CHAPTER 7—THE ROMAN EMPIRE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following describes the Temple of “Fortuna Virilis” (Temple of Portunus), Rome?
a.
pseudo-peripteral
b.
peripteral
c.
marble façade
d.
placed on a stylobate
2. Roman temple design during the Republican period reflected the colossal design of the Greek
Hellenistic style. This can be seen in which of the following temples?
a.
Temple of “Fortuna Virilis” (Portunus), Rome
b.
Temple of Vesta, Tivoli
c.
Pantheon, Rome
d.
Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina
3. Freed slaves often ordered portrait reliefs for their tombs. Which of the following is the best reason for
this?
a.
celebrate their new status as free
b.
reminder of their former status as slaves
c.
commemorate their status as Roman citizens
d.
celebrate their immortality via portraiture
4. Which of the following structural materials allowed the architect of the Sanctuary of Fortuna
Primigenia to raise such a grand and eloquent expression of Roman power?
a.
concrete
b.
marble
c.
bronze rebar
d.
metal armatures
5. The Republican portraits are usually of older men. Which of the following explains the life-like verism
of these portraits?
a.
the Hellenistic tradition of portraiture
b.
the Etruscan tradition of funereal sculpture
c.
the tradition of the treasured household imagines
d.
the new Republican tradition of portraiture
6. Which of the following was the first to break with tradition and use his portrait on Roman coinage?
a.
Caesar Augustus
b.
Pompey
c.
Julius Caesar
d.
Tiberius
7. Which of the following would be located in a forum and would house the law court for the city?
a.
stoa
b.
Capitolium
c.
basilica
d.
arena
8. The Arch of Titus shows the military triumphs of Titus, returning after the successful conclusion of the
Jewish Wars in 70 CE. Which of the following was also included in the sculptural program for the
Arch of Titus?
a.
celebration of imperial virtues
b.
celebration of the ancestry of Titus
c.
celebration of the birthplace of Titus
d.
celebration of the reign of Nero
9. Flavian portraits, unlike Republican portraits, showed people of all ages and both sexes. Which of the
following was one of the purposes of the portrait bust of the Flavian Woman (probably a Flavian
princess)?
a.
show Republican virtue
b.
show divinity of the woman
c.
show her Greek ancestry
d.
show idealized beauty
10. Which of the following would describe the “baroque” style of the 2nd century CE tomb nicknamed
Al-Khazneh, the Treasury, located at Petra?
a.
studied disregard for classical rules
b.
studied regard for classical rules
c.
experimentation with new architectural rules
d.
standard use of forms and motifs to reflect Middle Eastern funerary architecture
11. The Pantheon was one of the most influential designs in the history of architecture. It brought new
meaning to the concept of “architectural space.” Which of the following descriptions characterize this
influential work?
a.
the design is based on the intersection of two squares
b.
the design is based on the intersection of two circles
c.
the design is based on the intersection of two rectangles
d.
the design is based on the trapezoid
12. Which of the following best describes and distinguishes the “First Style” of Roman painting?
a.
Architectural
b.
Intricate
c.
Masonry
d.
Ornate
13. A large palace/fort was built at Split in Yugoslavia by ____.
a.
Julius Caesar
b.
Trajan
c.
Diocletian
d.
Constantine
14. Which of the following best describes and distinguishes the “Fourth Style” of Roman painting?
a.
Masonry
b.
Linear Fantasies
c.
Dissolution of confining walls
d.
Architectural Illusionism
15. Pompeian wall paintings of the Second Style are characterized by which of the following?
a.
fantastic architecture based on the theater
b.
painted copies of inlaid stonework
c.
various sections, some painted decoratively
d.
the wall seemingly opening up into an illusionistic landscape
16. Where would an oculus be found?
a.
at the center of a dome
b.
in the wall of a temple
c.
as part of a Roman peristyle
d.
in the apse of a basilica
17. The Emperor Trajan commissioned which of the following?
a.
the Colosseum
b.
an Arch of Triumph now in Paris
c.
the Ara Pacis
d.
the column depicting his victories
18. The most pronounced influence of Greek Classical art on Roman art could be seen in work done for
which of the following?
a.
the Roman Republic
b.
the Emperor Augustus
c.
Trajan
d.
Constantine
19. The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia was characterized by which of the following?
a.
monumental concrete barrel vaults
b.
pseudo-peripteral style
c.
use of bucrania
d.
religious frescoes
20. The reliefs on the Column of Trajan are not a reliable chronological account of the Dacian campaigns;
however, they do present an accurate record of the general character of the campaigns. Which of the
following also describes this narrative?
a.
Dacians were depicted as insignificant with poor military skills
b.
Dacians were never depicted, only Trajan was depicted
c.
no active battles were depicted
d.
Dacians were depicted respectfully and their skills as warriors were acknowledged
21. Coffering was a useful architectural device in that it performed what function?
a.
helped expand interior space
b.
helped lighten the weight of a dome or arch
c.
supplied an accurate means of measurement for the Romans
d.
enabled extensive road systems to be built
22. Which style of wall painting was least characteristic of Roman wall painting?
a.
architectural frames
b.
illusionism
c.
mathematical linear perspective
d.
eclecticism
23. The palace at Tivoli was constructed for which of the following emperors?
a.
Augustus
b.
Nero
c.
Constantine
d.
Hadrian
24. Christianity was recognized as the official religion of Rome in the early fourth century CE by which of
the following?
a.
Diocletian
b.
Constantine
c.
Marcus Aurelius
d.
Trajan
25. In contrast to a Greek temple, Roman temples usually were ____.
a.
set on a stylobate
b.
constructed on a hill
c.
pseudo-peripteral
d.
constructed of wood
26. In Second-style wall paintings such as Cubiculum M from the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor,
Roman architects used ____ to convincingly portray depth.
a.
linear perspective
b.
puppet-like figures
c.
imitation marbling
d.
incrustation
27. The figures from the frieze of the Villa of Mysteries are thought to depict an initiation into which of
the following?
a.
cult of Demeter
b.
cult of Persephone
c.
cult of Dionysus
d.
cult of Sol Invictus
28. In portraying the personality of the emperor, and, in particular his sense of concern about the
weakened state of the empire, the portraits of ____ began a new trend in portraiture.
a.
Augustus
b.
Pompey
c.
the Julio-Claudians
d.
Marcus Aurelius
29. One of the devices used in the Spoils from Jerusalem from the Arch of Titus that was used to create
the illusion of depth was ____.
a.
use of a gold background
b.
to vary the depth of carving of foreground and background figures
c.
introduce allegorical figures
d.
to place the figures in a forest
SLIDE IDENTIFICATION
Select the response that identifies or corresponds best to the image on the screen.
30. (Figure 7-27)
a.
Constantine
b.
Marcus Aurelius
c.
Vespasian
d.
Augustus
31. (Figure 7-53)
a.
Basilica of Constantine
b.
Domus Aurea of Nero
c.
Basilica Ulpia
d.
Treasury of Petra
32. (Figure 7-7)
a.
Etruscan
b.
Early Roman Empire
c.
Roman Republic
d.
Late Roman Empire
33. (Figure 7-67)
a.
barrel vault
b.
dome
c.
groin vault
d.
post and lintel
34. (Figure 7-75)
a.
Arch of Titus
b.
Arch of Constantine
c.
Arch of Augustus
d.
Arch of Diocletian
35. (Figure 7-20)
a.
First Style
b.
Second Style
c.
Third Style
d.
Fourth Style
36. (Figure 7-4)
a.
Temple of Vesta, Tivoli
b.
Temple of Fortuna Virilis
c.
Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia
d.
Pantheon
37. (Figure 7-31)
a.
relief, Column of Trajan
b.
relief, Arch of Constantine
c.
relief, Arch of Titus
d.
relief, Ara Pacis Augustae
38. (Figure 7-15)
a.
atrium
b.
peristyle
c.
frigidarium
d.
caldarium
39. (Figure 7-28)
a.
Elder Faustina
b.
Livia
c.
Portia
d.
Flavia
40. (Figure 7-46)
a.
Basilica of Maxentius
b.
Trajan Market
c.
Colosseum
d.
Pantheon
41. (Figure 7-48)
a.
Augustus
b.
Titus
c.
Vespasian
d.
Hadrian
42. (Figure 7-62)
a.
Timgad portrait
b.
Faiyum portrait
c.
Melfi portrait
d.
Ostia portrait
43. (Figure 7-63)
a.
Septimius Severus and Family
b.
Augustus and Family
c.
Julius Caesar and Cleopatra
d.
Plebian family
44. (Figure 7-10A)
a.
Pompey the Great
b.
portrait of Greek poet
c.
Commodus
d.
Julius Caesar
45. (Figure 7-62A)
a.
Ostia
b.
Porcigliano
c.
Egypt
d.
Rome
46. (Figure 7-68A)
a.
Pompey the Great
b.
Artemidorus
c.
Commodus
d.
Philip the Arabian
47. (Figure 7-25B)
a.
fresco
b.
mural
c.
encaustic on wood
d.
encaustic on plaster
48. (Figure 7-44A)
a.
Circus Maximus
b.
Arch of Constantine
c.
Insula
d.
Esquiine Hill
SHORT ANSWER
1. What is atmospheric perspective?
2. How does eclecticism describe the Republican Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome?
3. What are characteristics of concrete and what effect did it have upon building design?
4. How did the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at Palestrina reflect Roman architectural design and
expression?
5. What is a groin vault?
6. How does a vault differ from a post-and-lintel system?
7. How does the equestrian portrait of Marcus Aurelius go beyond verism?
8. How did influences from Christianity and eastern religions affect Roman funerary art?
9. Who or what is Mithras?
10. How did the Pax Augusta (Augustan Peace) or Pax Romana influence the arts?
11. How do the portraits of Livia reflect Classical Greek sculpture?
12. How did Augustus change the style of portrait sculpture?
ESSAY
1. How did the political situation in third century CE Rome differ from that of the first century CE, and
what effect did that have on art? Cite specific monuments to illustrate your discussion.
2. Evaluate the role of Augustus as a patron of the arts. Use examples to support your essay.
3. Explain the contributions of Diocletian and how he impacted the Late Empire period. Use examples to
support your essay.
4. Explain the techniques used by Roman architects and describe the types of buildings they created. Use
examples to support your essay.
5. Describe Roman painting styles; how did they evolve? Use examples to support your essay.
6. Describe the art created for non-imperial patrons. Use examples to support your essay.
7. Compare and contrast the Arch of Titus with the Arch of Constantine. What are the similarities and
differences? How does each monument represent the emperor and his century?
8. Compare and contrast the Greek Parthenon with the Roman Pantheon. How does each represent its
period and culture?
9. Contrast the veristic preferences in Republican portraiture with Imperial portraiture. Use examples to
support your essay.
OTHER
SLIDE QUESTIONS
1. In what guise did Commodus appear and why?
2. Why is this a rare type of portrait?
3. Discuss the type of vaulting used in this building: How was it constructed and what effect did it have
on the size of the building and the amount of interior light available?
4. Why is the sculptural decoration on this monument unusual?
5. How is this representative of the Second Style of wall painting?
6. How does this image reflect the innovation of Roman architecture?
7. How does this image promote imperial virtues?
8. How does this work typify Roman architecture?
9. Identify this object. What does it say about Antonine Rome?
10. What features are emphasized in this portrait and what do they communicate?
11. How does this image represent the Roman middle-class and professional citizen?