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Chapter 04: Early Christianity and Byzantium
Multiple Choice
1. The largest surviving amount of art created before Christianity was legal is found in _____.
a. the catacombs
b. the Colosseum
c. atrium houses
d. public baths
2. Often decorated with mural paintings, the cubicula of catacombs functioned as _____.
a. hiding places
b. mortuary chapels
c. the location for secret pagan rituals
d. houses
3. Early Christian art describes images _____.
a. created during Christ’s life
b. that have no illusionistic qualities
c. with identifiably Christian subjects
d. created outside of Rome
4. Christians designated the Jewish books of the Bible as the _____.
a. codex
b. Ten Commandments
c. Psalter
d. Old Testament
5. _____ was the first major patron of Christian architecture.
a. Constantine
b. Justinian
c. Galla Placidia
d. Honorius
6. Before Constantine, Christians worshiped in small numbers in _____.
a. catacombs
b. private houses
c. mausolea
d. abandoned temples
7. Old Saint Peter’s was believed to mark the spot where _____.
a. Christ gave Peter the keys to the kingdom
b. Peter denied Christ
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Chapter 04: Early Christianity and Byzantium
c. Saint Peter was buried
d. Christ rose from the dead
8. Old Saint Peter’s adopted the plan and elevation of _____.
a. forums
b. pagan temples
c. baths
d. Roman basilicas
9. The ____ was a special feature of Old Saint Peter’s that housed Saint Peter’s relics.
a. transept
b. narthex
c. ambulatory
d. clerestory
10. Santa Costanza is an example of which church type?
a. Pendentive system
b. Central plan
c. Longitudinal plan
d. Domed basilica
11. Early Christian churches were decorated with _____, which helped instruct the congregation about Christian
teachings.
a. scrolls
b. textiles
c. mosaics
d. portraits
12. The emperor _____ established Christianity as the state religion in 380 CE and subsequently banned paganism.
a. Licinius
b. Basil I
c. Constantine
d. Theodosius I
13. The eastern Roman empire is referred to as _____.
a. Byzantium
b. Ottonian
c. Tetrarchy
d. Arian
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Chapter 04: Early Christianity and Byzantium
14. Artists used _____ in images to conjure up a spiritual world.
a. angels
b. a gold background
c. a blue sky
d. a landscape
15. The first golden age of Byzantine art began in the reign of _____.
a. Theodoric
b. Leo III
c. Justinian
d. Theodosius I
16. In contrast to other churches in Ravenna, built as a _____, San Vitale resembled Justinian’s other churches in
Constantinople.
a. basilica
b. martyrium
c. temple
d. central plan
17. Developed in the Roman period, the _____ replaced the scroll.
a. codex
b. psalter
c. Vienna Genesis
d. narthex
18. _____ are painted books produced before the invention of the printing press.
a. Mosaics
b. Illuminated manuscripts
c. Scrolls
d. Psalters
19. The Orthodox Church recognized Mary as ____. or God bearer. in the mid-fifth century.
a. Pantokrator
b. the Virgin of Compassion
c. Theotokos
d. transfigured
20. The imperial ban on images that ended the early Byzantine period is called _____.
a. liturgy
b. transfiguration
c. the Edict of Milan
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Chapter 04: Early Christianity and Byzantium
d. iconoclasm
21. Religious art resumed in Byzantium under the _____ dynasty.
a. Macedonian
b. Justinianic
c. Comnenian
d. Paleologan
22. The Middle Byzantine emperor _____ regarded himself as the restorer of the Roman Empire.
a. Michael VIII Palaeologus
b. Basil I
c. Justinian
d. Saint Panteleimon
23. Which feature identifies Saint Mark’s in Venice as a Byzantine building?
a. Dome on a centralized building
b. Elaborate narthex
c. Insertion of a triple apse
d. None of the above
24. Looming high in the dome, the image of the _____ in the Church of the Dormition at Daphni connects the worshiper
with Heaven through Christ.
a. Deësis
b. Pantokrator
c. Transfiguration
d. Crucifixion
25. An important trade center in western Europe, the city of _____ had strong ties with Constantinople.
a. Mount Sinai
b. Moscow
c. Venice
d. Nerezi
SLIDE IDENTIFICATION
26. (Figure 4-5)
a. Ravenna
b. Constantinople
c. Milan
d. Rome
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Chapter 04: Early Christianity and Byzantium
27. (Figure 4-3)
a. Old Saint Peter’s
b. Santa Costanza
c. Sant’Apollinare Nuovo
d. Church of the Dormition
28. (Figure 4-1)
a. Santa Maria Antiqua sarcophagus
b. Ludovisi sarcophagus
c. Orestes sarcophagus
d. Junius Bassus sarcophagus
29. (Figure 4-5)
a. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
b. Sant’Apollinare Nuovo
c. Old Saint Peter’s
d. Santa Costanza
30. (Figure 4-24)
a. Saint Mark’s
b. Santa Sabina
c. Santa Costanza
d. Santa Maria Maggiore
31. (Figure 4-8)
a. Christ Enthroned
b. Christ as Pantokrator
c. Miracle of Loaves and Fishes
d. Christ as Good Shepherd
32. (Figure 4-12)
a. Hagia Sophia
b. San Vitale
c. Santa Costanza
d. Saint Mark’s
33. (Figure 4-17)
a. Christ and the apostles
b. Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and attendants
c. Theodora and attendants
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Chapter 04: Early Christianity and Byzantium
d. Lamentation
34. (Figure 4-22)
a. Christ as Pantokrator
b. Christ as Good Shepherd
c. Christ as Theotokos
d. Christ of the Ascension
35. (Figure 4-14)
a. Saint Peter’s, Rome
b. San Vitale, Ravenna
c. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople
d. Saint Mark’s, Venice
36. (Figure 4-20)
a. Tempera
b. Encaustic
c. Pastel
d. Oil
37. (Figure 4-18)
a. Early Christian
b. Early Byzantine
c. Middle Byzantine
d. Late Byzantine
38. (Figure 4-27)
a. Paris Psalter
b. Vienna Genesis
c. Ebbo Gospels
d. Lindisfarne Gospels
39. (Figure 4-18)
a. Justinian and attendants
b. Theodora and attendants
c. Virgin Mary and attendants
d. Santa Costanza and attendants
40. (Figure 4-23)
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Chapter 04: Early Christianity and Byzantium
a. Encaustic
b. Fresco
c. Mosaic
d. Collage
Subjective Short Answer
41. What role did scenes from Jewish Scripture or the Old Testament serve in Early Christian art?
42. Why was Jonah regarded as an important figure in Early Christian art?
43. How was Jesus depicted in the earliest examples of Christian art?
44. Describe Constantine’s contributions as the first great patron of Christian architecture.
45. Why was the Roman basilica chosen as the appropriate building type for the first Christian church?
46. How did mosaics function in Early Christian architecture?
47. How did Byzantine architects solve the problem of placing a circular dome on a square base?
48. Explain how the design of Hagia Sophia fused two architectural traditions.
49. How is the design of Saint Mark’s in Venice connected to its political ties and history?
50. Describe how Christian imagery changed once Christianity became legal.
51. How was Hagia Sophia received by contemporaries?
SLIDE QUESTIONS
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Chapter 04: Early Christianity and Byzantium
52. What qualities make this version of the Good Shepherd so regal?
53. What type of plan is this? What are the outstanding characteristics of this plan, and what types of structures was it
generally used for?
54. How does this mark a major shift away from classical illusionism toward a more abstract style?
55. What features of the new Byzantine aesthetic are exhibited here?
56. Which qualities are reminders of the presence of classical art?
57. How does this work exemplify church design in the Middle Byzantine period?
58. How does this blend different artistic traditions?
59. How is this an example of the revived classical style found in the Middle Byzantine period?
60. What characteristic traits of the Byzantine Virgin and Child does this display?
Essay
62. Please identify the most popular Jewish biblical stories found in Christian art. Citing specific examples, explain how
Jewish biblical stories functioned on specific artworks.
63. What is the overall theme of the mosaics of San Vitale? Please identify specific motifs or subjects that support the
overall theme. Please also consider the significance of Justinian’s and Theodora’s presence in this mosaic program.
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Chapter 04: Early Christianity and Byzantium
64. Which Roman architectural types were borrowed for Early Christian structures? Citing examples, explain which
features were borrowed and identify new features that emerged. Explain what types of functions the different building
types served.
65. Byzantine art emerged with its own unique style. What are the dominant stylistic characteristics of this style? What
sources influenced its development.
66. What are the dominant features of Byzantine architecture? How does it differ from Roman architecture? What new
techniques did Byzantine architects introduce? What were the sources of Byzantine architecture, and what overall visual
effect was achieved?
67. The destruction of icons or iconoclasm ended the early Byzantine period. What is an icon, and on what grounds was
its use prohibited? What specific events may have contributed to Emperor Leo III’s decision to ban images?
68. One stylistic current of Middle Byzantine art was inspired by classical art. Which works exhibit classical influence?
Identify specific motifs, subjects, or features that demonstrate the survival of the classical spirit.
69. Hagia Sophia was the grandest Byzantine structure ever built. Describe the features that make it one of the most
significant buildings in world architecture. Please consider its plan, structural innovations, decoration, and visual effect.
70. Compare and contrast Old Saint Peter’s, Rome, and the Hagia Sophia, Constantinople. How is each building unique
and innovative? How is each building significant and relevant to its period and place? What outside influences, if any,
shaped each building? Be sure to include innovative construction elements in your essay.
UNKNOWN IMAGES
71. Attribute the images on the screen to a culture and give an approximate date. Give the reasons for your attributions,
using complete sentences and referring to specific works discussed in class.
Suggested images, not in the text: