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Chapter 06: Early Medieval and Romanesque Europe
Multiple Choice
1. The Sutton Hoo ship burial has been related to the Anglo-Saxon king _____, who converted to Christianity.
a. Raedwald
b. Bernard of Clairvaux
c. Merovech
d. Abbot Haito
2. The _____ depicts the Norman defeat of the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings.
a. Moralia in Job
b. Bayeux Tapestry
c. purse cover from the Sutton Hoo ship burial
d. Coronation Gospels
3. How does the subject of the Bayeux Tapestry stand apart from other artworks of the period?
a. It features the Virgin instead of Christ.
b. It focuses on mythological subjects.
c. It depicts an event shortly after it occurred.
d. It records the life of Hildegard of Bingen.
4. The motif of the centrally placed Christ on the Moissac tympanum references Christ as the _____.
a. door to salvation
b. humble Good Shepherd
c. Pantokrator
d. leader of the apostles
5. A hallmark of the Romanesque is the revival of _____.
a. manuscript illumination
b. large-scale sculpture
c. tile doors
d. mosaics
6. Functioning as status symbols, _____ are the only types of objects that survive from the Early Medieval period.
a. embroidered gowns
b. mosaic programs
c. weapons and items of personal adornment
d. ceramic vessels
7. _____ is the name for the art produced in Early Medieval monasteries in Ireland and Britain.
a. Ottonian
b. Frankish
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Chapter 06: Early Medieval and Romanesque Europe
c. Merovingian
d. Hiberno-Saxon
8. _____ are pages in Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts that contain decorative panels of abstract and animal forms.
a. Carpet pages
b. Evangelist portraits
c. Chi-rho-iota
d. Colophons
9. Which image blends classical art with the linear tradition of northern Europe?
a. Purse Cover, Sutton Hoo
b. Saint Matthew, Ebbo Gospels
c. Chi-rho-iota, Book of Kells
d. Gero crucifix
10. Influential for the development of church architecture, the layout or type of church adopted by the Carolingians was
_____.
a. cloister
b. domed hall
c. Early Christian basilica
d. Greek cross
11. Deviating from its model, San Vitale, the facade of Charlemagne’s Palatine Chapel was flanked by _____.
a. minarets
b. his mausoleum
c. a catacomb
d. two towers
12. The _____ of a monastery evoked an earthly paradise and represented a retreat for the monks.
a. cloister
b. refectory
c. scriptorium
d. charter house
13. In the tenth century a new Saxon line of emperors, called the _____, formed in the former eastern part of
Charlemagne’s empire.
a. Franks
b. Ottonians
c. Normans
d. Lombards
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Chapter 06: Early Medieval and Romanesque Europe
14. The building system using heavy square piers alternating with columns is known as the _____ system.
a. revived modularity
b. modular alternation
c. alternate support
d. squared support
15. The _____ burial epitomizes the early medieval tradition of burying great lords with rich furnishings.
a. Sutton Hoo
b. Lindisfarne
c. Centula
d. Suffolk
16. Ottonian artists narrated religious stories using _____.
a. expressive gestures
b. Latin inscriptions
c. linear perspective
d. naturalistic proportions
17. What church plan was used as the model for the Palatine Chapel at Aachen?
a. Old Saint Peter’s
b. Santa Constanza
c. Hagia Sophia
d. San Vitale
18. How is the initial R from the Moralia in Job typically Romanesque?
a. By the absence of a salutation
b. By exceeding the boundaries of the frame
c. By following Hiberno-Saxon carpet page patterns
d. By the banding of the torso and the partitioning of the drapery folds
19. Who did Eadwine the Scribe emulate in his self-portrait?
a. Bernard of Clairvaux
b. The Gospel writers
c. Christ
d. God
20. Which monastic order rejected figural sculpture in monastic settings?
a. Carthusians
b. Franciscans
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Chapter 06: Early Medieval and Romanesque Europe
c. Dominicans
d. Cistercians
21. The Carolingian period takes its name from the ruler _____.
a. William the Conqueror
b. Bernard of Clairvaux
c. Charlemagne
d. Guillaume le Conquérant
22. What was the fundamental purpose for the plan of the monastery of Saint Gall?
a. To allow the monks to integrate completely with the town
b. To give the abbot the largest area of land
c. To separate the world of the monks from that of the laity
d. To protect the monks from Germanic invaders
23. _____ was the first vaulted structure of the Middle Ages north of the Alps.
a. The oratory at Saint Gall
b. Saint Michael’s at Hildesheim
c. The facade of Corvey
d. Charlemagne’s Palatine Chapel
24. The subjects of artworks were chosen by the _____.
a. bishop
b. rulers of a region
c. patron
d. Pope
25. Sant’Ambrogio in Milan features one of the first examples of _____.
a. rib vaulting
b. a dome
c. pendentive construction
d. stained-glass windows
26. Most Italian churches, such as Pisa, retained the _____ of Early Christian basilicas.
a. two-towered facades
b. timber roofing
c. radiating chapels
d. stone vaulting
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27. The Romanesque style that was most influential for the development of Gothic architecture was the ______.
a. Anglo-Saxon
b. Viking
c. Norman
d. Lombardian
28. Money donated by _____ was an important financial resource for monasteries.
a. pilgrims
b. abbots
c. peasants
d. merchants
29. The movement of a saint from one location to the next upon his or her request is called _____.
a. a Scivias
b. a furta sacra
c. sedes sapientiae
d. a chevron
30. Christians made long journeys to see _____ because they believed that the relics had the power to heal.
a. ancient statues
b. Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts
c. relics
d. baptismal fonts
SLIDE IDENTIFICATION
31. (Figure 6-11)
a. Ottonian
b. Anglo-Saxon
c. Carolingian
d. Hiberno-Saxon
32. (Figure 6-15)
a. Bernward Crucifix
b. Charlemagne Crucifix
c. Gero Crucifix
d. Otto III Crucifix
33. (Figure 6-8)
a. Palatine Chapel, Aachen
b. San Vitale, Ravenna
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c. Durham Cathedral, Durham
d. Saint Michael’s, Hildesheim
34. (Figure 6-10)
a. Saint Gall, Switzerland
b. Saint Michael’s, Hildesheim
c. Palatine Chapel, Aachen
d. Saint-Sernin, Toulouse
35. (Figure 6-5)
a. Coronation Gospels
b. Ebbo Gospels
c. Gospel Book of Otto III
d. Scivias of Hildegard of Bingen
36. (Figure 6-3)
a. Book of Kells
b. Coronation Gospels
c. Lindisfarne Gospels
d. Eadwine Psalter
37. (Figure 6-7)
a. Early Christian
b. Byzantine
c. Carolingian
d. Ottonian
38. (Figure 6-36)
a. Battle of Normandy
b. Battle of Poitiers
c. Battle of Verdun
d. Battle of Hastings
39. (Figure 6-27)
a. Barrel vault
b. Ribbed vault
c. Groined vault
d. Ogival vault
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Chapter 06: Early Medieval and Romanesque Europe
40. (Figure 6-16)
a. Chest
b. Casket
c. Jewelry chest
d. Reliquary
41. (Figure 6-28)
a. French
b. English
c. German
d. Italian
42. (Figure 6-31)
a. Sant’Ambrogio, Milan
b. Durham Cathedral, Durham
c. Saint-Sernin, Toulouse
d. St.-Étienne, Caen
43. (Figure 6-22)
a. Prophet
b. King
c. Patron
d. Christ
44. (Figure 6-26)
a. Vision of Hildegard
b. Vision of Bridget
c. Vision of Margaret
d. Vision of Elizabeth
45. (Figure 6-33)
a. Scivias
b. Moralia in Job
c. Eadwine Psalter
d. Bury Bible
46. (Figure 6-23)
a. Christ with the Elders of Apocalypse
b. Moses Expounding the Law
c. Pentecost and the Mission of the Apostles
d. Last Judgment
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Chapter 06: Early Medieval and Romanesque Europe
Subjective Short Answer
47. Which different artistic traditions does Early Medieval art fuse?
48. Why has the opinion of art historians changed regarding the artistic significance of Early Medieval art?
49. What parallels exist between burials described in Beowulf and those discovered in the Early Medieval period?
50. Which decorative scheme characterizes Hiberno-Saxon manuscript illumination?
51. Describe how the Ottonians preserved and enriched the culture and traditions of the Carolingian period.
52. Describe the modular organization of the plan for the monastery at Saint Gall.
53. Why was the term Romanesque applied to the architecture of the 11th and 12th centuries?
54. How did the popularity of pilgrimage in the Romanesque period affect church design?
55. What factors encouraged the investment in expensive stone vaulting for churches?
56. Which new features did Carolingian architects add to the Early Christian basilica plan?
57. What motivated artists to identify themselves in inscriptions, and why is it significant?
SLIDE QUESTIONS
58. Which artistic elements are representative of the art made for warlords?
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Chapter 06: Early Medieval and Romanesque Europe
59. How does this blend Christian imagery with the art of the warlords?
60. How does this reflect the classical style?
61. How does this deviate from its model, San Vitale in Ravenna?
62. How are several different artistic influences brought together in this image?
63. How does the representation of Christ deviate from the Lindau Crucifixion?
64. Which features contribute to the geometrical quality of this church? Describe the effect of its spatial organization.
65. What are the distinctive characteristics of this master’s style?
66. What does this artwork’s inscription state as its purpose, and how does the imagery reflect its purpose?
Essay
68. Describe the debate that arose over the use of sculptural decoration at monasteries. Who was for it, and who was
against it? How did this debate manifest itself in architecture and decoration (or lack thereof) of particular monastic
orders?
69. Describe the role of artists and patrons during this period. Which works bear the name of the artist who created them?
How are we to understand their desire to make their name known?
70. Although dependent on Early Christian and Byzantine sources, Carolingian and Ottonian architects added new
features. Citing specific examples, consider the innovations of the layout, interior, and facade design of Carolingian and
Ottonian buildings.
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Chapter 06: Early Medieval and Romanesque Europe
71. The Carolingian emperor Charlemagne had a sincere admiration for classical culture and viewed himself as reviving
the Roman Empire. How is this reflected in the style of certain Carolingian works and the models for Carolingian
architecture?
72. The art of the Early Medieval period departs greatly from the classical world. What types of objects, styles,
techniques, and motifs became popular in this period? How has scholarship on these objects changed in recent times, and
what meaning did they bring to their original owners?
73. Norman architecture was innovative. What does the term Norman designate? Using examples, identify the
characteristic features of Norman architecture. What elements prefigure the Gothic?
74. The most distinctive production of Hiberno-Saxon art is its manuscripts. What influences and motifs characterize the
decoration of these manuscripts? What was their purpose?
75. Romanesque sculpture was frequently placed on the portals of churches. What subjects were commonly portrayed on
church portals, and why? Citing specific examples, explain what messages were communicated to viewers.
76. One of the innovations of Romanesque architecture is the use of vaulting. Which types of vaults were employed and
what advantages did using this costly method bring?
UNKNOWN IMAGES
77. Attribute the images on the screen to a culture and give an approximate date. Give the reasons for your attributions,
using complete sentences and referring to specific works discussed in class.
Suggested images, not in the text: