm flower is best represented by which number in the
figure above?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 7
D) 11
The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that _____.
A) pinocytosis brings only water molecules into the cell, but receptor-mediated
endocytosis brings in other molecules as well.
B) pinocytosis increases the surface area of the plasma membrane, whereas
receptor-mediated endocytosis decreases the plasma membrane surface area.
C) pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas
receptor-mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity.
D) pinocytosis can concentrate substances from the extracellular fluid, but
receptor-mediated endocytosis cannot.
Canadian and Swiss researchers wanted to know if the diversity of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands (M.G.A. van
der Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf-Engel, T. Boler, A.
Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant
biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69-72). Specifically,
they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just
that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one
of four AMF species (A, B, C, & D), no AMF species (O), or all four AMF species
together (A+B+C+D); and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All
plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with
the only difference being which AMF species were present.
On the graphs below, the x-axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species
(bar 0 = no fungi; bars A-D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF
species together). The y-axis indicates the amount (grams) of plant biomass for the
species shown in italics above each graph. Graph (e) is the total biomass (grams) of all
11 plant species combined; graph (f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only,
separated from the total.
What is the major difference between Bromus erectus (graph f) and the other plant
species (graphs a-d) included in the study?
A) Bromus erectus grows best with a diversity of fungal partners.
B) Bromus erectus is unaffected by AMF diversity.
C) Bromus erectus does not form mycorrhizal associations.
D) Bromus erectus produces very little biomass regardless of AMF.
If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the other
complementary strand would have the sequence _____.
A) 5'TAACGT3'
B) 5'TGCAAT3'
C) 3'UAACGU5'
D) 5'UGCAAU3'
On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tom, two species of fruit fly
exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African
mainland, located about two hundred miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao
Tom, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can
hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations,
though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two
species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to
mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tom rose from
the Atlantic Ocean about fourteen million years ago.
The observation that island D. yakuba are more closely related to mainland D. yakuba
than island D. yakuba are to D. santomea is best explained by proposing that D.
santomea _____.
A) descended from a now-extinct, non-African fruit fly
B) arrived on the island before D. yakuba
C) descended from a single colony of D. yakuba, which had been introduced from
elsewhere, with no subsequent colonization events
D) descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving
members. The current island D. yakuba represent a second colonization event from
elsewhere.
Which of the following statements describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda (λ) phage?
A) After infection, the viral genes immediately turn the host cell into a
lambda-producing factory, and the host cell then lyses.
B) Most of the prophage genes are activated by the product of a particular prophage
gene.
C) The phage genome replicates along with the host genome.
D) The phage DNA is copied and exits the cell as a phage.
Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as which of the following?
I) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain
II) a product of the filtration of blood in the brain
III) functioning to cushion the brain
IV) filling spaces between glial cells and neurons in the gray matter
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only I, II, and III
D) only II, III, and IV
What results from the chemical reaction illustrated above? The reactants have no
charge.
A) a cation with a net charge of +1 and an anion with a net charge of +1
B) a cation with a net charge of -1 and an anion with a net charge of -1
C) a cation with a net charge of -1 and an anion with a net charge of +1
D) a cation with a net charge of +1 and an anion with a net charge of -1
Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment
on the outside and one for the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green;
yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white. Two blue budgies
were crossed. Over the years, they produced twenty-two offspring, five of which were
white. What are the most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies?
A) yyBB and yyBB
B) yyBB and yyBb
C) yyBb and yyBb
D) yyBb and yybb
