Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 7
1. Since the 1980s, anthropologists have studied how globalization reshapes gender
roles in local economies. Some argue that flexible accumulation exploits women,
and others that globalization opens up new opportunities for women. What do you
think? Support your argument using examples from the text.
2. Discuss ways in which women’s participation in the global economy, including the
changes in traditional gender roles and expectations, reflects both gender role
stereotypes and economic inequalities in the twenty-first century.
3. When a young boy goes to school dressed as Elsa for Halloween, he is bullied by
his peers and sent home by the principal. Many parents are even upset by his
costume. On the other hand, when a girl dresses as Darth Vader, she is applauded
by all. What do the differential treatment of these children’s cross-dressing
costumes choices suggest?
4. In the United States, women are generally expected to clothe their families and
mend their clothes. Women often work as seamstresses, and yet the most famous
and best-paid fashion designers and experts are men. What does this reflect about
gender relations?
5. In a 1980s television sitcom, Laura Holt, a female private investigator, discovers
that clients only want to hire a man, so she hires a con-man to play the role of
“Remington Steele,” a fictitious male investigator, to deal with clients while she
usedsher intelligence and skills to crack the cases. Analyze this plot in terms of
gender stereotypes, gender ideologies, and gender stratification.
6. Five-year-old Lydia’s stay–at-home mom decorates her room in pink and enthralls
her with stories of brave princes recusing patient, passive princesses. Drawing on
the insights of Michelle Rosaldo and Sherry Ortner, analyze these gendered
practices of socialization
7. Describe why anthropologists have shifted their focus from looking at gender roles
to looking at gender performance. What is the difference between the two? What
role do gender ideologies and gender stereotypes play in gender performance?
8. The Committee of Mothers and Relatives of Political Prisoners, Disappeared, and
Assassinated of El Salvador (CO-MADRES) is an example of a grassroots
organization that challenged gendered expressions of inequality, stratification, and
violence in its society. Who are the members of CO-MADRES and how have they
used their society’s patriarchal gender ideologies to make political challenges?
How have these challenges changed over the history of their movement?
9. “Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer” is a familiar myth that lies at the heart of
U.S. gender ideologies. Briefly summarize this myth and then evaluate whether it is
a good explanation for contemporary differences in gender roles. Support your
argument with evidence from the anthropological and archaeological records
reported in the text.
10. Explain how feminist research on gender stratification and gender roles has
changed since Margaret Mead’s pioneering research, paying particular attention to
the approaches and findings of Sherri Ortner, Michelle Rosaldo, and Annette
Weiner. What do we understand about how gender should be studied today?
11. Discuss how the anthropological understanding of the status of individuals of
alternate genders in Native American cultures has changed. After defining the
terms berdache and Two-Spirit, explain how scholars’ and activists’ views of the
status and roles of individuals in these alternate genders have changed.
12. According to Serena Nanda, in India, hijras are both feared and revered. What is a
hijra? Describe the hijras’ position in society, giving examples of the kinds of
discrimination they face as well as the forms of reverence they receive.
13. Many people around the world associate the stereotypes of the macho man, who is
a self-centered, sexist, and tough, with working-class men from Latin America. How
did Matthew Gutmann’s research in a working-class community in Mexico City
confirm or challenge the common stereotypes associated with machismo? Support
your answer with an example from the text.
14. Define the concept of intersex and explain how physicians’ attitudes toward
children born intersex have changed in recent decades in parallel with changes in
attitudes toward sexuality.
15. How does participating in youth sports reinforce and teach children about
personality traits commonly associated with women and men in the United States?
Give examples from the text that illustrate how gender stereotypes are enforced
and one example im which gender stereotypes are challenged.
16. The process of becoming “male” or “female” begins during childhood. Provide two
examples of ways in which parents start this process by “doing gender.”
17. Give examples from the text that challenge the idea that all societies have binary
gender ideologies.
18. Explain the difference between “sex” and “gender.” Does an individual’s gender
always correspond to their sex?
19. How have women’s roles in the U.S. military changed over the last few years?
What tensions still exist? Explain how the debate of over women’s roles in the U.S.
military is an example of gender stratification that highlights the relationship
between gender and power in the United States.
20. A global care chain has emerged with increasing globalization. What does global
care chain refer to?
a.
poor immigrants caring for the world’s wealthy families
b.
concern for what happens to people on the other side of the world
c.
immigrants feeling connected to their relatives back in their home countries
d.
a chain of people around the world who care about each other
21. The global care deficit primarily affects
a.
women and their families in both developed and underdeveloped nations.
b.
professional men in North America, Asia, and the Middle East.
c.
women caring for family members in developing nations.
d.
teens and young adults in developed nations.
22. How do Barbadian women working in informatics perform a modern gender
identity?
a.
by their fashion choices
b.
by making innovations in computer science
c.
by challenging supervisors and managers
d.
by getting promotions to higher-paid clerical work
23. What are “global Cinderellas”?
a.
female domestic servants who send remittances to family in their home
countries
b.
women who marry wealthy men and move to other countries
c.
female data-entry workers who work in offshore facilities
d.
women who work in manufacturing in countries with a low minimum wage
24. Pei-chia Lan found that Taiwanese women hired immigrant women as their
domestic servants so that they could
a.
have careers outside the home while still fulfilling their household duties as
women.
b.
maintain their households as single mothers.
c.
show support for immigrant labor in Taiwan.
d.
have more children than they could care for on their own.
25. Millions of women migrate to other countries each year in search of economic
opportunities. Many of them work primarily in what sector?
a.
manufacturing
b.
information technology
c.
office management
d.
domestic work
26. What has the work of Barbara Ehrenreich suggested is the most commonly
extracted resource from the world’s poorest nations?
a.
low-cost technology products
b.
love
c.
organs
d.
oil
27. According to Pei-chia Lan, how do Filipino and Indonesian women assert new
gender status roles?
a.
They send remittances to their families, providing a major source of support.
b.
They consume transnational domestic labor.
c.
They date women as well as men.
d.
They go to college at higher rates than Filipino and Indonesian men.
28. What does Pei-chia Lan call Filipino and Indonesian domestic workers laboring for
newly rich families in Taiwan?
a.
maids of love
b.
neoliberal nuns
c.
global Cinderellas
d.
care cleaners
29. What were the findings of Pei-chia Lan’s study of Filipino and Indonesian domestic
workers laboring for newly rich families in Taiwan?
a.
Women—both employees and workers—destabilized traditional gendered
roles in surprising ways.
b.
Employers, but not workers, were able to destabilize traditional gender roles.
c.
Workers, but not employers, were able to destabilize traditional gender roles.
d.
Gender roles remained surprisingly stable for both employees and workers.
30. The dramatic increase in global migration among women has helped create what
new occupational niche?
a.
caregiving as an international occupation
b.
specialized technology work in developing areas
c.
laborers in factory-based jobs
d.
sex workers providing a service to other immigrant workers
31. What does Carla Freeman’s research suggest about women’s participation in the
globalized labor force?
a.
Women are merely victims of an exploitative labor relations.
b.
Women cannot resist male dominance even when they enter the global
economy.
c.
Women assert a degree of agency in the practices of flexible accumulation.
d.
Women’s exploitation increases as they assert a new socioeconomic status.
32. While the “Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer” story still influences
contemporary gender ideology, scientific evidence on early human society and
behavior does not support the narrative. Which of the following is an example of
current scientific evidence?
a.
Foraging societies did not have a flexible division of labor.
b.
Early human teeth were adapted for a primarily carnivorous diet.
c.
Hunting may not have been as integral to human survival as was previously
thought.
d.
Historical patterns of male dominance show that men have been protecting
women and children for thousands of years.
33. Identify the significance of the work of the grassroots women’s organization CO–
MADRES in El Salvador.
a.
CO-MADRES successfully brought an end to the Salvadoran Civil War.
b.
CO-MADRES used ideas about femininity in a unique way to achieve justice
and equality.
c.
CO-MADRES was able to work peacefully with the Salvadoran government
to achieve justice and equality.
d.
CO-MADRES supported transgender youth in El Salvador by creating
religious communities for their safety.
34. Which statement about the roles of the egg and sperm during fertilization are
actual scientific findings?
a.
Sperm have weak tails and only move their heads to avoid getting stuck on
unwanted surfaces.
b.
Only the sperm works toward successful fertilization.
c.
Sperm have strong tails and are fast and aggressive.
d.
Sperm penetrate the waiting, passive egg.
35. Domestic violence refers to physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or
former partner. Which of the following is true about domestic violence in the United
States?
a.
One-fifth of women will be abused by a partner in her lifetime.
b.
Women of all backgrounds are at risk of domestic violence.
c.
Women between the ages of forty and fifty are at the greatest risk.
d.
Men who witness domestic violence as a child are less likely to abuse their
own partners or children.
36. Which of the following practices did anthropologist Ida Susser advocate for
engaged anthropologists?
a.
document problems and then put them into the larger framework
b.
avoid participation in the lives of citizens you are studying
c.
engage only with the local grassroots organizations
d.
avoid participating in demonstrations or protests
37. The “Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer” story and the fairy tale of the egg and
the sperm suggest that
a.
modern myths about gender naturalize contemporary inequalities and
differences.
b.
industrialized societies and foraging societies have the same gendered
divisions of labor.
c.
gendered differences in behavior have always been determined by biological
roles in reproduction.
d.
humans always had a highly rigid division of labor that enabled groups to
resist change.
38. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, “suffragettes” protested
publicly, bombed buildings, and went on hunger strikes in their fight to give women
the right to vote. Their activism addressed their society’s gender
a.
ideology.
b.
stereotype.
c.
performance.
d.
stratification.
39. In 1992, Teen Talk Barbie, who said recorded phrases such as “Math class is hard”
and “Let’s go shopping,” was pulled from store shelves. The American Association
of University Women had criticized the way in which the doll reproduced a set of
ideas that perpetuated educational inequalities between boys and girls. This group
of ideas is called gender
a.
performance.
b.
stratification.
c.
stereotype.
d.
ideology.
40. As Cindy exchanged insurance information with the man who hit her car in the
parking lot, he muttered something about “women drivers,” insinuating that the
accident was her fault. Cindy was deeply offended by his recourse to a gender
a.
stereotype.
b.
blindness.
c.
performance.
d.
ideology.
41. A widely held belief about attributes of, differences between, and/or proper roles for
women and men is considered a gender
a.
performance.
b.
stratification.
c.
stereotype.
d.
ideology.
42. An unequal distribution of power in which gender influences who has access to
resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges is called gender
a.
performance.
b.
stratification.
c.
stereotype.
d.
ideology.
43. A set of ideas about what men and women are like that justify their unequal access
to power is termed gender
a.
performance.
b.
stratification.
c.
stereotype.
d.
ideology.
44. What did Annette Weiner’s reexamination of Malinowski’s account of male–
dominated economic exchanges in the Trobriand Islands suggest?
a.
The authority of the classic accounts is indisputable.
b.
Malinowski’s methodologies can be applied to modern times with equal
success.
c.
Gender has no bearing on topics of universal cross-cultural interest such as
exchange.
d.
Malinowski’s research was incomplete because it failed to recognize the
economic activity of women.
45. According to the United Nations Development Programme, only 24 percent of the
world’s parliamentarians are women. What does this suggest about the role of
gender in establishing and maintaining power?
a.
Gender stratification is reflected in access to political power.
b.
Power is based on masculine biological characteristics such as strength and
aggression.
c.
Only women past childbearing age are effective leaders.
d.
Power is not related to sex or gender.
46. What group of women faces the greatest risk of sexual assault?
a.
working women
b.
religious women
c.
women college students
d.
white women
47. What is one proposed reason for the violence committed against gays, lesbians,
and transgender persons?
a.
It is a form of asserting heterosexual gender norms.
b.
It is a natural reaction to individuals to fall outside the gender binary.
c.
It is the result of fundamental Christianity.
d.
It is the result of deeply engrained homophobia on a worldwide scale.
48. Who originally formed the Committee of Mothers and Relatives of Political
Prisoners, Disappeared, and Assassinated of El Salvador (CO-MADRES) during El
Salvador’s civil war (1977–1992)?
a.
political activists protesting the rape of women
b.
mothers and relatives demanding information about missing individuals
c.
teachers who demanded a peaceful resolution to the war
d.
nuns who worked for peace within the Catholic Church
49. Members of the Committee of Mothers and Relatives of Political Prisoners,
Disappeared, and Assassinated of El Salvador (CO-MADRES) were detained,
tortured, and raped by state-sponsored groups in El Salvador. In what way did the
victims from CO-MADRES differ from most victims of sexual violence?
a.
The victims from CO-MADRES were criminals who had broken the law.
b.
Most victims of sexual violence know their assailants.
c.
Most victims of sexual violence are being punished for political reasons.
d.
The victims from CO-MADRES were older than most victims of sexual
violence.
50. A young man holds a door open for a woman entering a building. How might an
anthropologist studying gender interpret this behavior?
a.
as a form of gender performance
b.
as a type of gender dysphoria
c.
as a form of gender ideology
d.
as an example of gender stratification
51. The phrases “boys will be boys” and “it’s a girl thing” reflect what aspect of gender?
a.
stratification
b.
genetic variation
c.
stereotypes
d.
intelligence
52. The “Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer” story assumes that greater male
competitiveness and aggression is imprinted in human DNA. It interprets the idea
of sexual dimorphism in a way that
a.
justifies social differences.
b.
proves that gender is performed.
c.
demonstrates that there are five genders.
d.
illuminates archaeological evidence.
53. On what does Emily Martin’s analysis of the “fairy tale” of the egg and the sperm
presented in U.S. textbooks primarily focus?
a.
the ways in which scientific language naturalizes ideas about differences in
male and female behavior
b.
the idea that “female” eggs aggressively pursue more “passive” male sperm
until conception occurs
c.
the idea that gender roles are natural and supported by real biological
differences
d.
the ways in which biologists portray stereotypical male and female behavior
as a cultural construction
54. For many women around the world, life is a seemingly unending process of
childbirth, child rearing, and hard domestic labor, while men often enjoy free time
and more opportunities to socialize. These different experiences of men and
women reflect
a.
enforced gender stereotypes.
b.
normal gender roles.
c.
gender stratification.
d.
enforced performance.
55. What did Annette Weiner’s restudy of economic exchanges in the Trobriand Islands
find?
a.
They participated in elaborate economic exchanges of banana-fiber skirts.
b.
They participated in elaborate economic exchanges of shell armbands and
necklaces.
c.
They played a limited role in rituals and ceremonial exchanges.
d.
Both women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods.
56. What did many of the early gender studies researchers attempt to discover?
a.
the myth of matriarchy in prehistoric societies
b.
the underlying roots of universal male dominance
c.
gender equality in industrialized societies
d.
sources of female power in nonindustrialized cultures
57. Searching for an explanation for women’s universally low status, Sherri Ortner
argued that women’s biological functions of reproduction
a.
are biologically inferior to men’s.
b.
result from cultural practices.
c.
are feared and misunderstood by men.
d.
associate women with nature and men with culture.
58. Although the idea that home is the domain of women while men go out to work and
enjoy themselves has been challenged in recent decades, Michelle Rosaldo
observed that in many places, gender roles are
a.
allowing women access to prestigious public roles.
b.
often split between private and public spheres.
c.
unified across both private and public spheres.
d.
exclusively defined by gender performance.
59. Gender violence
a.
is a weapon of war that is only used against female noncombatants.
b.
is a form of brutality that is uniform around the world.
c.
reveals a connection between gender inequalities and other systems of
power.
d.
proves the innateness of male aggressiveness.
60. Physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse is
called
a.
gender stratification,
b.
primordial violence.
c.
gender violence.
d.
domestic or intimate partner violence.
61. Domestic violence is
a.
a primordial masculine instinct.
b.
mainly an older woman’s problem.
c.
unrelated to cultural patterns.
d.
passed down through generations.
62. Normative gender roles are constructed and enforced through family attitudes,
peer pressure, and institutions of education, religion, the media, and the state.
They are also policed through gender
a.
stereotype.
b.
blindness.
c.
violence.
d.
ideology.
63. Single mothers are more likely to face poverty, hunger, and illness than single
fathers. This is an example of
a.
structural gender violence.
b.
stratified violence.
c.
gender stratification.
d.
gender ideology.
64. Gendered societal patterns of unequal access to wealth, power, and basic
resources such as food, shelter, and health care that differentially affect women in
particular are termed
a.
stratified violence.
b.
structural gender violence.
c.
gender stratification.
d.
domestic ideology.
65. Verbal abuse, stalking, harassment, threats, rape, sex trafficking, dowry death,
infanticide, female genital cutting, abuse of family members are examples of
a.
gender violence.
b.
structural gender violence.
c.
gender stratification.
d.
domestic violence.
66. Forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved are
termed
a.
gender stereotype.
b.
domestic violence.
c.
gender violence.
d.
gender ideology.
67. French social scientist Michel Foucault coined the term biopower when referring to
actions surrounding intersex individuals. Identify the meaning of this term.
a.
the power of individuals to regulate their own bodies
b.
the power of the state to regulate the body
c.
the power of individuals to choose their own sexuality
d.
the power of the state to decide which sexual preferences are legally allowed
68. Cultures around the world have different attitudes toward those who do not fit into
cultural gender norms. Which statement applies Native American attitudes about
gender?
a.
People who do not fit into cultural gender norms are ignored or medically
“corrected.”
b.
People who do not fit into cultural gender norms do not exist.
c.
People who do not fit into cultural gender norms have enhanced physical
strength.
d.
People who do not fit into cultural gender norms have special privileges.
69. Why was Caster Semenya stripped of a gold medal and prize money, banned from
competition, and plunged into scandal?
a.
Her competitors filed charges that she was not a woman.
b.
Gender tests indicated that she was biologically a woman but emotionally a
male.
c.
There was suspicion that a teen who grew up in a mud hut without electricity
could beat elite athletes.
d.
Although she grew up identifying as a girl, her birth certificate designated her
as a male.
70. Current studies of sex and gender diversity in contemporary Native North American
communities
a.
deromanticize accounts of tolerance for people who were not heterosexual.
b.
show that Ojibwa culture is tolerant of gay, lesbian, transgender, and Two-
Spirit people.
c.
prove that historical and contemporary practices and beliefs about berdaches
have not changed.
d.
explain why Native Americans do not experience homophobia within their
communities.
71. What is true about alternative sexes and genders among Native North Americans?
a.
Each nation has a different name for what are essentially the same behaviors
and beliefs.
b.
Written accounts over the past 100 years reveal that Native Americans called
them berdaches.
c.
They have different names and different practices in each Native American
society.
d.
They always experience acceptance rather than homophobia in Native
American communities.
72. Margarita is an indigenous Zapotec resident of Juchitán, Mexico, They are
designated male on their Mexican birth certificate, but they dress as woman and
feel themselves to be a muxe, a gender that in their community is considered to be
neither male nor female. The term that best describes Margarita’s gender identity is
a.
transgender.
b.
intersex.
c.
alternative gender.
d.
cisgender.
73. What is the sex of a child who was born with a very small penis and ovaries?
a.
intersex
b.
transgender
c.
female
d.
cisgender
74. The state of being born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads,
and/or chromosomes is called
a.
gender.
b.
transgender.
c.
intersex.
d.
cisgender.
75. In 2017 the U.S. Census Bureau reported that full-time female workers earned 80
percent of what their male counterparts earned. The gender pay gap is an example
of
a.
gender performance.
b.
sexual dimorphism.
c.
gender stratification.
d.
gender ideology.
76. What groups could anthropologists study to learn more about what it means to be
transgender in different geographical regions?
a.
hijras and Two-Spirits
b.
Two-Spirits and lesbians
c.
intersex and gay people
d.
hijras and Hindus
77. About 1.7 percent of all babies born between 1955 and 2000 had a combination of
male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes, leading many scholars to
believe that sex can occur on a continuum. These babies are referred to as
a.
transgender.
b.
bisexual.
c.
intersex.
d.
transsexual.
78. Since violence against hijras is common in India, we might conclude that gender-
based violence is also more likely to be committed against which particularly
vulnerable group in this cultural context?
a.
lesbians
b.
bisexuals
c.
transgender persons
d.
gay men
79. What is the preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in some Native
American cultures?
a.
hijra
b.
intersex
c.
Two-Spirit
d.
asexual
80. An individual who dresses and identifies as a woman but was designated male at
birth based on biological characteristics is called
a.
a hijra.
b.
sexually dimorphic.
c.
intersex.
d.
transgender.
81. In India, the devotees of the Hindu goddess Bahuchara Mata, who are identified as
“neither man nor woman” are called
a.
intersex.
b.
hijras.
c.
Two-Spirits.
d.
transgender.
82. How many biological sexes did Anne Fausto-Sterling’s analysis identify?
a.
three
b.
four
c.
six
d.
five
83. Since the 1960s, Western medicine has attempted to “manage” children born with
ambiguous genitalia. This has primarily consisted of what treatment regimen?
a.
performing surgery once the child is old enough to make the decision
b.
providing cognitive behavioral therapy
c.
supporting the parents’ decision
d.
performing genital reconstruction surgery and providing hormone therapy
84. How must individuals in most societies with binary gender systems (such as the
United States) be legally classified at birth?
a.
as either male or female
b.
as either male, female, or intersex
c.
as either male, female, or transgender
d.
as either male, female, or neither sex
85. In 2008, a little more than 50 percent of live births in the United States were male
and the rest were designated as female. Recent medical studies suggest that of all
live births, many individuals do not fit neatly into either biological category. What is
the current estimate of the percentage of such births?
a.
at least 5 percent
b.
almost 7 percent
c.
almost 2 percent
d.
less than 1 percent
86. American children watch more than 40,000 commercials on television each year.
Identify what commercials teach children about gender.
a.
Commercials encourage and teach traditional gender roles.
b.
Commercials subvert dichotomous Western gender norms.
c.
Commercials encourage nontraditional gender roles.
d.
Commercials educate children about the gender continuum.
87. In her ethnography Dude, You’re a Fag (2007), C. J. Pascoe explores the
construction of masculinity in a racially diverse high school in California. Which
statement reflects what she found out about gender construction in this school?
a.
White female students primarily engaged in “fag discourse.”
b.
Only gay men were called “fags.”
c.
Lesbians were not allowed to participate in masculine gender performance.
d.
Masculinity could be associated with women.
88. Historically, biological science has tended to create distinct mental maps of reality
for male and female anatomy. Human males and females are said to demonstrate
sexual dimorphism, which refers to phenotypic differences between males and
females of the same species. Which of the following characteristics generally apply
to women?
a.
shorter lifespan
b.
longer physical endurance
c.
larger body size
d.
deeper voice
89. On a date, a North American man might bring flowers, offer to pay the bill, and
open doors. A woman may offer to split the tab and offer soft thanks. From an
anthropological perspective. what does this behavior reflect?
a.
sexual dimorphism
b.
biological differences between men and women
c.
the performance of gender
d.
secondary sex characteristics
90. Female bodybuilders are able to lift more weights than most men in their weight
class; however, the world records of male bodybuilders are heavier than those of
female body builders of similar weights. What does this demonstrate about sexual
dimorphism?
a.
Human males are always stronger than human females due to biological
differences.
b.
Females are actually stronger than males due to sexual dimorphism.
c.
Gender roles are determined by the different physical abilities of males and
females.
d.
Sexual dimorphism is not absolute among humans.
91. What does Matthew Gutmann’s research in Mexico indicate?
a.
All men strive to be “macho.”
b.
Women only want to be with men who embrace machismo.
c.
The traits of machismo are found only in the upper classes.
d.
Masculine identity is in flux and negotiable.
92. What do decisions about who does household chores, works outside the home,
and raises children indicate about the gender roles of working-class men in
Mexico?
a.
Mexican men construct masculinity in the same way as men in all other
cultures.
b.
Conceptions of machismo and masculinity in Mexico are not rigid.
c.
The construction and performance of machismo in Mexico follows a clear and
rigid set of rules.
d.
A gendered division of labor prohibits men from doing women’s work in
Mexico.
93. What is a primary component of the so-called “fag discourse” in C. J. Pascoe’s
study of a North-Central California high school?
a.
the enforcement of heterosexuality
b.
the enforcement of masculinity
c.
the debate over gender roles
d.
the use of bullying to enforce femininity
94. The gendered behaviors encouraged in sports, such as rewarding boys for
competitiveness and encouraging girls to play “nicely,” reflect what aspect of a
larger cultural framework?
a.
the construction and maintenance of gender roles in a society
b.
the manner in which gender roles reverse during adolescence and later
become normalized
c.
the way in which sexual dimorphism is a natural part of our society
d.
the importance of coed sports in the American cultural imagination
95. In Landers and Fine’s study, how did the game of co-ed T-ball reinforce gender
ideals among children?
a.
Boys typically received more playing time than girls.
b.
Girls typically received more playing time than boys.
c.
Girls received more encouragement than boys.
d.
Girls and boys received the same amount of praise for playing well.
96. How do anthropologists describe the way in which individuals act out behaviors
associated with the continuum between masculine and feminine?
a.
gender stratification
b.
gender performance
c.
gender dimorphism
d.
gender roles
97. What do anthropologists call the ideas and practices associated with manhood?
a.
male biology
b.
masculinity
c.
manhood acts
d.
testosterone
98. What do we call the process through which a sense of gender becomes normative
and seems natural to us?
a.
gender violence
b.
gender stratification
c.
cultural construction of gender
d.
gender hierarchy
99. Which best describes the learned behaviors that are perceived as masculine or
feminine in a particular society?
a.
sexual dimorphism
b.
alternate sexualities
c.
cultural constructions
d.
gender stratification
100. The fact that human males may weigh only slightly more than human females
underscores how sexual dimorphism is a(n)
a.
significant determinant of biological sex.
b.
minor determinant of biological sex.
c.
significant consideration in assessing differences between human males and
females.
d.
minor consideration in assessing differences between human males and
females.
101. On average, how much more do men weigh than women?
a.
5 percent
b.
15 percent
c.
25 percent
d.
30 percent
102. Why are cross-cultural studies important for our understanding of sex and gender?
a.
They give us insight into an individual’s chromosomal makeup.
b.
They demonstrate that biology alone cannot predict the roles men and
women play in a given culture.
c.
They predict an individual’s behavior, strength, and intelligence based on
whether he or she is male or female.
d.
They prove that gender and sex are constructed in the same way in all
cultures.
103. According to some studies, what occurs if fathers are actively involved with their
children?
a.
Their bodies become less able to produce testosterone.
b.
They age more slowly.
c.
Their brains attempt to resist change to environmental stimuli.
d.
Their bodies respond in ways that help them be good fathers.
104. In popular conversations, emphasis is often placed on the role of biology in
shaping gender identities and behaviors. What does research reveal regarding this
topic?
a.
Biology and culture both constantly affect our bodies and behaviors
throughout our lives.
b.
Our DNA, which remains the same throughout the course of our lives,
determines gendered behaviors.
c.
Biology plays a more significant role than the environmental context.
d.
A person’s biological sex determines his or her innate personality traits.
105. Which of the following is/are considered a secondary sexual characteristic?
a.
genitalia
b.
gonads
c.
pitch of voice
d.
chromosomes
106. Johann Sebastian Bach, who was renowned for his huge repertoire of musical
compositions in the sixteenth century, was also an outstanding soprano until he
was about sixteen. The change in his voice was a characteristic of
a.
childhood.
b.
sexual dimorphism.
c.
gender.
d.
cultural constructions.
107. The visible, phenotypical expression between male-sexed and female-sexed
individuals is called
a.
genotypical.
b.
gonadal.
c.
sexual dimorphism.
d.
hormonal.
108. A person with short hair who is wearing a suit and tie leaves a restaurant. Based
only on these observed visible traits, a North American would be likely to assume
that the person’s ________ is male.
a.
role
b.
sex
c.
community
d.
gender
109. The observable physical and biological differences between the male and female
human reproduction systems are called
a.
gender.
b.
sex.
c.
chromosomes.
d.
dimorphism.
110. With which of the following statements about human behavior would an
anthropologist be most likely to agree?
a.
It is a combination of nature (biology) and nurture (enculturation).
b.
It is almost entirely dictated by nature (biology).
c.
It is almost entirely dictated by nurture (enculturation).
d.
It is a result of biology or cultural expectations depending on the person, but
never both in the same individual.
111. Cesar wears power suits. He has a firm handshake and interrupts others
frequently. On a date, he always pays and even goes as far as to order for the
woman. Although he was assigned female at birth, he is performing stereotypes
associated with
a.
masculinity.
b.
femininity.
c.
cisgender.
d.
transgender.
112. Max has always felt that he was a man although he was born with female genitalia
and chromosomes. He is
a.
gender.
b.
transgender.
c.
intersex.
d.
cisgender.
113. Which of the following terms can describe a person whose gender identity and
performance do not correspond with the biological category assigned to them at
birth?
a.
gender
b.
transgender
c.
intersex
d.
cisgender
114. Juanita, who is designated female on her birth certificate, wears high heels to work,
waits for men to open doors, and uses the pronouns “she” and “her.” The term that
most likely describes her gender identity is
a.
cisgender.
b.
transgender.
c.
intersex.
d.
genderqueer.
115. People whose gender identity and performance correspond with their birth sex are
a.
gender.
b.
transgender.
c.
intersex.
d.
cisgender.
116. Jade is an anthropologist who studies the differences in behavior and language
use of male and female political candidates. She observes their physical demeanor
and the kinds of language they use in speeches and debates. What aspect of
gender is Jade studying?
a.
roles
b.
stereotypes
c.
stratification
d.
performance
117. Compared to dimorphism in other animals, human sexual dimorphism is
a.
relatively modest.
b.
extreme.
c.
absolute.
d.
nonexistent.
118. Differences in male and female genitals, breast size, hair distribution, height, and
pitch of the voice are examples of
a.
sexual dimorphism.
b.
masculinity and femininity.
c.
the cultural construction of gender.
d.
gender hierarchy.
119. Anthropologists consider the ways gender is constructed to be
a.
a universal and unvarying across cultures.
b.
a central element in every aspect of human culture.
c.
a biological fact that explains sexual dimorphism.
d.
the least important subfield of anthropology.
120. Gender studies is the study of
a.
the cultural and biological processes involved in sexual reproduction.
b.
issues pertaining exclusively to cis-gendered women.
c.
how biological differences affect behavior.
d.
how gender identities and expressions are shaped and affect one’s life
chances.
121. The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of
different sexes is
a.
cisgender.
b.
gender.
c.
intersex.
d.
dimorphism.
122. When Captain Kristen Griest and First Lieutenant Shaye Haver entered the armed
forces, the U.S military
a.
had a larger percentage of women than Israel, China, South Africa, and
Eritrea.
b.
had resolved all issues regarding the appropriate role of women in combat.
c.
still barred women from direct combat roles.
d.
allowed women to become Army Rangers.
123. The growing issues around women serving in leadership and combat roles in the
U.S. military serve to highlight the deep tensions between
a.
men and women.
b.
culture and biology.
c.
gender and power.
d.
gender and sexuality.
124. What is the growing field that focuses on research into masculinity and femininity
as cultural constructs?
a.
gender studies
b.
cultural anthropology
c.
sexuality
d.
biology
125. What happened after Captain Kristen Griest and First Lieutenant Shaye Haver
became the first women to complete the U.S. Army’s elite Ranger School at Fort
Benning, Georgia, in 2015?
a.
They were required to have their gender verified by a physician.
b.
They were still not eligible to join the elite 75th Ranger Regiment.
c.
They were both discharged.
d.
Griest was promoted while Haver was not.
126. In what year did all U.S. military positions, including combat, become open to
women?
a.
1989
b.
1997
c.
2008
d.
2015
Answer Key
chapter 7
