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Skeletal muscles
A) are found in and around internal organs.
B) get longer when they contract.
C) work in antagonistic pairs.
D) push on bones to make them move.
A molecule that is detected by our sense of smell first binds to
A) specific receptor proteins on the cilia of receptor cells located in the epithelium of
the upper nasal cavity.
B) hairs that extend beyond the mucous layer and line the upper and lower nasal
cavities.
C) special mechanoreceptor cells located in the epithelium of the lower nasal cavity.
D) special receptor proteins located at the surface of thermoreceptor cells lining the
upper nasal cavity.
What event that occurred around 10,000 years ago led to genetic changes in many of
the plants we are most familiar with?
A) the beginning of agriculture
B) the domestication of animals
C) the invention of genetic engineering
D) the mass extinction of herbivores
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
The first fossil of Archaeopteryx, which lived about 150 million years ago, was found in
the Solnhofen Quarry in Germany. Archaeopteryx has an interesting collection of
characters that led to the hypothesis that it represented an evolutionary transition
between modern-day birds and small bipedal dinosaurs. The fossil reveals the imprint
of feathers, which connect Archaeopteryx to birds, although they do not present direct
evidence of flight. Unlike birds, however, Archaeopteryx was shown by the fossil
record to have had teeth, functional claws on the wings that may have been used for
climbing trees or holding prey, and a long, bony tail. Birds have a fused collarbone,
which was found in Archaeopteryx as well. However, the structure of the sternum
differed between the two. In birds, the sternum is keeled (raised and slightly concave);
the keel of the sternum serves as an attachment site for the flight muscles.
Archaeopteryx had a flat sternum, similar to that found in reptiles.
If you were constructing a phylogenetic tree for the evolution of birds, which characters
found in Archaeopteryx might provide evidence that birds and dinosaurs had a common
ancestor?
A) feathers, wings, wishbone
B) teeth, feathers, keeled sternum
C) teeth, flat sternum, claws
D) keeled sternum, claws, long forelimbs
Bile produced in the liver is stored in the ________ before entering the intestine.
A) pancreas
B) blood
C) gallbladder
D) common bile duct
Which of the following statements about mammalian circulatory systems is false?
A) The pulmonary circuit carries blood between the heart and the lungs.
B) The systemic circuit carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
C) Mammals have two atria and two ventricles in their hearts.
D) The left side of a mammal's heart sends blood to the lungs.
The transfer of antibodies in breast milk to an infant is an example of ________
immunity.
A) nonspecific
B) passive
C) humoral
D) active
Living systems
A) violate the first law of thermodynamics.
B) violate the second law of thermodynamics.
C) decrease their entropy while increasing the entropy of the universe.
D) are examples of a closed system.
Human skin color likely represents a locally adapted compromise between
A) the need to block UV radiation that causes cancer and the need to absorb sunlight for
heat.
B) the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to synthesize
vitamin D.
C) the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to absorb sunlight
for heat.
D) the need to blend in with the environment and the need to absorb sunlight for heat.
Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely
A) result in cell death.
B) force the cell to rely on lipids for energy.
C) force the cell to rely on ADP for energy.
D) have no effect on the cell.
Stem cells found in the red marrow inside bones
A) phagocytize bacterial cells.
B) are primarily important in blood clotting.
C) are responsible for an immune response.
D) can differentiate into all blood cells and platelets.
Which of the following statements regarding the nervous system is true?
A) Sensory neurons convey signals from the CNS to sensory receptors.
B) Motor neurons convey signals from the CNS to effector cells.
C) The PNS is composed entirely of nerves.
D) The CNS and the brain are the same thing.
How is the merging of continents to form Pangaea believed to have altered Earth's
environments at the end of the Paleozoic era?
A) It eliminated all multicellular eukaryotes, allowing evolution to start anew.
B) Shallow coastal areas were drained, leading to the extinction of many marine
species.
C) It made the climate warmer and moister for terrestrial organisms in the center of the
new landmass.
D) It prompted an immediate increase in Earth's biodiversity.
Osteoporosis is characterized by
A) hairline cracks in long bones, such as the femur.
B) low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue.
C) low phosphate levels in bone.
D) lack of vitamin E in bone tissue.
A gene operon consists of
A) a transcribed gene only.
B) a promoter only.
C) a regulatory gene only.
D) transcribed genes, an operator, and a promoter.
Cancer of the colon is caused by
A) a single somatic cell gene mutation.
B) several somatic cell gene mutations.
C) a physical rupture of the colon.
D) a diet high in fiber and low in fat.
The Mesozoic era is often called the age of reptiles. Which of the following also
occurred during this era?
A) the origin of animals in the oceans
B) the appearance of the first plants on land
C) the appearance of the first animals (tetrapods and insects) on land
D) the appearance of the first mammals and flowering plants on land
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Americans spend up to $100 billion annually for bottled water (41 billion gallons). The
only beverages with higher sales are carbonated soft drinks. Recent news stories have
highlighted the fact that most bottled water comes from municipal water supplies (the
same source as your tap water), although it may undergo an extra purification step
called reverse osmosis.
Imagine two tanks that are separated by a membrane that's permeable to water, but not
to the dissolved minerals present in the water. Tank A contains tap water and tank B
contains the purified water. Under normal conditions, the purified water would cross the
membrane to dilute the more concentrated tap water solution. In the reverse osmosis
process, pressure is applied to the tap water tank to force the water molecules across the
membrane into the pure water tank.
If you shut off the system and pressure was no longer applied to tank A, you would
expect
A) the water to flow from tank A to tank B.
B) the water to reverse flow from tank B to tank A.
C) the water to flow in equal amounts in both directions.
D) the water to flow against the concentration gradient.
A plant stem modified for storage of food such as starch is called a
A) bulb.
B) tuber.
C) taproot.
D) runner.
Which of the following statements regarding cross-breeding and hybridization is false?
A) The offspring of two different varieties are called hybrids.
B) The parental plants of a cross are the P generation.
C) The hybrid offspring of a cross are the P1 generation.
D) The hybrid offspring of an F1 cross are the F2 generation.
Studies of the endomembrane system often involve the use of a protein that can emit a
green fluorescence (glow). A researcher wants to make a video of cell behavior, so she
initially tags the outer nuclear envelope of a cell with the fluorescent tag and records for
several hours. Later, she sees that the tag is part of a secretory vesicle.
The fluorescent tag likely became incorporated into which of the following organelles
during the video?
A) mitochondria
B) ribosomes
C) endoplasmic reticulum
D) peroxisomes
Fingernails are a component of the ________ system.
A) respiratory
B) integumentary
C) muscular
D) skeletal
You have two flasks (labeled A and B) that each contain an equal population of normal
animal cells. You place flask A in a machine called a shaking incubator, which shakes
the flask at 37oC and keeps the cells moving so as to not allow them to adhere to the
bottom of the flask. Flask B is allowed to sit in an incubator (without shaking) at 37oC.
If you let the cells in each flask grow for a week, which of the following results are you
most likely to observe?
A) The cells in flask A will have grown significantly, but the cells in flask B will have
not grown at all.
B) The cells in both flasks A and B will have grown significantly.
C) The cells in both flasks A and B will have not grown at all.
D) The cells in flask B will have grown significantly, but the cells in flask A will have
not grown at all.
Which of the following statements comparing spermatogenesis and oogenesis is true?
A) During oogenesis, four cells are produced with each sharing equally the cytoplasm
from the parent cell.
B) Men, but not women, can produce gametes throughout their adult lives.
C) Spermatogenesis and oogenesis rely upon mitosis to produce gametes.
D) Spermatogenesis, but not oogenesis, is an example of gametogenesis.
Captive breeding
A) has allowed for the reintroduction of many species to areas from which they had
disappeared.
B) has advanced to the point where biologists believe it can be used to save most
endangered species.
C) can work for animals but is generally not used for endangered plants.
D) is the main conservation technique used to try to save endangered species from
extinction.
Which of the following groups includes protists that reside within the cells of corals?
A) brown algae
B) diatoms
C) dinoflagellates
D) ciliates
Which of the following statements regarding matter is false?
A) All life is composed of matter.
B) All matter has mass.
C) All matter is composed of elements.
D) All matter exists in the form of compounds.
In multicellular organisms, the coordination of cellular activities relies on
A) cell receptors that detect transcription factors.
B) the availability of certain "key" nutrients as cells divide.
C) operons.
D) cell-to-cell signaling and signal transduction pathways.
Biological responses to stress are enabled by the adrenal glands. If on your birthday
your friends hid inside your house to surprise you with a collective "Happy birthday!"
when you opened the door, you would experience short-term stress. Which action of the
adrenal glands would help you overcome this surprise stress?
A) suppressed immune system and increased blood volume
B) increased alertness and increased blood glucose
C) retention of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and increased metabolic rate
D) increased blood pressure and breathing rate
At the start of mitotic anaphase,
A) the centromeres of each chromosome come apart.
B) the chromatid DNA replicates.
C) nuclear envelopes begin to form around the chromosomes.
D) equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes have reached the two poles.
Chlorophyll is located in ________, which are found in ________, which are
concentrated in ________.
A) thylakoids; chloroplasts; mesophyll
B) chloroplasts; thylakoids; mesophyll
C) mesophyll; chloroplasts; thylakoids
D) mesophyll; thylakoids; chloroplasts
