Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 9
1. Sara Dorow advocates a comprehensive and global view of the adoption process
that incorporates cultural norms and values, political contexts of the sending and
receiving countries, economic factors, and a vast array of institutions and individual
actors that combine to create a new form of international immigration. What are the
values and political contexts that motivate Chinese families to put their children up
for adoption? How does the adoption policy work? What motivates American
parents to adopt Chinese children in particular?
2. Describe the historical emergence of the concept of the nuclear family. How
accurately does it describe the reality of most families in the United States?
3. In 2004, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) issued a statement
regarding same-sex marriages and the Defense of Marriage Act. What position did
the AAA take on same-sex marriages? What research data did it use to
substantiate its position? What do the debates over the Defense of Marriage Act
illustrate?
4. Families in the United States supplement biological and affinal marriage
connections with alternative family forms based on friendship, respect, and mutual
support. Why do people choose to create families with others who are not their
biological kin? Give three examples from the text that illustrate how individuals
choose alternatives to their families of orientation in the United States.
5. Compare and contrast the ideas of “family of orientation” and “family of
procreation.” How does the concept of nuclear family fit into these two concepts of
family?
6. The abduction of women during the violent aftermath of the Partition of India and
Pakistan in 1946–47 created a moral crisis, both for families and for the state.
Explain the nature of these crises and explain how the state’s solution conflicted
with the values, beliefs, and desires of the abducted women and their families of
origin.
7. Susan Kahn’s research examined the deep interconnectedness of reproducing
kinship, Jewishness, religion, and the state. How does Israel promote the birth of
new children? What kinds of debates have emerged about the kinds of kinship
created through the use reproductive technologies? Why are decisions about the
religion and nationality of children conceived through reproductive technologies
important to the Israeli state?
8. Anthropologists have found that kinship is not solely based on biological
connections or marriage alliances. How else can people acquire kin? Give at least
two examples from the text of groups who create kinship ties through other means.
What are the benefits of being able to acquire kin outside biological relations and
marriage?
9. The old song “Love and Marriage” suggests that “you can’t have one without the
other”: but are all marriages based on “love”? Define arranged marriages and
companionate marriages. Explain some of the things on which people base
marriages today. What has changed in the question of love and marriage and why
has it changed? What forces drive changing marriage patterns and motives—such
as love—for getting married?
10. In Melanie Medeiros’s study of Brogodo, Brazil, what impact did economic shifts
have on gender and the family?
11. Marriages that are arranged by the families of the bride and groom are common in
many cultures. If marriages that are arranged in subtle and implicit ways are
considered, arranged marriages occur frequently in the United States as well. Give
an example of a subtle way to arrange marriages that occurs in the United States
that may not necessarily be called “arranged”? Why do these marriages occur?
12. The Chen village, whose family and ancestral records were destroyed in the
Chinese Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, is an example of how political factors
can shape efforts to construct and maintain kinship. Give two examples how
historical factors may have shaped ways of understanding kinship in the U.S. in the
past and the present.
13. Cross-cultural kinship studies reveal that constructing generalized kinship models
and genealogies are far from exact processes. What can affect these ways of
representing kinship relationships? Give at least two examples from the text in
which models of reckoning and recording kinship were challenged by historical
events.
14. When Kathleen Gough revisited E. E. Evans-Pritchard’s 1930s study on kinship
among the Nuer, she found that her observations did not coincide with his
generalized model. What differences did she observe? What may have caused this
discrepancy?
15. In the United States, we typically practice kindred exogamy. What is kindred
exogamy? Give two examples of marriages that would violate its rules. What is
endogamy? Give two examples of official or unofficial endogamy that are practiced
in the United States.
16. In the 1930s, E. E. Evans-Pritchard found the Nuer people of southern Sudan to be
a patrilineal descent group that practiced exogamy. What does it mean to be a
patrilineal descent group? How did cattle reflect the Nuer’s patrilineal kinship
structures? Provide at least two examples.
17. Anthropologists argue that kinship is one of several ways in which individuals form
groups. Name and describe three other ways in which humans form groups. Does
kinship influence how these other groups are formed? Why or why not?
18. In her ethnography, Transnational Adoption: A Cultural Economy of Race, Gender,
and Kinship (2006), Sara Dorow traces the journey of Chinese children adopted by
U.S. parents. Which is a situation experienced by these transnational families, as
noted by Dorow?
a.
Adopted children are marked as biological kin.
b.
Adoptive parents struggle with the U.S. legal system when bringing their new
children to the United States.
c.
Adoptive parents and their children engage with Chinese culture.
d.
Adoptive parents turn to adoption after failing to conceive using assisted
reproductive technologies.
19. China is the number–one “sending” country for children adopted by U.S. parents,
with 2,040 children sent to the United States in 2014. What is one reason this is the
case?
a.
There is a cultural preference for female children in China.
b.
The Chinese government did not allow families to have more than one child
until recently.
c.
There are fewer fees for adopting a child from China.
d.
There is an organized system in China for giving up unwanted children for
adoption.
20. Which of the following is the American Anthropological Association’s stance on
same-sex marriage and families of same-sex partners?
a.
Same-sex marriages and children of these partnerships should be allowed.
b.
Same-sex marriages should be allowed if couples do not have children.
c.
Same-sex marriages and children of these partnerships should be
discouraged.
d.
The American Anthropological Association has not issued a statement on
same-sex partnerships.
21. Anthropologist Kath Weston described “chosen families” as those formed when
gay men and lesbians develop tightly knit groups after they come out and their
biological families cut ties with them. Which of the following is an issue faced by
chosen families?
a.
They lack certain rights that traditional families have.
b.
They are not as functional as biological families.
c.
They do not last as long as biological families.
d.
They can never become real kin.
22. Hikari grew up with many brothers and sisters, but she and her husband currently
have no children. What would you call her family unit, which included many
siblings?
a.
extended family
b.
family of orientation
c.
family of procreation
d.
lineage
23. Sara Dorow’s study emphasized how traditional Chinese patrilineal exogamous
marriage patterns
a.
are completely unrelated to government-enforced family planning policies.
b.
made daughters the only secure source of long-term labor and financial
security for rural families.
c.
caused families to want sons because they stayed with the family and
continued the family line.
d.
Rerulted in a cultural preference for daughters over sons.
24. Historical studies suggest that the ideal of the nuclear family
a.
emerged in response to the family disruptions caused by the Industrial
Revolution.
b.
was challenged by various waves of immigration, but was upheld by U.S.
citizens.
c.
declined during the economic expansion that followed World War II.
d.
was a fundamental cornerstone of the early colonists’ morality.
25. The family group in which one is born, grows up, and develop life skills is their
a.
family of orientation.
b.
family of procreation.
c.
birth family.
d.
nuclear family.
26. You do not choose your
a.
chosen family.
b.
family of orientation.
c.
family of procreation.
d.
nuclear family.
27. Kate Weston found that gay and lesbian families in San Francisco turn to chosen
families
a.
because the nuclear family ideal is inadequate.
b.
to take on the functions of family when biological families are inadequate or
fail.
c.
due to the impact of assisted reproductive technologies.
d.
in order to belong to some form of nuclear family.
28. When we choose to leave the family into which we were born and choose a mate
to have children, what kind of family are we forming?
a.
chosen family
b.
family of orientation
c.
family of procreation
d.
nuclear family
29. Sara Dorow found that children from China were attractive for people in the United
States who wanted to adopt because
a.
Chinese authorities expedite the process to find good homes for as many
babies as they can.
b.
Chinese authorities incentivize adoption because they make money from the
adoption process.
c.
Non-Chinese individuals adopting children from China are given help in
avoiding any contact with the birth parents.
d.
The lack of birth records for babies put up for adoption in China makes
contacting their birth parents difficult.
30. Although many are close with the families into which they are born, others are
marginalized or stigmatized in ways that create deep, lasting alienation between
them and their birth families. What do many people alienated from their birth
families seek to create?
a.
a chosen family
b.
an economic support network
c.
best friends
d.
surrogates to replace them in their birth families
31. Why did the number of international adoptees coming to the United States drop
from 17,416 to 6,441 between 2008 and 2014?
a.
The United Nations curtailed Americans attempting international adoptions.
b.
There were significant developments in reproductive technologies.
c.
Many countries established more restrictive adoption guidelines.
d.
Adoption rates have fallen in general.
32. Which country “sends” the MOST adoptees to the United States?
a.
China
b.
Ukraine
c.
Ethiopia
d.
South Korea
33. In 2004, the American Anthropological Association publicly stated that a “vast array
of family types” contribute to “stable and humane societies.” Why did the
organization issue this statement?
a.
to support heterosexual marriage
b.
to support same-sex marriage
c.
to expand research into the nature of families
d.
to increase economic support for families in poverty
34. One major shift in marriage patterns worldwide is the legal recognition of same-sex
partnerships. Same-sex partners who choose to have children may benefit from
what other recent change?
a.
better legal protections for women
b.
the rise in companionate marriage
c.
reproductive technologies
d.
the decrease in transnational adoptions
35. What problematic practice has been linked to the medical testing of fetuses in parts
of China and India?
a.
the early termination of female fetuses
b.
the “one child” policy
c.
government monitoring policies
d.
widespread access to online information
36. Susan Kahn found that Jewish women in Israel are deeply compelled to reproduce
their family, religion, and nation. For women using reproductive technologies to get
pregnant, a sperm donor’s ethnicity is less of an issue than that of an egg donor.
What type of descent do they practice?
a.
bilateral
b.
patrilineal
c.
ambilineal
d.
matrilineal
37. In Veena Das’s study, family honor
a.
was restored by the actions of the state.
b.
took legal precedence over national honor.
c.
was replaced by modern forms of citizenship.
d.
conflicted with the restoration of national honor.
38. Veena Das’s research on families in West Punjab focused on
a.
interreligious marriages.
b.
domestic violence.
c.
state-sponsored gender violence.
d.
women who were abducted.
39. Benedict Anderson studies how people who most likely will never meet and have
little in common socially, politically, or economically
a.
feel so connected to their country that they are even willing to die for it.
b.
become citizens in the nation through biological descent, fictive kinship, or as
an affine.
c.
are ethnically excluded from belonging in to the emotional power of nation-
state.
d.
attempt to protect the sacred ideals of family from nationalist discourses of
power and war.
40. In the London suburb of Southall, young people of different ethnic backgrounds
form communities where they call each other “cousin.” Which of the following is a
reason why forming “cousin” relationships work in this community?
a.
The term cousin is similar in many of the languages and cultures of the
community.
b.
The term cousin is different in many of the languages and cultures of the
community.
c.
Cousins are still fully within the bounds of kinship, rather than friendship.
d.
Cousins can be maternal or paternal.
41. Anthropologist Deena Davis researched kinship relations in battered women’s
shelters. Which of the following is a reason why these women created fictive
kinship networks?
a.
They faced structural violence.
b.
Their previous families were still fully integrated, but they were bored.
c.
They felt disempowered by their former relationships.
d.
They shared the extra welfare benefits they received.
42. Carol Stacks found that African American families who lived in the Flats, a deeply
impoverished community, responded to structural poverty and long-term
unemployment through
a.
forming dynamic extended kinship networks with biological and fictive kin.
b.
practices of co-residence and co-feeding.
c.
forming exogamous marriage alliances that allowed them to move out of the
Flats.
d.
using genealogical records to create alliances with members of their lineage.
43. Among Malay villagers on the island of Langkawi, kinship is not only given at birth
but is also acquired through
a.
reproductive technologies.
b.
co-residence and co-feeding.
c.
initiation rituals.
d.
genealogical research.
44. How did the U.S. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
(PRWORA) affect the women in Dana Davis’s study?
a.
It subjected survivors of physical violence to the structural violence of the
welfare system.
b.
It helped battered women to keep their children safe.
c.
It streamlined women’s access to government support to help them get on
their feet.
d.
It took into consideration the special circumstances of women escaping
abuse to help them find jobs.
45. According to Dana Davis, the presence of aunts, uncles, and sisters in shelters for
battered women indicated that
a.
violence affected entire families and passed from generation to generation.
b.
consanguine familial ties did not disintegrate, even during difficult times.
c.
women created fictive kin to recreate lost families and and have a safety net
in times of need.
d.
the U.S. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
(PRWORA) impoverished entire families.
46. Gerd Baumann found that the youth of the immigrant community of Southall,
England,
a.
passed down their culture from generation to generation without significant
change.
b.
were ethnically diverse and creatively inclusive.
c.
were divided by religion, although their parents shared the same national
origin.
d.
were all South Asian, hence the name, “Britain’s South Asian capital.”
47. Carol Stacks, Gerb Baumann, and Dana Davis all found that fictive kin
a.
create moral expectations between biologically unrelated people,
b.
are indicative of disorganized dysfunctional cultures of poverty.
c.
occur within homogenous racial-ethnic groups.
d.
only result from family and structural violence.
48. Gerd Baumann found that in Southall, England, people termed “cousins”
a.
were a form of real and fictive kin found among the Sikh immigrant
community.
b.
created networks between unrelated people across ethnic, religious, and
cultural boundaries.
c.
included parallel cousins, as cross-cousins were not recognized in this South
Asian kinship structure.
d.
were members of a street gang comprised of South Asian immigrants.
49. Identify the theory explaining the incest taboo advocated by anthropologist
Bronislaw Malinowski and psychologist Sigmund Freud.
a.
Incest taboos protect the family from sexual competitiveness and jealousy.
b.
Stemming from evolutionary history, incest taboos arose from an instinctive
horror of sex with close relatives.
c.
Incest taboos arose out of concern for the genetic consequences of
inbreeding.
d.
Incest taboos universally forbid marriage between close family members,
which serves to strengthen families.
50. Marriage patterns around the world are changing rapidly, with a strong increase in
the belief that companionate marriage is the ideal to be achieved. Along with this
change, divorce rates are on the rise worldwide. Which of the following is a reason
anthropologists have cited for the growing divorce rates?
a.
shrinking opportunities for women
b.
shifting expectations about gender roles
c.
decreasing rates of arranged marriage
d.
increasing rates of companionate marriage
51. What is one way in which globalization has generally affected kinship relations?
a.
Globalization creates negative stress on kinship relations.
b.
Kinship relations are not changed through globalization.
c.
Kinship bonds are strengthened due to globalization.
d.
Kinship relations are terminating due to globalization.
52. Jennifer Hirsh found that expectations of love and companionate marriage
a.
resulted in higher rates of divorce.
b.
lessened inequality and easeed tensions over gender roles.
c.
were not yet present in this remote, rural, and traditional town.
d.
did not solve tension over gender inequalities concerning intimacy and
sexuality.
53. How have expectations about marriage changed for women in Jalisco?
a.
The older women of the region did not migrate to find marriage as the young
women now do.
b.
Unlike the older generation of women, the younger generation expect
intimacy and sexual pleasure from a marriage.
c.
Contemporary women no longer suffer from gender inequality.
d.
In the past, women once promenaded around the plaza in hopes of
prompting a marriage proposal.
54. Jennifer Hirsh’s study of love in Degollado, a small town in Jailisco, Mexico,
focuses on the effects of migration on
a.
arranged marriages.
b.
rising divorce rates.
c.
interracial marriage.
d.
companionate marriage.
55. During the annual Grave Sweeping Festival,
a.
relatives visit their ancestors’ grave sites, clean them, and make offerings.
b.
families venerate Hungry Ghosts by giving them paper representations of
desired items.
c.
priests set off fireworks outside temples in order to attract spirits.
d.
every year fewer people attend, as these practices die out due to
modernization and political pressure.
56. In Chinese culture, lineages traditionally compiled a genealogy book called a
a.
Qing Ming.
b.
Hungry Ghost.
c.
Zupu.
d.
Family Tree.
57. In Brogodo, Brazil, ________ percent of divorces and separations are initiated by
women.
a.
95
b.
30
c.
9
d.
50
58. A marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation
is a(n)
a.
arranged marriage.
b.
exogamous marriage.
c.
family of orientation.
d.
companionate marriage.
59. A daughter-in-law is an example of what kind of relative?
a.
consanguine
b.
extramarital
c.
exogamous
d.
affinal
60. The king awards his daughter’s hand in marriage to Joe, a foreign blacksmith, as a
reward for slaying a dragon. Anthropologists would classify this marriage as
arranged as well as an example of
a.
class endogamy.
b.
exogamy.
c.
endogamy.
d.
racial exogamy.
61. A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy
and legal rights to property and inheritance is called
a.
endogamy.
b.
monogamy.
c.
marriage.
d.
exogamy.
62. Marriage to someone within the kin group is
a.
endogamy.
b.
monogamy.
c.
polygamy.
d.
exogamy.
63. Humita’s mother’s mother enthralls her with legends of their first ancestor, the
Spider Woman. Humita is prohibited from marrying another descendant of the
Spider Woman but she may marry a descendant of her father’s mother’s apical
ancestor. The term that best describes her society’s kinship structure is
a.
matrilineal lineage.
b.
matrilineal clan.
c.
bilateral descent group.
d.
patrilineal descent group.
64. Which of the following types of marriage describes a marriage between two
women?
a.
polyandry
b.
polygyny
c.
polyamory
d.
monogamy
65. Which of the following types of marriage is a relationship between only two
partners?
a.
polyandry
b.
monogamy
c.
polyamory
d.
polygyny
66. Toguwagewa’s society practices unilateral matrilineal descent. To whom does he
consider himself related?
a.
his biological father
b.
his biological mother’s brother
c.
his biological father’s sister
d.
his biological father’s mother
67. When Juan José speaks of his dream to get married and have children, he is
talking about a(n)
a.
extended family.
b.
family of orientation.
c.
family of procreation.
d.
lineage.
68. The Nuer practice patrilineal descent. Through whom do boys inherit membership
in the descent group?
a.
the mother’s father
b.
the mother’s mother
c.
the father’s father
d.
the father’s mother
69. Your friend tells you about an event that took place before her cousin Ayla’s
wedding in Turkey in which her family gave furniture, kitchen appliances, and cash
to the groom’s family. In Turkey, this is called ceyiz. An anthropologist would
classify this kind of ritual as
a.
inheritance.
b.
bridewealth.
c.
dowry.
d.
reciprocity.
70. Teresa and Caitlyn are successful professionals in their fifties. Although they don’t
feel any economic or social pressure, they decide to get married. What kind of
marriage do they have?
a.
arranged marriage
b.
exogamous marriage
c.
family of orientation
d.
companionate marriage
71. Benny loves to tell mother-in-law jokes. What kind of relative is he joking about?
a.
cognatic kin
b.
affinal kin
c.
matrilineal kin
d.
bilateral kin
72. What does Melanie Medeiros suggest caused the increased rate of divorce in the
town of Brogodo, Brazil?
a.
Women wished to create exogamous marriage alliances with foreigners.
b.
Companionate marriages naturally dissolved when spouses lived apart.
c.
Men divorced women who threatened their traditional role of provider.
d.
Women earned increased economic independence and shifted expectations
about gender roles.
73. Compulsory dowries have not been legal in India since the 1960s. Nevertheless,
a.
Indian human rights groups protest their abolition.
b.
paying bridewealth is still common.
c.
they are still common in publicly transferring rights and legitimizing alliances.
d.
they are often used to compensate the wife’s parents for the loss of a
daughter .
74. While the notion of a romantic marriage predominates thinking in the United States,
what is another prevalent reason for marriage in other countries?
a.
to ensure domestic bliss
b.
to stabilize the tax base
c.
to create a strategic alliance
d.
to ensure accurate paternal identification
75. Why did members of the Chen descent group have difficulty reconstructing their
genealogy?
a.
many families have the same name
b.
too many exogamous marriages
c.
migration and political pressures
d.
the distractions of modern life
76. Bridewealth is prevalent in many African societies and parts of the Middle East and
frequently means that the groom’s family gives cattle, cash, or other goods to the
family of the bride-to-be. What is the goal of bridewealth?
a.
It stabilizes the marriage through establishment of mutual, vested interest.
b.
It creates a sense of obligation on the part of the groom’s family.
c.
It helps ensure the newlyweds’ financial success.
d.
It can force the bride to be a good homemaker.
77. Which of the following is the practice of formalizing and legalizing a marriage
through the exchange of gifts between the bride’s family and the groom’s family?
a.
gift exchange
b.
bridewealth
c.
reciprocity
d.
dowry
78. You attend a friend’s wedding, and at one point you see the father of the groom
hand the keys to a new car to the bride. What would you, as an anthropologist, call
this?
a.
gift exchange
b.
bridewealth
c.
reciprocity
d.
dowry
79. Cousins who are children of a father’s brother or a mother’s sister are considered
which type of cousin?
a.
second cousins
b.
affinal cousins
c.
cross-cousins
d.
parallel cousins
80. The origins of the incest taboo are unclear, even after decades of careful study.
One theory holds that the taboo is due to a fear of creating genetic defects in
offspring. What is one argument against this theory?
a.
If a harmful trait runs in a family, systematic inbreeding will increase the
possibility of the defective gene being passed along.
b.
Surveys show that most people do not believe that incest leads to genetic
defects.
c.
Incest taboos predate any scientific understanding of human genetics, so this
could not be the cause.
d.
The Human Genome Project has shown that incest does not result in genetic
damage.
81. Where in the world are first-cousin marriages (between the children of two siblings)
legally prohibited?
a.
in all fifty states in the United States of America
b.
in some states in the United States of America
c.
in Europe and North America
d.
in all countries around the world
82. What is true about the incest taboo forbidding sexual relations with close relatives
such as siblings and parents?
a.
It is universal across all cultures in the world.
b.
It is very rare in ancient cultures.
c.
It is a direct response to concerns about biological degeneration and
abnormality.
d.
It is not regulated by law in Western countries.
83. With the exception of a few rare historical examples, such as Inca, Hawaiian, and
ancient Egyptian royalty, incest taboos universally prohibit sexual relations
a.
between parents and children, between siblings, and between all cousins.
b.
between first cousins and between second cousins.
c.
between parents and children and between siblings.
d.
between half-siblings and between parallel cousins.
84. Scotty Wolf holds the current world record for the most monogamous marriages.
Scotty is a
a.
bigamist.
b.
polygamist.
c.
serial monogamist.
d.
poyandrist.
85. In some societies, when a marriage ends, the former spouses often remarry new
partners soon afterward. This practice is called
a.
polyandry.
b.
serial monogamy.
c.
arranged marriage.
d.
polygyny.
86. Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of
one woman to two or more men?
a.
polyandry
b.
monogamy
c.
polyamory
d.
polygyny
87. Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of
one man to two or more women?
a.
polyandry
b.
monogamy
c.
polyamory
d.
polygyny
88. Marriage is often seen as a way to build an alliance and create new relationships
between different groups. Sometimes this outcome is coincidental, but in many
cases it is accomplished intentionally through what kind of marriage?
a.
arranged
b.
exogamous
c.
companionate
d.
endogamous
89. Something similar to marriage exists in every known culture. However, many
anthropologists observe that
a.
marriage practices do not vary widely across cultures.
b.
marriage has no universal characteristics.
c.
there are four main types of marriages worldwide.
d.
there is no need to change the definition of marriage.
90. What is distinctive about new kinship groups created through affinal relationships?
a.
They are linked through alliance, not through shared biology or common
descent.
b.
They can be traced through consanguine or blood relatives.
c.
They are distinguished by relation to a founding ancestor.
d.
They are distinguished by multiple founding ancestors.
91. What is one way that humans build strong kinship ties between two people who are
not their immediate biological kin?
a.
blood
b.
marriage
c.
school
d.
cohabitation
92. Although some kinship relationships are established through biology or common
descent, others are established through marriage. What do anthropologists call
relationships established through marriage and/or alliance?
a.
legal
b.
extramarital
c.
exogamous
d.
affinal
93. Globalization places stress on many different aspects of our lives, including kinship
systems. What result of globalization often affects kinship?
a.
global intermarriage
b.
exogamous marriage
c.
migration
d.
remittances as a means of support
94. How many ways of classifying siblings and cousins did early anthropologists find
by collecting kinship data from cultures worldwide?
a.
seventeen
b.
four
c.
one
d.
no consistent way
95. How many primary systems to classify relatives in the parental generation did early
anthropologists identify?
a.
two
b.
five
c.
nine
d.
four
96. The parents of an upper-class family in the United States send their two children to
a private boarding school and then to an elite college. Both children marry other
members of the upper class, whom they met at school. Their parents encouraged
what kind of an arranged marriage?
a.
companionate
b.
exogamous
c.
endogamous
d.
polygamous
97. In the United States it is illegal as well as socially frowned upon to marry certain
relatives. This is an example of a society that practices
a.
kindred exogamy.
b.
kindred paternity.
c.
kindred endogamy.
d.
kindred maternity.
98. A group that sends a son away (or outside the immediate kin group) to find a
marriage partner practices
a.
endogamy.
b.
monogamy.
c.
polygamy.
d.
exogamy.
99. Melanie Medeiros’s research on the impact of a new tourism industry on families in
Brogodo, Brazil, demonstrates which pattern?
a.
Changing gender roles and opportunities led to higher rates of sexual assault
and domestic abuse.
b.
Globalization generally improved economic opportunities for men and led to
more stable marriages.
c.
As economic opportunities for women increase, approval for gay marriage
also increases.
d.
Expanding economic opportunities for women are linked to a rapid rise in
divorce.
100. According to Melanie Medeiros, what happened to marriage patterns in Brogodo,
Brazil, as the tourism industry created more economic opportunities for women?
a.
Divorce rates increased.
b.
Divorce rates decreased.
c.
Same-sex marriage increased.
d.
Same-sex marriage decreased.
101. Worldwide, what is the most prevalent strategy in use today to track kin group
membership?
a.
consanguinity
b.
ancestry
c.
matrilineality
d.
patrilineality
102. Ambilineal descent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are
sometimes referred to as what kind of descent groups?
a.
unilineal
b.
polylineal
c.
cognatic
d.
monolineal
103. Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the
mother and the father?
a.
ambilineal
b.
unilineal
c.
polylineal
d.
bilineal
104. Both matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of descent reflect
a.
ambilineality.
b.
unilineality.
c.
endogamy.
d.
patrilineality.
105. A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?
a.
mother’s
b.
sibling’s
c.
grandparent’s
d.
father’s
106. In a matrilineal descent group, continued membership in the same family group is
passed down through which member?
a.
father
b.
mother
c.
cousin
d.
sibling
107. What do anthropologists call descent groups based on a claim to a founding
ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation?
a.
relations
b.
marriages
c.
clans
d.
lineages
108. We often refer to a family group as a clan (“Kennedy clan”) and not a lineage
(“Kennedy lineage”). How is this consistent with an anthropological definition of
clan?
a.
It has no founding ancestor but does have deep genealogical documentation.
b.
It has a founding ancestor and deep genealogical documentation.
c.
It has a founding ancestor but does not have deep genealogical
documentation.
d.
It has no founding ancestor and does not have deep genealogical
documentation.
109. What are the two types of descent groups distinguished by anthropologists?
a.
lineages and clans
b.
matrilineal and patrilineal
c.
patrilineal and clan
d.
matrilineal and genealogies
110. Most descent groups in the United States are based on consanguinity. What is the
basis of this relationship?
a.
size of group
b.
blood
c.
paternity
d.
maternity
111. Early anthropologists believed that collecting cross-cultural information about
kinship would enable them to
a.
discern patterns of social structure that could be used to categorize and
compare societies.
b.
understand the effects of political, economic, and/or military upheaval as well
as colonialism.
c.
construct the family trees of a representative sample of people around the
world.
d.
distinguish between kinship systems and religious, economic systems, and
political systems.
112. Why did many early anthropologists assume descent groups would be key to
understanding the economic, political and religious organization of most
nonindustrial, non-Western cultures?
a.
Their own extensive fieldwork had already established this as true.
b.
The narratives of travelers from other parts of the world reflected this idea.
c.
The importance of large, kin-based social networks extended beyond the
immediate family into all aspects of cultural life.
d.
Their inability to speak local languages resulted in confusion about
relationships.
113. One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogy. What
are these kinds of groups called?
a.
ascent
b.
related
c.
family
d.
descent
114. We learn how to treat our kin within a family. What other aspects of social life does
family prepare us to navigate?
a.
gender and sexuality
b.
DNA and biological relations
c.
the impact of politics on family relations
d.
birth and death rates
115. What model of kinship does the idea that a family consists of a mother, a father,
and their children reflect?
a.
a nearly universal, cross-cultural understanding of kinship
b.
a Euro-American ideal
c.
a stable model that matches the lived experience of most Americans
d.
a model proven to be the best structure for society
116. Which of the following terms is defined as the system of meaning and power that
cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual
expectations, rights, and responsibilities?
a.
family
b.
heredity
c.
descent
d.
kinship
117. In the United States, interracial marriage is no longer illegal; however, data on
marriage patterns suggests that Americans continue to practice
a.
kindred exogamy.
b.
racial endogamy.
c.
kindred endogamy.
d.
racial exogamy.
118. Migration has affected the Chen descent group’s ability to maintain kinship
connections. How many Chen villagers have left China since the 1980s?
a.
70 percent of the village
b.
700 people
c.
1,900 men
d.
40 percent of the village
119. The Chen descent group is a
a.
patrilineal clan that practices endogamy.
b.
patrilineal descent group that practices exogamy.
c.
matrilineal lineage that practices exogamy.
d.
patrilineal descent group clan that practices endogamy.
120. Kathleen Gough found that
a.
political events can affect a group’s kinship practices.
b.
kinship structures are deep structures that control cultural behavior.
c.
migration and other effects of globalization separate families and disrupt
kinship practices.
d.
when groups adapt their kinship practices, they lose their cultural identity.
121. Eskimo, Hawaiian, Sudanese, Omaha, Crow, and Iroquois are
a.
primary ways of classifying relatives in the parental generation.
b.
groups who practice ambilineal descent.
c.
groups whose ancient rulers once practiced brother–sister incest.
d.
groups used to help organize as well as classify siblings and cousins.
122. In the 1930s, Evans-Pritchard found that the Nuer were
a.
patrilineal and exogamous.
b.
patrilineal and endogamous.
c.
matrilineal and exogamous.
d.
matrilineal and endogamous.
123. At the time of E. E. Evans-Pritchard’s study, Nuer sons
a.
preferred to marry close to home, within their own descent group.
b.
joined their wife’s clan because they did not inherit anything from their
father’s clan.
c.
obtained brides from other patrilineal descent groups.
d.
inherited cattle to use for bridswealth from their mother’s kin.
124. What kind of descent do both matrilineal and patrilineal descent groups reflect?
a.
ambilineal
b.
bilateral
c.
cognatic
d.
unilineal
125. The system of meaning and power created to determine who is related to whom
and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities is
a.
kinship.
b.
fictive kinship.
c.
descent groups.
d.
social networks.
126. The kinship unit of mother, father, and children is called a
a.
chosen family.
b.
family of orientation.
c.
family of procreation.
d.
nuclear family.
127. Kianni Arroyo’s story brings up key questions about
a.
how gay and lesbian couples and their families are achieving increased
acceptance.
b.
how we understand the concept of family and determine who is related to
whom.
c.
the biological basis of the idealized nuclear family in Western culture.
d.
how families protect group assets and influence social, economic, and
political systems.
128. Kianni Arroyo has at least ________ siblings.
a.
44
b.
185
c.
18
d.
2,757
129. The Nandi of Kenya and the Nuer of Sudan are examples of societies that
a.
practice polyandry.
b.
have no recognizable marriage practices.
c.
allow women to marry other women.
d.
have arranged marriages.
130. Families and kinship networks have the power to provide support and to nurture.
What else do kinship networks do in a society?
a.
encourage monogamous marriage
b.
prevent genetic abnormalities
c.
ensure reproduction of the next generation
d.
ensure stability in the political system
131. One of the characteristics of kinship that makes it so enduring for humans is the
deep connection it brings. In most kinship systems, how long do such connections
endure?
a.
as long as the matriarch is living
b.
over generations
c.
as long as the parents are married
d.
as long as the social and political settings remain unchanged
132. Kinship is the most effective strategy that humans have developed to form stable,
reliable, separate, and deeply connected groups that can last over time and
through generations. What comprises the system of kinship?
a.
permanence and meaning
b.
meaning and power
c.
lineage and stability
d.
power and lineage
Answer Key
chapter 9
