Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 8
1. Sex tourism is a multibillion-?3?dollar industry that supplies millions of sex workers
for affluent white male European tourists around the world. Does this industry fulfill
the promise of “development through globalization” in the case of Sousa, a beach
town in the Dominican Republic? Explain who benefits from the sex tourism
industry and how.
2. How does globalization influence local expressions of sexuality? Illustrate your
explanation with an example.
3. How does the experience of the gay male Mexican migrants in Héctor Carillo’s
study differ from that of heterosexual migrants, and how are the two groups
similar?
4. How does the experience of middle-class black lesbian families differ from that of
middle-class white lesbian and middle-class black heterosexual families?
5. How do Denmark and Sweden, two sexually progressive liberal welfare states,
differ in their approaches to the erotic lives of people with disabilities? Compare
and contrast their approaches. Give examples showing their differences.
6. Explain what Michel Foucault meant when he described sexuality as “an especially
dense transfer point for relations of power.” How does the private act of sex
become a transfer point for power? Give an example from the text that illustrates
your explanation
7. What is sexology? What did twentieth-century sexologists find? How did sexology
unintentionally contribute to establishing heterosexuality as the dominant erotic
ideal in the United States?
8. In White Wedding: Romancing Heterosexuality in Popular Culture (2008), Chrys
Ingraham asserts that “brides are not born, they are made.” Identify examples of
the process that enculturates girls. Discuss the implications of the romanticized
ideal of weddings. How do these ideals differ from the reality of the “white wedding”
as they intersect with gender, class, and racial inequalities?
9. Explain what the author means by “the invention of heterosexuality.” When did the
contemporary U.S. usage of the term heterosexuality emerge? How does the
contemporary idea differ from prior conceptualizations of sex between men and
women?
10. What do historical and cross-cultural studies of sexuality tell us about sexual
norms? Support your argument with at least three examples, and compare and
contrast these cases.
11. Give two examples from the text of people who interpret the same sexual
behaviors differently. What implications do these examples have for the idea that
sexual behaviors are physiological acts with fixed meanings?
12. How does physical anthropologist Helen Fisher explain the biochemical process of
falling in love? Can human intimacy, sexuality, and attachment be explained solely
in terms of biological processes?
13. What is sexuality? How can nonbiological phenomena influence it? Support your
answer with at least three examples from the text,
14. Compare and contrast the two schools of thought on human sexuality offered by
evolutionary biology and cultural constructionism. What is the focus of each
school? Which approach do you find to be more convincing, and why?
15. According to Jared Diamond, how is human sexuality different from the sexuality of
other mammals? Identify at least three ways and discuss the implications of these
distinctions for the role biology plays in human sexuality.
16. Globally, sex tourism is a multibillion-dollar industry. Which of the following
statements accurately describes sex tourism in the Dominican Republic?
a.
Sex workers and tourists see sex tourism as a way to enact their fantasies.
b.
Sex workers are mostly poor Latina women.
c.
Prostitution is legal.
d.
Local tourism industry benefits from the sex tourism industry.
17. Identify the correct definition of sex work.
a.
labor through which a person pays to change his or her sex
b.
labor through which poor women provide sexual services to rich men
c.
labor through which social workers assist disabled individuals in having sex
d.
labor through which one provides sexual services for money
18. How does global tourism affect local economies in the Dominican Republic?
a.
It brings foreign currency to local businesses, which results in economic
development.
b.
It provides well-paid jobs for local workers.
c.
It undermines local tourism industry and sends profits to Europe.
d.
It enriches and empowers middle-class sex workers.
19. Travel to facilitate commercial sexual relations between tourists and local residents
in destinations around the world, usually organized through the tourism sector, is
called
a.
prostitution.
b.
all-inclusive resorts.
c.
global tourism.
d.
sex tourism.
20. Patty Kelly examines sex work as
a.
an exploitative, unviable means of earning a living.
b.
one example of gendered labor that requires women to use their sexuality
and intimacy.
c.
fundamentally distinct from other kinds of gendered labor, such as
receptionist or waitress.
d.
an activity that, while criminal, does not stigmatize workers.
21. Lydia, the central figure of Patty Kelly’s book, Lydia’s Open Door: Inside Mexico’s
Most Modern Brothel,
a.
married a former client.
b.
became an activist for the decriminalization of sex work.
c.
ran a brothel called the Zona Galáctica.
d.
died of HIV/AIDS.
22. Marwan planned to move to Denmark for the opportunity to not only work as a
programmer but to also fulfill his dream of having a boyfriend, something his
religious family would have disapproved of had he continued living at home.
Marwan
a.
has gay social capital.
b.
is a sexual citizen.
c.
is a sexual migrant.
d.
is a heterosexual migrant.
23. How has globalization affected sexuality around the world?
a.
Migration brings ideals of sexual freedom to cosmopolitan cities from rural
villages.
b.
Time-space compression has spread Western norms, but it has also
reshaped these norms.
c.
Globalization contributes to the erosion of American family values.
d.
Global gay cultures are comprised of sexual migrants.
24. According to Hector Carrillo’s research, becoming a sexual citizen entails
a.
legalizing their undocumented status.
b.
understanding and enacting new sexual rights and duties.
c.
overcoming racial prejudice and homophobia.
d.
joining an LGBTQ+ religious institution.
25. According to Héctor Carillo, “sexual migrants”
a.
rely on the same social and family networks and have similar motivations as
heterosexual migrants.
b.
rely exclusively on transnational LGBTQ+ social networks and cultural
capital.
c.
share many goals with heterosexual migrants but also want to live a fully
LGBTQ+ life, which they could not have at home.
d.
seek reunification with relatives and seek to change patterns of gender
inequality.
26. Applying an anthropological lens to sexuality and sexual behaviors around the
world allows us to
a.
identify what is universally natural and abnormal.
b.
understand how inherited traits are passed down through sexual behavior.
c.
classify the diversity of sexual expression into binary categories.
d.
investigate relationships between individuals as well as between individuals
and their cultures.
27. The globalization of Western-influenced movements concerning gender and
sexuality
a.
may disseminate Western norms and categories in societies whose local
understandings of gender and sexuality are more fluid.
b.
will naturally increase the diversity of practices and beliefs with respect to
human sexuality.
c.
may spread homosexuality to other countries.
d.
will eliminate indigenous sexual minorities.
28. In Denise Brennan’s research, both Dominican sex workers and the sex tourists
had fantasies that defined their work. What do many sex workers fantasize about?
a.
marrying a tourist and starting a new life
b.
creating transnational economic links for themselves
c.
persuading a sex tourist to remain in the area for a long period of time
d.
connecting with the hotel where the sex tourist is staying in order to find work
29. Many governments attempt to criminalize sex work through legal and social
sanctions. How do these sanctions impact sex workers?
a.
They must conduct their work covertly.
b.
They have to be tested for sexually transmitted diseases.
c.
Sex workers must register with a government agency.
d.
Sex workers pay taxes that are higher than others.
30. In the United States, diamonds are often associated with ideas about romance and
sexuality. At least 80 percent of engagements come with a diamond ring and 90
percent of U.S. women own at least one diamond. What is one way diamonds
obtained such cultural importance in the United States?
a.
Advertising agencies launched elaborate campaigns marketing diamonds in
the United States in the twentieth century.
b.
U.S. culture imbued sapphire rings with deep cultural meaning and value,
and diamonds followed suit.
c.
Past marketing campaigns in the United States rarely discussed diamonds,
creating a perception of diamonds’ rarity and therefore desirability.
d.
Only the U.S. market was able to import large amounts of diamonds for its
consumers.
31. Mignon Moore’s Invisible Families study explores the intersection of race and
sexuality in the lives of black gay women in the United States. She found that many
middle-class white lesbian couples experience sexuality as the primary framework
that shapes their lives. What is the primary framework that black lesbians in the
United States describe as most important?
a.
sexuality
b.
gender
c.
race
d.
nationality
32. Colonial powers controlled sexual activities in colonized countries through legal
action. The Dutch East India Company had strict laws concerning marriage and
sexual relations. Who would have been able to receive Dutch legal status in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
a.
children of European men and women born in Dutch colonies
b.
children of European men and local women born in Dutch colonies
c.
local women who married European men
d.
children of European women and local men born in Dutch colonies
33. How do Denmark and Sweden differ in their approaches to the erotic lives of the
disabled?
a.
In Denmark, their sexuality is acknowledged and facilitated, but in Sweden it
is repressed.
b.
In Sweden, their sexuality is acknowledged and facilitated, but in Denmark it
is repressed.
c.
Swedish sexual advisors are trained to help people with disabilities engage in
activities such as sex with a partner, masturbation, or hiring a sex worker,
whereas Denmark does not have such advisors.
d.
Danish staff in group homes for the disabled are advised not to wake the
sleeping bear, while Swedish staff are advised to do so.
34. In Don Kulick and Jens Rydstrom’s research, the expression to never “ wake the
sleeping bear” refers to
a.
avoiding all mention of sexuality.
b.
Danish attitudes toward sex.
c.
heteronormative sexuality.
d.
children’s erotic desire and sexual behavior.
35. According to Mignon Moore, how do black lesbians deal with black middle-class
politics of respectability?
a.
They deliberately challenge community expectations.
b.
They join a middle-class white lesbian community, which mainly defines them
in terms of race.
c.
They hide their relationships from family and community leaders.
d.
They form families that offer an alternative kind of respectability within African
American communities.
36. How did Dutch society discourage Dutch women in the colonies from producing
mixed-race babies?
a.
by encouraging middle-class white women to marry working-class Dutch
citizens
b.
through rumors about the physical illnesses of mixed-race babies
c.
by portraying native men as dangerous sexual threats to European racial
purity
d.
by preventing sexual violence through curfews and other restrictions
37. How did the Dutch East India Company use sexuality to protect European privilege
and their rights to the profits of colonization?
a.
It encouraged men to produce offspring with concubines or slaves in order to
create more Dutch citizens.
b.
It brought marriageable European women to the colonies early on in the
colonization process.
c.
It encouraged European men to have sex with, but not to marry, non-
European women.
d.
It provided detailed rules for sexual liaisons with native women and the
citizenship rights of the ensuing offspring.
38. Which part of the traditional U.S. wedding ritual helps normalize the idea that men
have more power than women?
a.
The bride’s father walks her down the aisle and “gives her away” to the
groom.
b.
The bride wears an expensive white dress, symbolizing her affluence.
c.
The wedding takes place in a church to promote the influence of religion.
d.
The bride and groom allow the government to regulate their sexuality by
taking vows.
39. Surveys reveal that as many as one in five women who attend college will
experience some form of assault while a student. How have the administrations of
federally funded colleges attempted to address this crisis and to ensure gender
equality among students?
a.
by educating students about the safety risks involved in sexual behavior,
such as sexually transmitted infections
b.
by addressing the worldwide problem of gender discrimination
c.
by criminalizing sexual encounters among students
d.
by creating affirmative consent policy for sexual encounters among students
40. Sociologist Mignon Moore found that before the 1980s, openly gay sexuality was
seen as an affront to ideas of middle-class black
a.
womanhood.
b.
lesbianism.
c.
respectability.
d.
marriage.
41. According to Mignon Moore, what unique challenges do African American lesbians
face?
a.
Historically, race has exclusively framed their political, economic, and
religious identities.
b.
They are forced to negotiate several different identities of race, class, gender,
and sexuality.
c.
They cannot simultaneously hold a public LGBTQ identity and a respectable
middle-class African American identity.
d.
They are welcome to participate in the black community but not the lesbian
community.
42. Why do governments attempt to define some kinds of expression as pornography
and control its dissemination?
a.
Governments want to stop pornography to support the rights of women.
b.
Governments seek control of the economic output of the pornography
industry.
c.
Local governments seek ways to enforce zoning laws more effectively.
d.
Governments want to regulate the discourse around sexuality.
43. Cultural institutions define the age of consent, how marriage and divorce can be
obtained, and reproductive rights such as abortion. What are the effects of this
form of regulation?
a.
It controls family planning by using the full extent of legal government power.
b.
It limits the negative influence of practicing sex for pleasure in mainstream
culture.
c.
It creates, enforces, and contests social and political hierarchies by
regulating who can do what with whom and when they can do it.
d.
It limits the spread of disease by regulating acceptable sexual practices.
44. What was Michel Foucault’s view about sexuality in every culture?
a.
Each society attempts to maintain separation between sexuality and politics.
b.
Sexuality is an arena where relations of power and inequality are worked out.
c.
Sexuality allows human beings to express the full meaning of their lives.
d.
It is the responsibility of the medical establishment to make sexual activity
safe.
45. How does Mignon Moore’s work describe the experience of middle-class black
lesbians?
a.
They experience sexuality as the primary framework that shapes their
identity, as do middle-class white lesbians.
b.
They often participate in public displays that challenge community notions of
“respectability.”
c.
Their unique status reflects the intersectionality of race, class, gender, and
sexuality.
d.
They combat racist stereotypes by performing a heteronormative vision of
middle-class virtue, modesty, discipline, and responsibility, rather than
forming families.
46. Recently, the government of China has unsuccessfully attempted to end the
practice of hiring strippers to perform at funerals in rural provinces, a practice that
may have originated in rural Taiwan. What does this controversy highlight?
a.
Governments regulate and dictate sexual behavior norms.
b.
Traditional, rural beliefs and practices are usually heteronormative.
c.
Sexuality is an arena in which to debate what kinds of desires and behaviors
are morally right, appropriate, and “natural.”
d.
Globalization threatens traditional ideas about sexuality and morality.
47. How do anthropologists refer to the way in which cultural institutions and systems
of power interconnect to affect individual lives and group experiences?
a.
intersectionality
b.
hegemony
c.
sexology
d.
sexual discourse
48. Heterosexuality is the dominant cultural norm in contemporary U.S. culture. Which
of the following is true about heterosexuality in the United States?
a.
Heterosexuality was originally considered a perversion of the natural order.
b.
Heterosexuality is an ancient concept.
c.
Sexologists emphasized that heterosexuality was the “natural” human state.
d.
White weddings subvert heterosexuality.
49. Alfred Kinsey, Shere Hite, and William Masters and Virginia Johnson were
trailblazers in the field of sexology. Which of the following statements represents a
finding from the field of sexology?
a.
Human sexuality fits into surprisingly simplistic categories.
b.
Sexuality sometimes changes over the course of a lifetime, sometimes
spanning both homosexual and heterosexual activities and interests.
c.
Because it is found everywhere in nature, heterosexuality is the human ideal.
d.
Same-gendered attraction, fantasies, and experiences are found among a
very small percent of any population.
50. The dual categorization of sexuality as either homosexual or heterosexual comes
from
a.
the early Christian church.
b.
Western cultural history.
c.
Near Eastern theology.
d.
ancient Greece.
51. Which term describes people whose sexual attraction to others can include both
sexes?
a.
bisexual
b.
transgender
c.
homosexual
d.
Two-Spirits
52. What was one of the surprising results that Kinsey and his research revealed about
sexual behavior in the United States?
a.
Most people who were having sex used condoms.
b.
Fantasies and same-sex attraction were much more common than expected.
c.
Married women cheated with a higher frequency than married men.
d.
Most people did not consider marriage between a man and a woman
desirable.
53. In contemporary U.S. weddings, one common ritual is the act of the father “giving
away” the bride. How does this tend to perpetuate a power dynamic that places
women at a disadvantage?
a.
The groom and the groom’s family pay for the entire wedding.
b.
It effectively treats the bride as property to control.
c.
Weddings are an affair of the church, which is a patriarchal institution.
d.
The idea of whiteness in weddings serves as a reminder about inequality.
54. The wedding industry appeared in part due to the intense growth of capitalism and
the appearance of social institutions that celebrate marriage. Where has the idea of
the wedding become a particularly powerful force?
a.
in the creation of same-sex marriage in the United States
b.
in the continuance of Victorian ideals about sexuality
c.
in the way U.S. society talks about and understands heterosexuality
d.
in perpetuating the view of sexual activity for procreative purposes
55. What led to the development of the modern idea of heterosexuality?
a.
Alfred Kinsey’s finding that sexual behaviors could shift over the course of a
lifetime
b.
the greater cultural currency afforded to homosexuality
c.
the shame that Victorians experienced when talking about sexual activity
d.
the publication of the English translation of Richard von Krafft–Ebing’s book
Psychopathia Sexualis, which looked at sexuality as a means for pleasure
rather than exclusively for procreation
56. When discussing sexual behavior, biologist and zoologist Alfred Kinsey is quoted
as saying, “The world is not to be divided into sheep and goats.” To what would he
likely have been referring when he said this?
a.
Sexual activity maintains a strict dichotomy between heterosexual and
homosexual sex.
b.
Sexual behavior may include sex between humans and other animals.
c.
Sexual behavior and activity remain fixed over the course of a lifetime.
d.
Sexual behavior is best understood as a continuum.
57. Victorian society saw masturbation as a dangerous form of self-abuse. Why was
this sexual act strongly condemned?
a.
It was known to be a vector for sexually transmitted infections.
b.
It was considered a form of homosexuality.
c.
Nineteenth-century physicians did not yet understand procreation.
d.
People believed sex was for procreation only and masturbation did not result
in children.
58. The Victorian ideal of sexuality was focused on procreation and discouraged the
idea of having sex for pleasure, which was considered out of alignment with what
aspect of society at that time?
a.
government edicts
b.
Christian teachings
c.
scientific facts
d.
medical knowledge
59. According to Jonathan Ned Katz, when was heterosexuality “invented”?
a.
about 6,000 years ago, when homosexuality first developed
b.
in 1859, when laws about sexual orientation were written
c.
in 1700, when the term was first used in Germany
d.
in 1892, when the term was first used in the United States
60. Which term refers to individuals who experience no erotic attraction to others?
a.
homosexuals
b.
bisexuals
c.
asexuals
d.
heterosexuals
61. Which is an example of shifting marriage patterns in the twenty-first century?
a.
white weddings
b.
the legalization of same-sex marriage
c.
the heteronormative wedding industry
d.
a traditional religious wedding ritual
62. When did the U.S. Supreme Court legalize same-sex marriage?
a.
2015
b.
1998
c.
the nineteenth century
d.
Same-sex marriage has not been legalized yet.
63. According to Chrys Ingraham, the images of “white weddings” perpetuated in the
media and children’s toys
a.
are paid for by the wedding industry.
b.
make the patterns of heterosexuality seem natural and unchanging, rather
than cultural.
c.
reflect natural patterns of human sexuality.
d.
do not adequately prepare brides for their actual wedding day.
64. For whom is a “white wedding” accessible?
a.
the women who sew wedding gowns
b.
the young men who mine diamonds for engagement rings
c.
the staff serving dinner in Caribbean honeymoon resorts
d.
primarily affluent white people
65. Chrys Ingraham selected the title White Weddings for her book to
a.
highlight issues of class and race embedded in the wedding industry.
b.
address the symbolism of the color white in the wedding ritual.
c.
refer to the experience of wedding gown seamstresses.
d.
criticize the gendered power dynamics of normative heterosexuality.
66. Despite their argument for the recognition of diversity and fluidity in human sexual
behavior, the work of early sexologists such as Kinsey
a.
produced simplistic categories to categorize human sexuality.
b.
reinforced a sharp dichotomy between heterosexuality and homosexuality.
c.
tended to reinforce the idea of heterosexuality as the dominant erotic ideal
and practice in the United States.
d.
continued to view sex as a mainly procreative, rather than pleasurable, act.
67. Nineteenth-century references to “heterosexuality”
a.
reveal that this category has endured through the ages.
b.
reveal that contemporary heterosexual practices have always been socially
authorized.
c.
meant that men and women infrequently engaged in opposite-gender activity.
d.
treated it as to it as a perversion because of its association with sex for
pleasure.
68. Michel does not have an erotic or sexual interest in anyone. Which term best
describes Michel’s sexual orientation?
a.
homosexual
b.
bisexual
c.
heterosexual
d.
asexual
69. Hans and Esteban are searching high and low for a wedding cake topper with two
grooms that look like them for their wedding. Their union is
a.
homosexual.
b.
bisexual.
c.
heterosexual.
d.
asexual.
70. Hannah’s parents described her as “boy crazy.” She dated boys in high school and
ultimately formed a domestic partnership with a man. She has never had sexual
feelings for a woman. Hannah can best be described as
a.
homosexual.
b.
bisexual.
c.
heterosexual.
d.
asexual.
71. Samantha’s ex-husband is a man but her current lover is a woman. Which term
describes her sexual orientation?
a.
homosexual
b.
bisexual
c.
heterosexual
d.
asexual
72. As discussions of race have tended to focus on racial minorities instead of
whiteness, discussions of sexuality have tended to focus on ________ instead of
________.
a.
bisexuality; heterosexuality
b.
heterosexuality; homosexuality
c.
homosexuality; heterosexuality
d.
homosexuality; asexuality
73. The dominant Western model limits discussions of sexuality to the categories of
a.
homosexual or heterosexual.
b.
bisexual or asexual.
c.
bisexual or homosexual.
d.
sexual or asexual.
74. Which term refers to an individual who is attracted to and/or has sexual relations
with members of both sexes?
a.
homosexual
b.
bisexual
c.
asexual
d.
heterosexual
75. Which term refers to an individual who is attracted to and/or has sexual relations
with individuals of the same sex?
a.
homosexual
b.
bisexual
c.
asexual
d.
heterosexual
76. Which term refers to an individual who is attracted to and/or has sexual relations
with individuals of the opposite sex?
a.
homosexual
b.
bisexual
c.
asexual
d.
heterosexual
77. Elite Japanese corporations often organize evenings at hostess clubs for their
employees where female hostesses serve drinks, and flirt with and entertain these
professionals. Anthropologist Anne Allison analyzed the cultural meaning of these
practices. Which of the following are social practices that occur within Japanese
hostess clubs?
a.
expression of female dominance
b.
male bonding
c.
sexual activity
d.
female empowerment through eroticization
78. A strong, sometimes exaggerated performance of masculinity is called
a.
male gender.
b.
machismo.
c.
heterosexuality.
d.
cochon.
79. Anne Allison found that Japanese corporate masculinity
a.
eroticizes the idea of women as submissive.
b.
ritualizes male dominance and privilege in a critical manner.
c.
relies on intercourse with sex workers.
d.
channels men’s sexuality and desire into work.
80. Anne Allison argues that discussion by Japanese businessmen of the breasts of
their hostess is an expression of
a.
homosocial bonding.
b.
heterosexuality.
c.
homosexuality.
d.
heterosexual flirtation.
81. A look at human sexuality over time and across cultures reveals
a.
diversity in how, where, when, and with whom people have sex.
b.
a startling similarity in ways of categorizing sexual behaviors.
c.
that all groups display the same behaviors but have different attitudes about
them.
d.
that all groups organize their categories around the binary of heterosexuality
and homosexuality.
82. Anne Allison’s study of nightclubs for “salary men” in Japan concludes that the
purpose of these clubs is not just to sexualize women, but also to build deeper
relationships between the
a.
businessmen who attend and the women who serve them.
b.
businessmen who attend and their wives when they return home.
c.
women who work at the clubs with each other.
d.
businessmen who attend with each other.
83. Gloria Wekker believes that anthropologists should not impose their views about
sexuality onto other cultures. How does she categorize the labels of
“homosexuality” and “heterosexuality” for describing sexual orientation?
a.
as fixed, biological categories
b.
as limited but useful labels for studying sex across cultures
c.
as useless, since homosexuality does not exist outside Western cultures
d.
as Western folk knowledge
84. Some people envision sex workers walking on the street while trying to solicit
strangers for money in exchange for sex. The account of the hostess bars in Japan
offers a different portrait of sex workers. What are these hostesses selling that
makes them part of the sex industry and, thus, sex workers?
a.
massages
b.
the idea of sex
c.
the physical act of sex
d.
alcohol to enhance client pleasure
85. Gloria Wekker’s work in Suriname has led her to suggest that the imposition of our
“Western folk knowledge” places limits on how we understand sexuality. What does
she urge students of sexuality to do instead?
a.
attempt to disprove the existence of asexuality
b.
notice that identical sexual acts have identical social meanings
c.
regard sexuality as a manifestation of a fixed identity
d.
focus attention on behavioral variations in the context of local realities
86. Which of the following best describes machismo in Nicaragua?
a.
It is a kind of gender performance.
b.
It is a sexually deviant act.
c.
It is a display of hormonally induced sexual bravado.
d.
It confers an elite status on male children.
87. Under the rules of machismo in Nicaragua, the machista, who penetrates another
man, is considered a(n)
a.
hombre-hombre.
b.
cochon.
c.
type of sex worker.
d.
weak man.
88. Roger Lancaster found that in Nicaragua, men who received anal intercourse were
stigmatized whereas men who penetrated other men during anal intercourse were
still considered properly masculine. What does this reveal about the concept of
machismo?
a.
Machismo has nothing to do with sexuality.
b.
Only heterosexual men can fulfill the ideals of machismo.
c.
Machismo stigmatizes every type of homosexual behavior.
d.
Machismo presents a strong contrast between aggression and passivity.
89. Which of the following statements about the mati of Suriname is correct?
a.
“Mati work” parallels European ideas of lesbianism.
b.
Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity.
c.
Mati marry men for children and economic stability while maintaining “visiting–
only relationships” with female partners.
d.
“Mati work” is a practice that originated in the Netherlands and was
transferred to Suriname during colonization.
90. Mati may engage in sexual relationships with which of these groups?
a.
only men
b.
only women
c.
only other mati
d.
men and women
91. The mati in Suriname are women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and
sexual relationships with other women but may maintain a “visiting” relationship
with men for the purposes of children and economics. To some of those viewing
their dynamic through a Western lens, this might suggest that these women are
a.
machista.
b.
homosexual.
c.
lesbian.
d.
bisexual.
92. Which of the following ideas is more strongly associated with cultural
constructionism?
a.
Genetic drives work instinctively to ensure the reproduction of the species.
b.
Feelings of love are built into our biological system to support reproduction.
c.
Human feelings rooted in evolution are not heavily shaped by experiences
and culture.
d.
Even in the womb, human biology is shaped by sounds, emotions, and other
environmental factors.
93. Scholars in various disciplines study and explain human sexuality in different ways.
Which of the following statements would be more likely to be made by an
evolutionary psychologist than by an anthropologist?
a.
Human sexuality is heavily influenced by biological drives.
b.
Human sexuality is not embedded into genes.
c.
Human sexuality is affected by cultural factors as well as biological factors.
d.
Scholars should look to culture first in attempting to understand human
sexuality.
94. According to Jared Diamond, why do humans in the United States engage in
sexual activity?
a.
mostly for pleasure
b.
mostly for procreation
c.
exclusively for pleasure
d.
exclusively for procreation
95. The popular press often blames a stereotypically aggressive male sex drive on
testosterone. However, physical anthropologist Helen Fisher notes that this
neurochemical
a.
generates feelings of calm and security associated with a long-term
partnership.
b.
is found in much higher levels in women.
c.
promotes the romantic feelings that develop as relationships deepen.
d.
is found in both men and women.
96. What have geneticists found regarding the genetic code and human sexual
orientation?
a.
There are clusters of “gay” and “straight” genes that determine sexual
orientation.
b.
There is a “gay” gene but not a “straight” gene.
c.
There is a “straight” gene but not a “gay” gene.
d.
There is no gene or cluster of genes that determines sexual orientation.
97. In addition to humans, which other mammals engage in sexual activity for fun
rather than exclusively for procreation?
a.
elephants and giraffes
b.
dolphins and bonobos
c.
cats and dogs
d.
gorillas and chimpanzees
98. How did Margaret Mead’s work contribute to a greater understanding of human
sexuality?
a.
It provided evidence that men and women are naturally sexually
promiscuous.
b.
It challenged the assumption that sexual practices should be private rather
than public.
c.
It challenged the assumption that U.S. attitudes toward sexuality were
universal traits fixed in human nature.
d.
It explored the commonalities between the sexual practices of humans and
other primates.
99. Which statement describes sexuality?
a.
the range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors related to erotic physical contact,
intimacy, and pleasure as well as cultural ideas and debates about these
desires, beliefs, and behaviors
b.
the range of biological predispositions that cause desires, beliefs, and
behaviors related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure
c.
the range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors related to erotic physical contact,
intimacy, and pleasure between individuals of the opposite sex
d.
the range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors related to erotic physical contact
for pleasure rather than procreation
100. Among college students, ________ percent say that oral sex constitutes “having
sex.”
a.
3
b.
20
c.
40
d.
82
101. In spite of a new health center program that made free condoms available to
students anonymously, the rates of sexually transmitted infections did not go down
at Hampshire University. A confidential study revealed that students were informed
about safe sex and that they reported using condoms for sex. Assuming the
students are telling the truth, what is a possible explanation for the continued rate
of infection?
a.
The number of individuals being tested is increasing.
b.
Students’ conception of what “having sex” means is different from that of the
health center employees.
c.
There has been an increase in laws that make it illegal to get tested for an
STI.
d.
There is a severe lack of funding for sexual education programs.
102. ________ shapes what people think is natural, normal, and possible and guides
and limits our sexual desires and imaginations.
a.
Culture
b.
The human genome
c.
Neurochemical makeup
d.
Environment
103. Even anthropologists who focus on biological explanations of human sexuality
recognize that attraction and desire
a.
have both biological and cultural components.
b.
are determined by specific genes.
c.
result exclusively from enculturation.
d.
are triggered by environmental cues.
104. Helen Fisher argues that the feelings of attachment that ensure the reproduction of
the human species
a.
mean that monogamy is built into our biological makeup.
b.
reveal the cultural roots of human sexual desire and behavior.
c.
depend on neurochemicals that evolved to guide us through three phases of
falling in love.
d.
are chemically identical in all mammals.
105. What is the role of genetics in human sexuality?
a.
Biocultural processes function independently of their surroundings.
b.
Genes interact with environment and culture.
c.
The mapping of the human genome allows us to predict sexual behavior.
d.
Evolution created biological drives that cause specific genes to be inherited.
106. A survey of college student that asked about what behaviors counted as “sex”
revealed that
a.
most college students do not engage in sexual behavior.
b.
there is widespread disagreement over the definition of sex.
c.
sex is a cultural construction, not a physiological process.
d.
even within a social group, the meaning of certain behaviors varies.
107. The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic
physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what
kinds are right, appropriate, and natural is termed
a.
sexuality.
b.
the intersection of sexuality and biology.
c.
evolutionary psychology.
d.
sexual orientation.
108. Identify the reason why Columbia University student Emma Sulkowicz carried a
mattress around campus for nine months.
a.
She was protesting the illegality of same-sex marriage at the time.
b.
She was protesting the university’s refusal to expel the man she accused of
raping her.
c.
She was protesting the university’s refusal to expel her friend’s rapist.
d.
She was protesting the lenient sentencing of her accused rapist by the
university.
109. A society’s ideas about what is moral, appropriate, and natural with respect to
sexuality
a.
are an arena in which to look for the group’s unchanging values and beliefs.
b.
can be used to create unequal access to society’s power, privileges, and
resources.
c.
determine marriage and kinship patterns.
d.
fix the meaning of the most physical aspects of sexual relations.
110. Contemporary anthropologists study sexuality in order to
a.
gain a better understanding of the diverse expressions of sexuality
worldwide.
b.
better understand the marriage practices of the groups they study.
c.
discover universal attributes of human nature.
d.
understand how our genetic inheritance is passed down through generations.
111. In the 1980s, ________ reemerged as a key concern in anthropology.
a.
the women’s movement
b.
marriage, kinship, and family
c.
gay and lesbian studies
d.
sexuality
112. In response to theological shifts, scientific advances, and social movements, our
cultural norms with respect to sexuality
a.
have been in flux for several generations.
b.
are currently being challenged far more than in traditional times.
c.
have been proven to endure through the ages.
d.
have suddenly completely changed.
113. ________female college students will experience some form of sexual assault.
a.
One in 5
b.
One in 500
c.
One in 1,400
d.
One in 28
114. “Carry That Weight” refers to
a.
a visual arts project and an anti-rape movement inspired by it.
b.
how diverse expressions of sexuality are shaped by the intersection of local
practices and globalization.
c.
Margaret Mead’s cross-cultural work on human sexuality.
d.
the #MeToo movement.
115. Between World War II and the 1980s, anthropology shifted its focus from sexuality
to
a.
the women’s movement.
b.
marriage, kinship, and family.
c.
universal gender roles.
d.
gay and lesbian studies.
116. Emma Sulkowicz’s story of being sexually assaulted on her college campus raises
awareness about the growing debate on how ________ is defined on college
campuses.
a.
consent
b.
sexuality
c.
homosexuality
d.
gender roles
Answer Key
chapter 8
