How would you expect the root system of a plant grown by hydroponics to compare to
the root system of a plant grown in soil? The root system of a plant grown by
hydroponics would be _____.
A) more developed
B) less developed
C) about the same
D) absent
Five dialysis bags constructed of membrane, which is permeable to water and
impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then
placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution.
At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass
of each bag was graphed.
Which line in the graph represents the bag that contained a solution isotonic to the 0.6
M solution at the beginning of the experiment?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes, but no Hox genes.
If true, this finding would _____.
A) mean that sponges must no longer be classified as animals
B) confirm the identity of sponges as “basal animals”
C) mean that extinct sponges must have been the last common ancestor of animals and
fungi
D) require sponges to be reclassified as choanoflagellates
Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry?
A) a butterfly that resembles a leaf
B) a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake
C) a fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment
D) a snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish
A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed
cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of
cells are they?
A) parenchyma
B) endodermis
C) collenchyma
D) sclerenchyma
Villi and microvilli in the small intestine _____.
A) neutralize stomach acid
B) activate trypsinogen
C) increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption
D) emulsify lipid molecules
The best experimental design _____.
A) includes a large sample size for each condition
B) includes a control
C) alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition
D) includes a large sample size and a control, and alters only one condition between the
controls and the experimental condition
Phospholipids and triglycerides both _____.
A) contain serine or some other organic compound
B) have three fatty acids
C) have a glycerol backbone
D) have a phosphate
You have discovered an enzyme that can catalyze two different chemical reactions.
Which of the following is most likely to be correct?
A) The enzyme contains α-helices and β-pleated sheets.
B) The enzyme is subject to competitive inhibition and allosteric regulation.
C) Two types of allosteric regulation occur: The binding of one molecule activates the
enzyme, while the binding of a different molecule inhibits it.
D) Either the enzyme has two distinct active sites or the reactants involved in the two
reactions are very similar in size and shape.
Tastes and smells are distinct kinds of environmental information in that _____.
A) neural projections from taste receptors reach different parts of the brain than the
neural projections from olfactory receptors
B) the single area of the cerebral cortex that receives smell and taste signals can
distinguish tastes and smells by the pattern of action potentials received
C) tastant molecules are airborne, whereas odorant molecules are dissolved in fluids
D) distinguishing tastant molecules requires learning, whereas smell discrimination is
an innate process
Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question(s) below.
A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a
suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a
feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal
matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium,
even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the
penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little
peptidoglycan.
This bacterium’s ability to survive in a human who is taking penicillin pills may be due
to the presence of _____.
1. penicillin-resistance genes
2. a secretory system that removes penicillin from the cell
3. a Gram-positive cell wall
4. a Gram-negative cell wall
5. an endospore
A) 1 or 5
B) 2 or 3
C) 4 or 5
D) 2, 4, or 5
Growth factors are local regulators that _____.
A) are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth
B) are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division
C) bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells
D) convey messages between nerve cells
A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What
animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?
A) sign stimulus
B) cognition
C) imprinting
D) classical conditioning
Which set contains the most closely related terms?
A) megasporangium, megaspore, pollen, ovule
B) microsporangium, microspore, egg, ovary
C) megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule
D) microsporangium, microspore, carpel, ovary
The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of
osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _____.
A) absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated
B) differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle
are important in establishing an osmotic gradient
C) the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification
D) additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle
Over-the-counter medications for acid reflux or heartburn block the production of
stomach acid. Which of the following cells are directly affected by this medication?
A) goblet cells
B) chief cells
C) parietal cells
D) smooth muscle cells
Which of the following would you expect of a eukaryote lacking telomerase?
A) a high probability of somatic cells becoming cancerous
B) an inability to produce Okazaki fragments
C) an inability to repair thymine dimers
D) a reduction in chromosome length in gametes
After mixing a heat-killed, phosphorescent (light-emitting) strain of bacteria with a
living, nonphosphorescent strain, you discover that some of the living cells are now
phosphorescent. Which observation(s) would provide the best evidence that the ability
to phosphoresce is a heritable trait?
A) evidence that DNA was passed from the heat-killed strain to the living strain
B) evidence that protein passed from the heat-killed strain to the living strain
C) especially bright phosphorescence in the living strain
D) phosphorescence in descendants of the living cells
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Estrogens found in the environment have raised concerns about effects on reproductive
health of animals. Researchers studied the effects that estrogens in the water have on
sexual differentiation in zebrafish. They exposed embryo-larval (0-21 days
post-hatching), juvenile (21-42 days post-hatching), and adult (over 200 days
post-hatching) fish to three concentrations of 17β-estradiol (5, 25, and 100
nanograms/liter) that are within the range of concentrations found in water leaving
sewage treatment plants in different countries. They then examined the proportion of
males and females when the fish exposed at embryo-larval and juvenile stages reached
adulthood. Embryo-larval stage fish that had been exposed to 100 ng/l 17β-estradiol
resulted in adult populations that had substantially more females than males compared
to control groups. Embryo-larval fish that had been exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l of
17β-estradiol did not show a statistically significant shift in the proportion of females.
(Brion, F., C. R. Tyler, X. Palazzi, B. Laillet, J. M. Porcher, J. Garric, and P.
Flammarion. 2004. Impacts of 17β-estradiol, including environmentally relevant
concentrations, on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-, juvenile-, and
adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology 68:193-217.)
Refer to the paragraph on the effects of estrogens in the environment. You are assigned
to write the report to the Environmental Protection Agency, which needs to decide what
level of 17β-estradiol to permit in sewage output. You do not want to make the level
any lower than necessary, because it requires substantial additional money for the extra
treatment of sewage. Given the data presented above, what level of 17β-estradiol would
you suggest is safe to prevent feminization of fish?
A) 2.5 ng/l
B) 12.5 ng/l
C) 25 ng/l
D) 100 ng/l
Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in _____.
A) the vasa recta
B) Bowman’s capsule
C) the proximal tubule
D) the collecting duct
Long-term studies of Belding’s ground squirrels show that immigrants move nearly 2
kilometers from where they are born and become 1%-8% of the males and 0.7%-6% of
the females in other populations. On an evolutionary scale, why is this significant?
A) These immigrants make up for the deaths of individuals, keeping the other
populations’ size stable.
B) These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations.
C) Those individuals that emigrate to these new populations are looking for less
crowded conditions with more resources.
D) Gradually, the populations of ground squirrels will move from a clumped to a
uniform population pattern of dispersion.
Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water
and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about
“trees” of such a species would be FALSE?
A) Fertilization would probably be more difficult.
B) Spore dispersal distances would probably increase.
C) Females could produce only one archegonium.
D) Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.
The questions below refer to the following phylogenetic trees.
Which tree depicts the closest relationship between zygomycetes and chytrids?
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
An organism that lacks integration centers _____.
A) cannot receive stimuli
B) will not have a nervous system
C) will not be able to interpret stimuli
D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons
The bicoid gene product is normally localized to the anterior end of the embryo. If large
amounts of the product were injected into the posterior end as well, which of the
following would occur?
A) The embryo would grow extra wings and legs.
B) The embryo would probably show no anterior development and die.
C) Anterior structures would form in both ends of the embryo.
D) The embryo would develop normally.
The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact _____.
A) spinal cord
B) corpus callosum
C) cerebellum
D) medulla
The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory
response are _____.
A) phagocytes and chemokines
B) dendritic cells and interferons
C) mast cells and histamines
D) lymphocytes and interferons
Post-translational modifications of proteins may include the _____.
A) removal of introns
B) addition of a 5″ cap
C) addition of a poly-A tail
D) addition of carbohydrates to form a glycoprotein
Scientists developed a set of guidelines to address the safety of DNA technology. Which
of the following is one of the adopted safety measures?
A) Microorganisms used in recombinant DNA experiments are genetically crippled to
ensure that they cannot survive outside of the laboratory.
B) Genetically modified organisms are not allowed to be part of our food supply.
C) Transgenic plants are engineered so that the plant genes cannot hybridize.
D) Experiments involving HIV or other potentially dangerous viruses have been
banned.
Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a
particular plant is an angiosperm?
A) It produces seeds.
B) It retains its fertilized egg within its archaegonium.
C) It lacks gametangia.
D) It undergoes alternation of generations.
The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is _____.
A) epithelial tissue
B) connective tissue
C) skeletal muscle
D) nervous tissue
A sodium-potassium pump _____.
A) moves three potassium ions out of a cell and two sodium ions into a cell while
producing an ATP for each cycle
B) move three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell while
consuming an ATP for each cycle
C) moves three potassium ions out of a cell and two sodium ions into a cell while
consuming 2 ATP in each cycle
D) move three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell and
generates an ATP in each cycle
A summer occupation in the Corn Belt states is de-tasseling the corn: removing
unwanted male flowers so that female flowers on the same plant are pollinated by the
desired pollen for the hybrid corn. What does this tell you about corn? The flowers are
_____.
A) perfect and the plant is dioecious
B) perfect and the plant is monoecious
C) imperfect and the plant is dioecious
D) imperfect and the plant is monoecious
Refer to the following figure, which diagrams the reproductive anatomy of the human
female, to answer the question(s) below.
In the above figure, which letter points to the corpus luteum?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
In a plant, the reactions that produce molecular oxygen (O2) take place in _____.
A) the light reactions alone
B) the Calvin cycle alone
C) the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle