40. Biculturalism means:
a. a loss of understanding of one’s own culture.
b. a capacity to function effectively in two or more cultures.
c. an inability to shift gears between one’s own and another culture.
d. extreme homesickness.
e. a willingness to work as a culture broker between two or more cultures.
41. “Narrative ethnography” is concerned with:
a. traditional notions of scientific objectivity.
b. co-producing ethnographic knowledge by focusing on the interaction between anthropologists and their
informants.
c. analyzinginformant’sinformationinlightofthepoliticalstructure.
d. avoiding the influence of the personality of the anthropologist.
e. producing engaging novels and fiction accounts of fieldwork in order to better teach ethnographic field
methods.
42. What is the major benefit that results from narrative, or reflexive, ethnography?
a. It provides a more objective account of fieldwork.
b. It is subjective and leads to much more interesting publications on the ethnographic experience.
c. Narrative ethnography provides employment and recognition for community members.
d. Through narrative ethnography we better understand the process of doing fieldwork and the effect the
researcher and subjects have on each other.
e. Narrative ethnography is recognized today as the only way to produce comparative data sets that allow for a
scientific analysis of culture.
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
43. Some anthropologists are opposed to narrative ethnography because:
a. it is not a subjective, scientific account of fieldwork.
b. it does not produce large quantities of data.
c. it does not utilize the same types of methods used in traditional ethnography.
d. this type of fieldwork does not involve community members.
e. they are not able to document the fieldwork process as accurately as through other approaches.
44. Several networking websites, such as Facebook and MySpace, have captured the attention of social scientists
because they provide easy access to large amounts of data on:
a. social relationships and personal identity.
b. religious preferences and genealogy.
c. personal beliefs and cultural dogma.
d. enculturation techniques.
e. communication and linguistic patterns of young people.
45. George Peter Murdock and his colleagues at Yale developed the coded data retrieval system called:
a. Human Relations Area Files.
b. Human Relations Administration Focus.
c. Ethnographic Retrieval System.
d. International Cultural Code Set of Relations.
e. International Cultural Code of Conduct.
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
46. The collection of ethnographic data about the culture being studied is part of:
a. research clearance.
b. document analysis.
c. census taking.
d. ethical codes.
e. informants.
47. Which of the following methods is usually more narrowly focused on the problem area and the sample size is small?
a. Focus groups
b. Participant-observation
c. Community-based participatory research
d. Participatory rural appraisal
e. Rapid ethnographic assessment
48. A type of ethnography associated with postmodernism that focuses more on the interaction between the
ethnographer and informant than on scientific objectivity is called:
a. reflexive ethnography.
b. participatory ethnography.
c. community-based ethnography.
d. cross-cultural ethnography.
e. interactive ethnography.
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
49. Participatory action research is best described as:
a. research in which the anthropologist and community work together to understand conditions that cause the
community’s problems and to solve them.
b. collaboration with the community on all aspects of research in order to bring about equitable change for all.
c. research that occurs quickly and is narrowly focused on a single problem with a very small sample size of the
whole population.
d. work with small focus groups in order to begin to identify the structural problems and inequities within the
society.
e. research in which the anthropologist coordinates various scientific teams so that large-scale problems can be
resolved in various levels at the same time.
50. Anthropologists working in foreign countries:
a. seldom are able to be as honest with their host government as they could be with their own government.
b. often compromise their professional standards in order to get research clearance.
c. should be honest with both their own and the host governments.
d. may engage in clandestine research for their own or their host government.
e. should always check with the U.S. embassy before submitting data to the sponsoring government.
51. For anthropologists, fieldwork is experiential.
a. True
b. False
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
52. Quantitative data is much more reliable than qualitative data.
a. True
b. False
53. The ethnographic approach takes a holistic perspective of societies.
a. True
b. False
54. Anthropologists should not select the research problem for study until after they arrive in the field.
a. True
b. False
55. The Jamaica Agroforestry Project encouraged farmers to plant nitrogen-fixing trees instead of food products.
a. True
b. False
56. After the difficult steps of collecting data, the interpretation of anthropological findings is easy.
a. True
b. False
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
57. By using the steps outlined in the research process, an anthropologist will have a structured and controlled research
project and design.
a. True
b. False
58. Funding agencies routinely require that the anthropologist produce a research proposal.
a. True
b. False
59. Fieldworkers should always obtain research clearance from their own countries of origin.
a. True
b. False
60. Participant-observation has no real disadvantages for an anthropologist.
a. True
b. False
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
61. As a general rule, structured interviews should be used before unstructured interviews.
a. True
b. False
62. Since“apictureisworthathousandwords,”ethnographersalwaysneedtodocumentcertainfeaturesofaculture
by taking photographs.
a. True
b. False
63. The ethnographic interview is usually quite narrow in scope and focus.
a. True
b. False
64. Genealogical mapping is very important in small-scale societies.
a. True
b. False
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
65. Most anthropologists use photography as part of their data-gathering techniques.
a. True
b. False
66. If survey questions are standardized and close-ended, they can produce data that is statistically comparable.
a. True
b. False
67. Culture shock is a common occurrence with anthropologists.
a. True
b. False
68. All anthropologists appreciate the new methods being introduced with narrative ethnography.
a. True
b. False
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
69. TheHumanRelationsAreaFiles(HRAF)aretheworld’slargestanthropologicaldataretrievalsystem.
a. True
b. False
70. Ethical dilemmas are common in fieldwork.
a. True
b. False
71. What must an anthropologist do to prepare for fieldwork?
72. How do qualitative and quantitative methods differ?
73. What are the five stages of fieldwork?
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
74. Describe and discuss the primary goals of the Jamaica Agroforestry Project (JAP).
75. What are some general guidelines applicable to most participant-observation fieldwork?
76. What is the difference between unstructured and structured interviews?
77. List four techniques for the collection of cultural data.
78. What are the methodological advantages of photography?
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
79. What are some of the symptoms of culture shock?
80. What are some new technologies useful for gathering anthropological data?
81. How important is it for an anthropologist to be able to cope with change and with the unknown? Explain your
answer.
82. Why is ethnographic fieldwork so important in cultural anthropology? Why is it important for anthropologists to write
about their experiences in the field?
83. Although participant-observation is a primary method used in ethnographic research, it has both advantages and
disadvantages. Discuss and evaluate these.
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
84. After having read about the five stages of fieldwork, which ones do you believe would be most difficult? Why?
Provide examples to illustrate your points.
85. What is participant-observation? What demands does this method make on the anthropologist and the population with
which she or he is working?
86. What must anthropologists do in order to establish good relationships with their host governments and the community
or population with which they will work?
87. The ethnographic interview is quite specific in how it is structured and in the means by which it is carried out. First,
identify the particular characteristics of the ethnographic interview and then compare and contrast this with a formal
interview, such as one you might see or hear on a news station.
88. In some applied field situations, the anthropologist is asked to do the research by the community itself or by an
outside funding agency or government. How might these different groups affect the nature of the fieldwork
conducted?
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology
89. Anthropological ethics for traditional and applied research are quite similar, even though there are different
challengesfacedwithinthefieldworksituations.Proposetwodifferentfieldprojects–onetraditionalandtheother
applied. What different types of challenges would you expect and which ethical issues might be more significant in
each case? Why?
90. Methods in cultural anthropology are quite varied. Propose a research topic that interests you in a cross-cultural
setting and then discuss which methods you believe would be most helpful to gathering data. Explain your choices.
Chapter5—AppliedAnthropology:MethodsinCulturalAnthropology