BI 39773

subject Type Homework Help
subject Pages 12
subject Words 2334
subject Authors Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Peter V. Minorsky, Steven A. Wasserman

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Pollen from a plant with the S1S2 genotype is recognized and allowed to germinate on
the stigma of the same plant with the S1S2 genotype. According to the S-system
hypothesis, this indicates that the plant is _____.
A) self-compatible and can self-pollinate.
B) self-compatible and must cross-pollinate.
C) self-incompatible and can self-pollinate.
D) self-incompatible and must cross-pollinate.
What must occur before a newly made polypeptide is secreted from a cell?
A) It must be translated by a ribosome that remains free within the cytosol.
B) Its signal sequence must target it to the ER, after which it goes to the Golgi.
C) Its signal sequence must be cleaved off before the polypeptide can enter the ER.
D) Its signal sequence must target it to the plasma membrane, where it causes
exocytosis.
One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to _____.
A) reduce NAD+ to NADH
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B) reduce FAD+ to FADH2
C) oxidize NADH to NAD+
D) reduce FADH2 to FAD+
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____.
A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells
B) bound to hemoglobin
C) transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid
D) simply dissolved in the plasma
For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed
below.
I. Prophase I V. Prophase II
II. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
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IV. Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
Centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and chromatids separate.
A) III
B) IV
C) V
D) VII
In the formation of biofilms, such as those forming on unbrushed teeth, cell signaling
serves which function?
A) formation of mating complexes
B) aggregation of bacteria that can cause cavities
C) secretion of substances that inhibit foreign bacteria
D) digestion of unwanted parasite populations
A certain bacterium infects a plant's upper leaves. A few days later, bacteria of the same
species attempt to infect the same plant's roots but are unsuccessful. What process is
responsible for the plant's ability to prevent this infection?
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A) antivirulence response
B) pathogenesis resistance
C) systemic acquired resistance
D) sequential immunity
Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?
A) the chorion
B) the yolk sac
C) the allantois
D) the amnion
When two excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) occur at a single synapse so
rapidly in succession that the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential has not
returned to the resting potential before the second EPSP arrives, the EPSPs add together
producing _____.
A) temporal summation
B) spatial summation
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C) tetanus
D) the refractory state
The lactose operon is likely to be transcribed when _____.
A) there is more glucose in the cell than lactose
B) there is glucose but no lactose in the cell
C) the cyclic AMP and lactose levels are both high within the cell
D) the cAMP level is high and the lactose level is low
Which of the following is a widely supported explanation for the tendency of tropical
communities to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities?
A) There are fewer parasites to negatively affect the health of tropical communities.
B) Tropical communities are low in altitude, whereas temperate and polar communities
are high in altitude.
C) Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities.
D) More competitive dominant species have evolved in temperate and polar
communities.
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Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria in a way
similar to an antitank weapon destroying armored military tanks by punching holes in
the wall of the bacteria?
A) complement protein
B) macrophages
C) plasma cells
D) major histocompatibility complex proteins
Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the
earliest land plants were most likely _____.
A) nonvascular plants that grew leafless, photosynthetic shoots
B) species that did not exhibit alternation of generations
C) vascular plants with well-defined root systems
D) plants with well-developed leaves
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life?
I. formation of protobionts
II. synthesis of organic monomers
III. synthesis of organic polymers
IV. formation of DNA-based genetic systems
A) I, II, III, IV
B) I, III, II, IV
C) II, III, I, IV
D) II, III, IV, I
An endoskeleton is the primary body support for the _____.
A) annelids, including earthworms
B) insects, including beetles
C) cartilaginous fishes, including sharks
D) bivalves, including clams
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In the figure above, which number would designate the biome with the highest variation
in annual precipitation?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
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Which of the following is a property of liquid water? Liquid water _____.
A) is less dense than ice
B) has a specific heat that is lower than that for most other substances
C) has a heat of vaporization that is higher than that for most other substances
D) is nonpolar
Use the following abstract from Theoretical Population Biology to answer the question.
Abstract:
We derive measures for assessing the value of an individual habitat fragment for the
dynamics and persistence of a metapopulation living in a network of many fragments.
We demonstrate that the most appropriate measure of fragment value depends on the
question asked. Specifically, we analyze four alternative measures: the contribution of a
fragment to the metapopulation capacity of the network, to the equilibrium
metapopulation size, to the expected time to metapopulation extinction and the
long-term contribution of a fragment to colonization events in the network. The latter
measure is comparable to density-dependent measures in general matrix population
theory, though some differences are introduced by the fact that "density dependence" is
spatially localized in the metapopulation context. We show that the value of a fragment
depends not only on the properties of the landscape but also on the properties of the
species. Most importantly, variation in fragment values between the habitat fragments is
greatest in the case of rare species that occur close to the extinction threshold, as these
species are likely to be restricted to the most favorable parts of the landscape. We
expect that the measures of habitat fragment described and analyzed here have
applications in landscape ecology and in conservation biology.
Copyright 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (Otso Ovaskainen and Ilkka Hanski.
2003. How much does an individual habitat fragment contribute to metapopulation
dynamics and persistence? Theoretical Population Biology 64:481-95.)
One measure for the value of the patch was given by the long-term contribution of a
fragment to colonization events in the network. How do the properties of a landscape
and the properties of a species affect the value of a patch? The value of the fragment
depends _____.
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A) on the properties of the landscape and the properties of the species
B) only on the properties of the landscape and not on the properties of the species
C) not on the properties of the landscape but only on the properties of the species
D) on neither the properties of the landscape nor on the properties of the species
Which of the following statements best summarizes the differences between DNA and
RNA?
A) DNA encodes hereditary information, whereas RNA does not.
B) The bases in DNA contain sugars, whereas the bases in RNA do not contain sugar.
C) DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.
D) DNA contains the base uracil, whereas RNA contains the base thymine.
There are sixty-one mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only forty-five
tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that _____.
A) some tRNAs have anticodons that recognize four or more different codons
B) the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible
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C) many codons are never used, so the tRNAs that recognize them are dispensable
D) the DNA codes for all sixty-one tRNAs, but some are then destroyed
In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by _____.
A) the dendritic membrane
B) the presynaptic membrane
C) axon hillocks
D) cell bodies
What would be the effect on climate in the temperate latitudes if Earth were to slow its
rate of rotation from a 24-hour period of rotation to a 48-hour period of rotation?
A) Seasons would be longer and more distinct (colder winters and warmer summers).
B) Large-scale weather events such as tornadoes and hurricanes would no longer be a
part of regional climates.
C) Winter seasons in both the northern and southern hemispheres would have more
abundant and frequent precipitation events.
D) There often would be a larger range between daytime high and nighttime low
temperatures.
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Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have
evolved?
A) It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation.
B) It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and
is present in most organisms.
C) It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
D) It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in
eukaryotic cells.
Agrobacterium infects plants and causes them to form tumors. You determine that
tumor formation requires a large amount of the plant's energy for tissue formation. How
might this change the number of offspring a plant produces, and what is the most likely
explanation for this change?
A) The number of offspring should increase, because in general, illness increases the
reproductive output of organisms.
B) The number of offspring should increase, because the bacteria will provide energy
for the plant.
C) The number of offspring should decrease, because the plant will divert energy from
reproduction to tumor formation.
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D) There should be no effect of infection on offspring production because energy for
reproduction is independent of infection.
Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
A) glycolysis and fermentation
B) fermentation and chemiosmosis
C) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
D) citric acid cycle
While hiking in a forest, you notice an unusual plant growing on the branches of a tree.
What will help you to determine if this plant is epiphytic or parasitic?
A) If the plant is green, it is epiphytic; if not, then it is parasitic.
B) The root of an epiphytic plant will be in the soil, but a parasitic plant will grow from
the trunk of a tree.
C) The roots of a parasitic plant will penetrate under the bark into the tree xylem, and
the roots of epiphytic plant will not.
D) The epiphytic plant will have large water collecting leaves, and the parasitic plant
will not.
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In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by _____.
A) the postsynaptic membrane
B) the presynaptic membrane
C) axon hillocks
D) cell bodies
For applications in gene therapy, what is the most favorable characteristic of
retroviruses?
A) Retroviruses have an RNA genome.
B) Retroviruses possess reverse transcriptase.
C) DNA copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the
infected cell.
D) Retroviruses mutate often.
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Which of the following nations has become a world leader in the establishment of
zoned reserves?
A) Costa Rica
B) China
C) United States
D) Mexico
The following table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E). Use the
information in the table to answer the question(s) below
Which of the following extremophiles might researchers most likely use as a model for
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the earliest organisms on Earth?
A) a bacterium found on another planet or moon
B) an archaean capable of surviving in the polar ice caps
C) an anaerobic archaean species
D) a bacterium that thrives in a highly acidic environment
A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be
expected to _____.
A) prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential
B) prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential
C) prevent graded potentials
D) increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules
What type of immunity is associated with breast feeding?
A) innate immunity
B) active immunity
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C) passive immunity
D) cell-mediated immunity
Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that
occur as enantiomers, or molecules that _____.
A) have identical three-dimensional shapes
B) are mirror images of one another
C) are mirror images of one another and have the same biological activity
D) are cis-trans isomers
How does the enzyme telomerase meet the challenge of replicating the ends of linear
chromosomes?
A) It adds a single cap structure that resists degradation by nucleases.
B) It causes specific double-strand DNA breaks that result in blunt ends on both strands.
C) It catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres, compensating for the shortening that could
occur during replication without telomerase activity.
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D) It adds numerous GC pairs, which resist hydrolysis and maintain chromosome
integrity.

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