The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process
or event?
A) glycolysis
B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
C) the citric acid cycle
D) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
Consider the global water cycle depicted in the figure above. Which one of the reserves
contains the smallest percentage of global water?
A) rivers and lakes
B) polar ice caps
C) glaciers
D) atmosphere
Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric
carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human _____.
A) breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase
B) putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels
decline
C) removing red blood cells from circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels increase
D) increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase
Three groups of cyclists consumed three different types of diets: high-carbohydrate; a
diet mixed in carbohydrates, fat, and protein; or a diet higher in protein and fat. The
average time each group could spend cycling over a six-hour period is shown in the
above graph. What conclusion from the data would help an athlete or trainer improve
performance?
A) Endurance is entirely related to diet.
B) Maintaining elevated blood sugar improves performance.
C) An early 50 percent drop in blood glucose is associated with improved endurance.
D) Diet is not at all related to endurance.
Which of the following sensory receptors is correctly paired with its category?
A) hair cell mechanoreceptor
B) muscle spindle electromagnetic receptor
C) taste receptor mechanoreceptor
D) rod chemoreceptor
As cleavage continues during frog development, the size of the blastomeres _____.
A) increases as the number of the blastomeres decreases
B) increases as the number of the blastomeres increases
C) decreases as the number of the blastomeres increases
D) decreases as the number of the blastomeres decreases
An animal’s inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs if _____.
A) the animal is an endotherm, which must always take in more energy because of its
high metabolic rate
B) it is actively foraging for food
C) it is hibernating
D) it is growing and increasing its mass
Which of the following provides the best evidence of a biodiversity crisis?
A) the incursion of a non-native species
B) increasing pollution levels
C) high rate of extinction
D) climate change
Which variable is likely to undergo the largest change in value resulting from a
mutation that introduces a new allele into a population at a locus for which all
individuals formerly had been fully homozygous?
A) average heterozygosity
B) nucleotide variability
C) geographic variability
D) average number of loci
Based on the species-area plot in the figure above, if habitable area on an island were
reduced from 10,000 km2 (square kilometers) to 1000 km2, roughly what percentage of
the species would disappear?
A) 0.3 percent
B) 3 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 60 percent
Which of the following statements is true of histones?
A) Each nucleosome consists of two molecules of histone H1.
B) Histone H1 is not present in the nucleosome bead; instead, it draws the nucleosomes
together.
C) The carboxyl end of each histone extends outward from the nucleosome and is called
a “histone tail.”
D) Histones are found in mammals, but not in other animals or in plants or fungi.
You may have observed plants rotate towards a light source, thereby increasing the
plant’s ability to intercept light energy and increase photosynthesis. You, however, are
given the task of preventing grass seedlings from rotating toward the light. Using your
knowledge of phototropism, which of the following experimental procedures would you
use to complete your task?
A) Cover the growing tip of the grass seedling with black paper.
B) Supply the seedlings with very dim light. fired light does not induce a bend)
C) Cover the portion of the seedling below the tip with a black shield.
D) Supply the seedling with nutrient-rich fertilizer solution.
Not all intercellular signals require transduction. Which one of the following signals
would be processed without transduction?
A) a lipid-soluble signal
B) a signal that is weakly bound to a nucleotide
C) a signal that binds to a receptor in the cell membrane
D) a signal that binds to the ECM
In experiments where researchers suspect that a hormone may be responsible for a
certain physiological effect, they may cut the neurons leading to the organ where the
effect being studied occurs. What is the purpose of cutting these neurons?
A) to make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system
B) to make sure that the organ being affected cannot function unless the researchers
stimulate it with an external electrical probe
C) to impair the normal functions of the organ so that the hormonal effect can be more
easily studied
D) to numb the organ so that it can be probed without inducing pain in the lab animal
The following information applies to the questions below.
Several organisms, primarily protists, have what are called intermediate mitotic
organization.
These protists are intermediate in what sense?
A) They reproduce by binary fission in their early stages of development and by mitosis
when they are mature.
B) They use mitotic division but only have circular chromosomes.
C) They maintain a nuclear envelope during division.
D) None of them form spindles.
How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous?
A) Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.
B) It has vascular tissue.
C) It has multiple sporangia.
D) Its diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis.
A principal problem with inserting an unmodified mammalian gene into a plasmid and
then getting that gene expressed in bacteria is that _____.
A) prokaryotes use a different genetic code from that of eukaryotes
B) bacteria translate only mRNAs that have multiple messages
C) bacteria cannot remove eukaryotic introns
D) bacterial RNA polymerase cannot make RNA complementary to mammalian DNA
The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____.
A) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines
B) green algae
C) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)
D) liverworts and mosses
Which of Darwin’s ideas had the strongest connection to his reading of Malthus’s essay
on human population growth?
A) descent with modification
B) variation among individuals in a population
C) struggle for existence
D) that the ancestors of the Galpagos finches had come from the South American
mainland
You have discovered a previously unidentified plant, and you cultivate it in your lab.
You notice that its flowers close when people are talking, yet are open when the lab is
relatively quiet. You suspect that this plant may have the ability to hear! Which of the
following hypotheses is (are) the most reasonable to explain this phenomenon?
I) There is a cell-surface protein on the epidermal cells that becomes phosphorylated in
response to vibration by sound waves.
II) There are tiny hairs on epidermal cells that bend in response to the vibration of
sound waves, triggering an action potential in epidermal cells.
III) There is a cell-surface receptor on root cells that becomes phosphorylated when the
soil vibrates in response to sound waves.
A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) I, II, and III
Ammonia _____.
A) is soluble in water
B) has low toxicity relative to urea
C) is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea
D) is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects
Which of the following uses labeled probes to visualize the expression of genes in
whole tissues and organisms?
A) RT-PCR
B) in situ hybridization
C) DNA microarrays
D) RNA interference
Sperm cells are formed in plants by _____.
A) meiosis in pollen grains
B) meiosis in anthers
C) mitosis in male gametophyte
D) mitosis in the micropyle
Use this description to answer the following questions.
A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane α helices.
The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of
amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the
membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially
longer than the others.
Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in
the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?
A) receptor tyrosine kinase
B) G protein-coupled receptor
C) ligand-gated ion channel
D) intracellular receptor
Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian
aorta?
A) systole of the left atrium
B) diastole of the right ventricle
C) systole of the left ventricle
D) diastole of the right atrium
Which of the following statements regarding the future of populations in developing
countries are correct?
I) The fecundity is predicted to increase.
II) Survivorship will increase.
III) Overall population size will increase dramatically.
IV) The number of offspring each year is predicted to remain high.
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only II, III, and IV
D) only I, II, and III
Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric
carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human _____.
A) breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase
B) putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels
decline
C) breathing more slowly as atmospheric oxygen levels increase
D) increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase
Diagram of a food web (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species)
If the figure above represents a marine food web, the smallest organism might be
_____.
A) A
B) C
C) I
D) E
Looking at the figure above, what can you conclude about the data?
A) As species richness changes, plant biomass remains consistent.
B) As species richness increases, plant biomass increases.
C) As species richness increases, plant biomass increases and then levels off.
D) As species richness decreases, plant biomass increases.
The phenomenon in which RNA molecules in a cell are destroyed if they have a
sequence complementary to an introduced double-stranded RNA is called _____.
A) RNA interference
B) RNA obstruction
C) RNA blocking
D) RNA disposal
How can biodiversity affect the way we decontaminate industrial sites?
I) Bacteria have been found to be able to detoxify certain chemicals; perhaps there are
more.
II) Trees produce sawdust, which can be used to soak up chemicals.
III) Species evolving in contaminated areas could adapt and detoxify the area.
A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) only II and III
Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem?
A) all of the brook trout in a 500-square-hectare river drainage system
B) the plants, animals, and decomposers that inhabit an alpine meadow
C) the intricate interactions of the various plant and animal species on a savanna during
a drought
D) all of the organisms and their physical environment in a tropical rain forest
Which of the following choices includes all of the others in creating global terrestrial
climates?
A) differential heating of Earth’s surface
B) ocean currents
C) global wind patterns
D) Earth’s rotation on its axis