The virus genome and viral proteins are assembled into virions (virus particles) during
_____.
A) the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle in all known host organisms
B) the lysogenic cycle only
C) the lytic cycle only
D) the lytic cycle in all host organisms but the lysogenic cycle only in bacteria
Why is net primary production (NPP) a more useful measurement to an ecosystem
ecologist than gross primary production (GPP)?
A) NPP can be expressed in energy/unit of area/unit of time.
B) NPP can be expressed in terms of carbon fixed by photosynthesis for an entire
ecosystem.
C) NPP represents the stored chemical energy that is available to consumers in the
ecosystem.
D) NPP shows the rate at which the standing crop is utilized by consumers.
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are
_____.
A) 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
B) 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
C) 2 FADH2, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP
D) 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
The duplication of homeotic (Hox) genes has been significant in the evolution of
animals because it _____.
A) permitted the evolution of novel forms
B) caused the extinction of major groups
C) reduced morphological diversity into simpler forms of life
D) allowed animals to survive on significantly fewer calories
The pancreas is involved in the digestion of _____.
I) protein
II) fat
III) nucleic acids
IV) carbohydrates
A) I and III
B) I, II, and IV
C) II, III, and IV
D) I, II, III, and IV
What must occur before a newly made polypeptide is secreted from a cell?
A) It must be translated by a ribosome that remains free within the cytosol.
B) Its signal sequence must target it to the ER, after which it goes to the Golgi.
C) Its signal sequence must be cleaved off before the polypeptide can enter the ER.
D) Its signal sequence must target it to the plasma membrane, where it causes
exocytosis.
Which of the following is a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle
that associates with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex?
A) PDGF
B) MPF
C) cyclin
D) Cdk
Besides turning enzymes on or off, what other means does a cell use to control
enzymatic activity?
A) localization of enzymes into specific organelles or membranes
B) exporting enzymes out of the cell
C) connecting enzymes into large aggregates
D) hydrophobic interactions
Which of the following accounts for someone who has had regular
herpesvirus-mediated cold sore or genital sore flare-ups?
A) re-infection by a closely related herpesvirus of a different strain
B) re-infection by the same herpesvirus strain
C) copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei
D) copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host cell cytoplasm
Most scientists agree that global warming is underway; thus, it is important to know
how plants respond to heat stress. Which of the following would be a useful line of
inquiry to try and improve plant response and survival to heat stress?
A) the production of heat-stable carbohydrates
B) increased production of heat-shock proteins
C) the opening of stomata to increase evaporational heat loss
D) protoplast fusion experiments with xerophytic plants
After the first replication was observed in their experiments testing the nature of DNA
replication, Meselson and Stahl could be confident of which of the following
conclusions?
A) Replication is semi-conservative.
B) Replication is not dispersive.
C) Replication is not conservative.
D) Replication is neither dispersive nor conservative.
Use the following description to answer the question(s) below.
The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million
years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their
sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition
(they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting
megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen
cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins,
especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans.
If one were to propose a new taxon of plants that included all plants that are pollinated
by animals, and only plants that are pollinated by animals, then this new taxon would be
_____.
A) monophyletic
B) paraphyletic
C) polyphyletic
D) identical in composition to the phylum Anthophyta
Which of the following is a correct association?
A) kinase activity and the addition of a tyrosine
B) phosphodiesterase activity and the removal of phosphate groups
C) GTPase activity and hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
D) adenylyl cyclase activity and the conversion of cAMP to AMP
A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will _____.
A) immediately relax
B) enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate
C) fire many more action potentials than usual and enter a state of “rigor”
D) sequester all free calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide.
It is removed via the respiratory system. What is another waste product that
accumulates during normal physiological functions in vertebrates?
I) ammonia
II) uric acid
III) urea
A) only I and III
B) only II and III
C) only I and II
D) I, II, and III
Which of the following could use reverse transcriptase to transcribe its genome?
A) ssRNA
B) dsRNA
C) ssDNA
D) dsDNA
The brain reward system _____.
A) represents an emergent brain property that has arisen independent of natural
selection
B) is a reflex of the peripheral nervous primarily under autonomic control
C) is housed in the thalamus and primarily regulates the enteric division of the
autonomic nervous system
D) utilizes the neurotransmitter dopamine and is affected by drug addiction
Sponges _____.
A) have larvae which are motile and move via the motion of cilia
B) are the simplest diploblastic animals
C) have a nerve net but not a central nervous system
D) have feeding cells called dinoflagellates
A: Morphological phylogeny.
B: Molecular phylogeny.
In the traditional phylogeny (A), the phylum Platyhelminthes is depicted as a sister
taxon to the rest of the protostome phyla and as having diverged earlier from the lineage
that led to the rest of the protostomes. In the molecular phylogeny (B), Platyhelminthes
is depicted as a lophotrochozoan phylum. What probably led to this change?
A) Platyhelminthes ceased to be recognized as true protostomes.
B) The removal of the acoel flatworms (Acoela) from the Platyhelminthes allowed the
remaining flatworms to be a monophyletic clade clearly tied to the Lophotrochozoa.
C) All Platyhelminthes must have a well-developed lophophore as their feeding
apparatus.
D) Platyhelminthes’ close genetic ties to the arthropods became clear as their Hox gene
sequences were studied.
During meiosis, a defect occurs in a cell that results in the failure of microtubules,
spindle fibers, to bind at the kinetochores, a protein structure on chromatids where the
spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart. Which of the
following is the most likely result of such a defect?
A) New microtubules with more effective binding capabilities to kinetochores will be
synthesized to compensate for the defect.
B) Excessive cell divisions will occur resulting in cancerous tumors and an increase in
the chromosome numbers known as polyploidy.
C) The defect will be bypassed in order to and ensure normal chromosome distribution
in the new cells.
D) The resulting cells will not receive the correct number of chromosomes in the
gametes, a condition known as aneuploidy.
Which one of these mollusk groups can be classified as suspension feeders?
A) bivalves
B) gastropods
C) chitons
D) cephalopods
Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities
in the stomach by having _____.
A) a sufficient colony of H. pylori
B) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells
C) a high level of secretion of enzymes by chief cells
D) a cell wall impermeable to acid
The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of
other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in
different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of
these variations in metamorphosis?
A) artificial selection of sexually immature forms of insects
B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development
C) the evolution of meiosis
D) the origin of a brain
Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive.
1. embryophytes
2. green plants
3. seedless vascular plants
4. ferns
5. tracheophytes
A) 1, 2, 5, 3, 4
B) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4
C) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3
A narrow hybrid zone separates the toad species Bombina bombina and Bombina
variegata. What is true of those alleles that are unique to the parental species?
A) Such alleles should be absent.
B) Their allele frequency should be nearly the same as the allele frequencies in toad
populations distant from the hybrid zone.
C) The alleles’ heterozygosity should be higher among the hybrid toads than in toad
populations distant from the hybrid zone.
D) Their allele frequency on one edge of the hybrid zone should roughly equal their
frequency on the opposite edge of the hybrid zone.
Generalized defense responses in organs distant from the infection site are called
_____.
A) hyperactive responses
B) systemic acquired resistance
C) pleiotropy
D) hyperplasia
Self-propagation and refractory periods (states) are typical of _____.
A) action potentials
B) graded hyperpolarizations
C) excitatory postsynaptic potentials
D) threshold potentials
Dizziness is a perceived sensation that can occur when _____.
A) the hair cells in the cochlea move more than their normal limits
B) moving fluid in the semicircular canals encounters a stationary cupula
C) rods and cones provide information that does not correspond with information
received by cochlear hair cells
D) the basilar membrane makes physical contact with the tectorial membrane
In presenting data that result from an experiment, a group of students show that most of
their measurements fall on a straight diagonal line on their graph. However, two of their
data points are “outliers” and fall far to one side of the expected relationship. What
should they do?
A) Do not show these points because clearly something went wrong in the experiment.
B) Average several trials, rule out the improbable results, and do not show them in the
final work.
C) Show all results obtained and then try to explore the reason(s) for these outliers.
D) Change the details of the experiment until they can obtain the expected results.
In the form of gene therapy used successfully for severe combined immunodeficiency
syndrome (SCID)-X1, the genetic engineering of human cells is done by _____.
A) injecting engineered viruses into the patient’s bloodstream
B) injecting engineered viruses into the patient’s bone marrow
C) treating a relative’s cultured bone marrow cells with genetically engineered viruses
and then injecting these cells into the patient’s bone marrow
D) isolating the patient’s bone marrow cells, infecting them with genetically engineered
viruses, and injecting them back into the patient’s bone marrow
The role that humans play in artificial selection is to _____.
A) determine who lives and who dies
B) create genetic diversity
C) choose which organisms reproduce
D) perform artificial insemination
What characteristic of short tandem repeats (STRs) DNA makes it useful for DNA
fingerprinting?
A) The number of repeats varies widely from person to person or animal to animal.
B) The sequence of DNA that is repeated varies significantly from individual to
individual.
C) The sequence variation is acted upon differently by natural selection in different
environments.
D) Every racial and ethnic group has inherited different short tandem repeats.