Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 6
1. Define diaspora and nation-state. Discuss why there is tension within these two
terms and why people living in a diaspora are often viewed with mistrust within a
nation-state.
2. Compare how and why ethnic-making projects in Rwanda and Bosnia have given
rise to conflict.
3. Explain the difference between ethnic cleansing and genocide and give an
example of each to illustrate your answer.
4. The concepts of ethnicity, nation-state, nationality, and nationalism are closely
related, and the terms themselves can have a serious impact on countries in the
world today. In a brief essay, discuss the situation in Iraq with regard to nation,
nation-state, ethnicity, and nationality and provide examples to support your points.
5. The United States has been described as a so-called melting pot for immigrants,
but not all immigrant groups follow the same trajectory. In a brief essay, compare
and contrast the experiences of Italian, Jewish, Greek, or other European
immigrants with those of immigrants from China or India.
6. The text notes that for most of the world’s people, ethnicity is not a pressing matter
in daily life; instead, it only becomes an active factor when power relationships
undergo negotiation in a community or nation. In a brief essay, give an example
and explain how ethnicity has been activated to accomplish some end. Explain the
power relationship under negotiation, who was involved, and how ethnicity was
activated to accomplish the goal. Then describe the outcome of these efforts.
7. In a brief essay, compare and contrast how the Bafokeng and Native American
tribes have formed corporations to achieve specific goals. Use specific examples
from the class to illustrate your answer.
8. In a brief essay, identify three ways that various immigrants from India have
created a new and unique Indian American identity in the United States. Is this
assimilation or multiculturalism, and why?
9. Identify three things that are used as ethnic boundary markers, and explain in what
cultures they are used and how.
10. Explain what is meant when we say that a nation is an imagined community, and
give an example.
11. In the 1960s, Dubai was a small trading port with a population of around 60,000
people. Increased demand for the country’s oil allowed increased spending on the
city. What is one way in which Dubai has crafted a new identity as a huge global
city?
a.
Famous architects have designed Dubai’s modern cityscape.
b.
Dubai has created many attractions to draw tourists to the city.
c.
Dubai has created many governmental programs in order to be the first city to
abolish poverty.
d.
The reimagining of Dubai’s image has affected the Dubayyan people’s ethnic
identity.
12. What is a diaspora?
a.
a group of people who live outside their ancestral homeland yet maintain
emotional and material ties to home
b.
a group of people who immigrate to another country
c.
a group of people who live inside their homeland and maintain ties to other
countries
d.
a group of people who live within an ethno-park
13. The Western press plays a very important role in how people perceive global
events. What does the media often cite as the reason for ethnic conflicts?
a.
colonial activities and pitting of ethnic groups against each other
b.
recent political boundaries
c.
ancient, deep-seated ethnic conflicts
d.
military occupations
14. While there are nearly 200 nation-states today, less than one-third of these existed
as such forty years ago. Which of the following is a key event of the last century
that led to the establishment of many of today’s nation-states?
a.
World War I
b.
collapse of Soviet Union
c.
Vietnam War
d.
invention of the Internet
15. Globalization, political instability, and economic changes have led Eritreans to
leave Eritrea. Many of them are now spread among many countries (and even
continents), but maintain emotional and material ties to their ancestral homeland.
What is this an example of?
a.
a diaspora
b.
an imagined community
c.
a nation-state
d.
a melting pot
16. Colonial powers redrew the political boundaries of much of the world to suit their
economic needs, without regard to local ethnic groups, politics, or religions. When
colonialism ended, these new boundaries often resulted in civil war, ethnic
cleansing, and ethnic conflict. In cases such as Yugoslavia, it has also led to
a.
political stability.
b.
ethno-corporations.
c.
ethnic diversity.
d.
genocide.
17. As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or
killed the Muslim people with whom they had lived peacefully for more than 500
years. What concept does this illustrate?
a.
ethnic cleansing
b.
assimilation
c.
situational negotiation of identity
d.
diaspora
18. China has attempted to assimilate the nation of Tibet as part of ethnic China. One
way this is done is through the repopulation of many Tibetan towns with native-
born Chinese Han people. Most observers agree that this is a case of
a.
genocide.
b.
ethnic cleansing.
c.
ethnocide.
d.
repatriation.
19. The stark contrast between 1987 and 1993 in Bosnia that Tone Bringa found where
—all four hundred Muslims in the village where she had researched had fled or
been killed —is a powerful illustration of what kind of action?
a.
ethnic cleansing
b.
ethnocide
c.
situational negotiation of identity
d.
creating a nation-state
20. In 2014, Scots voted in a referendum whether to make their nation an independent
country, separate from the United Kingdom. Although the referendum was
defeated, what particular sentiment were the Scots expressing by seeking
independence?
a.
a desire for ethnic cleansing
b.
nationalism
c.
the sentiment of being in diaspora
d.
rebellion
21. A particular ethnic group may attempt to assert its domination over a nation-state
and to affirm its values, ambitions, and common destiny. What is this an expression
of?
a.
ethnic cleansing
b.
patriotism
c.
a situational negotiation of identity
d.
nationalism
22. Adolf Hitler rose to power on the basis of a claim to “Aryan supremacy.” The Nazi
rise to dominance, however, happened largely because the Nazis leveraged and
made full use of
a.
genocide.
b.
citizenship.
c.
multiculturalism.
d.
nationalism.
23. A long history of violence, repression, and war in the tiny nation of Eritrea has
resulted in a large out-migration of the citizenry. As a means of “striking back,”
many of these migrants have banded together to maintain close emotional ties to
their homeland. These groups of people living outside their homelands but
maintaining strong emotional and material ties to it are referred to as
a.
refugees.
b.
diaspora.
c.
asylum seekers.
d.
immigrants.
24. Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of groups that spoke different
languages, celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different
religions. The development of schools, road systems, and a national language
united them as French rather than as Gascons, Burgundians, and Parisians, which
has resulted in what kind of social structure today?
a.
imagined community
b.
ethnic state
c.
nation-state
d.
citizen coalition
25. Which of the following might an anthropologist consider to be a kind of “imagined
community”?
a.
New York Times editorials
b.
Burning Man gatherings
c.
Facebook groups
d.
a small class of students
26. The sense of connection that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group
or nation, even among members who will likely never meet, refers to
a.
nationalism.
b.
imagined community.
c.
citizenship.
d.
nation-state.
27. Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent
historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new,
and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will
never meet each other. This allows us to observe that most nations today are
a.
achieved communities.
b.
conglomerates.
c.
multicultural.
d.
imagined communities.
28. Despite their often obvious ethnic, socioeconomic, occupational, and religious
differences and the fact that most will never meet each other, the majority of people
in the United States see themselves as members of a large community called
“America.” What concept does this demonstrate?
a.
ethnic making
b.
nation building
c.
imagined community
d.
diaspora
29. Swedish people share a common language, culture, and ideals; therefore,
Sweden—the country they live in—illustrates which concept?
a.
dominion
b.
state
c.
nation-state
d.
society
30. The term nation was formerly used to identify people with a shared geographic
place of origin, but it is now synonymous with what other term?
a.
ethnicity
b.
melting pot
c.
nation-state
d.
society
31. What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic
boundary with enforced borders whose population shares a sense of culture,
ancestry, and destiny?
a.
community
b.
nation-state
c.
state
d.
society
32. What term originally referred to a distinct group of people with a shared place of
origin but is now most commonly used to refer to a country?
a.
state
b.
realm
c.
nation
d.
nation-state
33. Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the “cradle of civilization” are all terms of historical
importance that we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the
sense that Iraq is an ancient nation-state, Iraq
a.
never existed at all.
b.
has only existed since World War I.
c.
has only existed for 200 years.
d.
has existed for at least 2,000 years.
34. In Zimbabwe, guerrilla fighters of different ethnicities turned to Shona spirit
mediums to receive the blessing of ancient Shona kings and gain legitimacy and
unity in their fight against British colonialism. This allowed them to promote
a.
colonialism.
b.
conversion to the Shona religion..
c.
nationalism.
d.
distinct ethnic groups.
35. What is an ethno-park an example of?
a.
an ethno-enterprise
b.
an ethno-corporation
c.
a diaspora
d.
a melting pot
36. Which of the following actions is characteristic of multiculturalism?
a.
Minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture.
b.
New immigrants eventually cease to exist as a separate group.
c.
New immigrants enculturate into the new society but retain an ethnic culture.
d.
National celebrations promote a uniform society.
37. The Royal Bafokeng Nation (RBN) has been highly praised as an example of how
ethnicity can be mobilized for economic benefits. Despite corporate success, there
are still a number of problems that RBN faces. What is one of these issues?
a.
The Bafokeng have a high unemployment rate.
b.
Most of the Bafokeng do not have clean water.
c.
All Bafokeng own shares in RBN.
d.
The Bafokeng used their ethnicity to make money.
38. Anthropologist Tone Bringa’s fieldwork portrayed Bosnian Muslims and Catholic
Croats living together peaceably in a Bosnian village. How did she explain the
ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims that occurred just a few years later?
a.
Outside political forces manipulated ethnic identities.
b.
Ancient ethnic conflicts between these groups, and Serbs as well, were
reactivated.
c.
Low–level conflicts in the village were simmering, but Bringa’s fieldwork
downplayed this.
d.
Religion sparked conflict among ethnicities that might otherwise have
maintained peace.
39. Lisa Malkki found that Hutu refugees in Tanzania discourage intermarriage with
other ethnic groups, continue to speak their ethnic language, and seek to acquire
recognition as refugees as opposed to Tanzanian citizenship. These actions are
examples of
a.
identity entrepreneurs.
b.
origin myths.
c.
ethnic boundary markers.
d.
nation-states.
40. Adolf Hitler mobilized both propaganda and laws to affirm an “Aryan” identity and to
identify those who were not Aryan as substandard and dangerous. Hitler was an
example of a(n)
a.
statesman.
b.
diaspora.
c.
assimilationist.
d.
identity entrepreneur.
41. A political, military, or religious leader who promotes a worldview through the lens
of ethnicity and uses war, propaganda, and state power to mobilize people against
those whom they perceive as a danger is referred to as a(n)
a.
identity entrepreneur.
b.
diaspora.
c.
assimilationist.
d.
statesmen.
42. Oftentimes leaders in positions of military, political, or religious power use ethnicity
as a lens through which to promote their worldview and propagandize in order to
mobilize people against a group or groups they are told to believe are dangerous.
What would an anthropologist call this process?
a.
identity entrepreneurship
b.
assimilation
c.
ethnic cleansing
d.
ethnic formation
43. What do anthropologists call the phenomenon when a particular ethnic community
desires to create and maintain a nation-state?
a.
citizenship
b.
diaspora
c.
nationalism
d.
imagined community
44. The Bafokeng people of South Africa formed the corporation known as Royal
Bafokeng Nation, Inc., because
a.
they wanted to recover land taken by white settlers.
b.
they wanted to get wealthy from platinum mining.
c.
the corporation wanted to make the Bafokeng people wealthy.
d.
the corporation wanted to take advantage of native sovereignty.
45. According to the text, what ended 500 years of peace between Bosnian Muslims,
Catholic Croats, and Orthodox Christian Serbs in the former Yugoslavia?
a.
ethnic and cultural policies imposed by state leaders
b.
differences in religious beliefs
c.
growing ethnic rivalries as a result of economic inequality
d.
interference from the United States
46. In South Africa, the Bafokeng were able to eventually get much of their land back
from the white settlers who had taken it through the formation of the Royal
Bafokeng Nation, Inc. This effort has subsequently flourished. This a good example
of
a.
national agency.
b.
citizenship.
c.
an ethno-corporation.
d.
multiculturalism.
47. The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia examines the underlying causes
of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood
Mamdami studied the Rwandan conflict. What characterized both cases?
a.
multiculturalism
b.
assimilation
c.
situational negotiation of identity
d.
genocide
48. What do we call the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious
group?
a.
apartheid
b.
assimilation
c.
situational negotiation of identity
d.
genocide
49. What is the primary difference between assimilation and multiculturalism?
a.
Assimilation is the same thing as multiculturalism.
b.
Assimilation is a fully voluntary process.
c.
Assimilation means preserving ethnic identity.
d.
Assimilation implies a loss of ethnic identity.
50. In New York, the annual India Day Parade excluded the South Asian Lesbian and
Gay Alliance (SALGA) for fifteen years before allowing the group to participate.
This exclusion happened despite the existence of the hijra, a third gender that is
legally recognized in India. In considering the process of assimilation, the exclusion
of SALGA might be understood as a(n)
a.
requirement for citizenship.
b.
exclusive nationalism.
c.
formation of a nation-state.
d.
type of ethnic boundary marker.
51. Some Native American groups strategically expand into an “ethno–corporation,”
choosing to see their ethnicity as
a.
an opportunity.
b.
an independent nation-state.
c.
a loss.
d.
American.
52. The Tutsi and Hutu originally considered themselves a single group of people
differing primarily by occupation; however, the Belgium colonial administration
began treating the pastoral Tutsi people as different from and superior to the Hutu
farmers. Eventually, these two groups of people also began to see each other as
different, which led to a terrible genocide. This was set in motion by the promotion
of misinformation about the Tutsi, accomplished by those in a position of power,
who are considered
a.
negotiators.
b.
assimilationists.
c.
identity entrepreneurs.
d.
ethnic cleansers.
53. Many immigrant groups—Arab, Czech, French, Irish, Italian, Greek, Jewish, and
others—have contributed to what has been known as a “melting pot” in America.
What term do anthropologists prefer today to better reflect the role of ethnicity in
the United States?
a.
multiculturalism
b.
illegals
c.
assimilation
d.
immigration
54. As immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s, newcomers
dispersed into cities and towns, often attempting to “blend in.” This was done in
order to embrace their new lives, but it was also a way of trying to stay safe from
prejudice and hatred. What term describes this process of “blending in”?
a.
assimilation
b.
discrimination
c.
nationalism
d.
diaspora
55. What metaphor has been used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation
into U.S. dominant culture?
a.
nationalism
b.
tossed salad
c.
melting pot
d.
ethnic cleansing
56. Chinese immigrants in the United States have a long history, but many Chinese
American communities still have a distinct Chinese character in which they retain
many aspects of their traditional Chinese culture. What concept does this
illustrate?
a.
citizenship
b.
nation-state
c.
integration
d.
multiculturalism
57. What do we call the process through which new immigrants and their children
enculturate into the dominant national culture yet still retain a distinct ethnic culture
of their own?
a.
assimilation
b.
identity entrepreneurship
c.
multiculturalism
d.
naturalization
58. When minorities abandon their separate identity and adopt the culture and norms
of the dominant group, what are they practicing?
a.
nationalization
b.
ethnic cleansing
c.
absorption
d.
assimilation
59. Which is an example of an ethnic boundary marker?
a.
Baseball and apple pie are associated with the United States.
b.
Some athletes play soccer, others run track.
c.
Plumbers see themselves as distinct from electricians.
d.
All people belong to the human race.
60. Ethnicity is a social construct that is created by social groups and that must be
defined and redefined as time passes and social contexts change. Which work has
challenged American origin myths?
a.
Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology among Hutu
Refugees in Tanzania (1995)
b.
A People’s History of the United States (2005)
c.
From the Ganges to the Hudson (1995)
d.
Ethnicity without Groups (2004)
61. How has the power of ethnicity been affected by the intense globalization in recent
history?
a.
The power of ethnicity has become even greater.
b.
The power of ethnicity has diminished.
c.
The power of ethnicity has remained unchanged.
d.
The power of ethnicity is unknown.
62. Carlos Murphy is from an Iris- Mexican family. He rides with pride on the Sons of
Erin float in the St. Patrick’s Day parade and then drinks horchata with his Mexican
relatives the next day. In these two different ethnic activities, Carlos is
a.
demonstrating a rigid concept of self.
b.
applying situational negotiation of identity.
c.
acting as an identity entrepreneur.
d.
displaying his citizenship.
63. A man from Cuba and a man from Peru both move to the United States. Although
they did not identify with one another while living in their countries of origin, they
both come to identify themselves as members of the same group (“Hispanic”)
within the United States. This example illustrates
a.
ethnic variation.
b.
flexible nationalism.
c.
national identification.
d.
situational negotiation of identity.
64. Because ethnicity is not biologically fixed, a person may shift how they self-identify
depending on the context. What is this process called?
a.
situational negotiation of identity
b.
rationalization of self
c.
ethnical boundary marker
d.
assimilation
65. According to legend, the Aztecs wandered across what is today Mexico until they
came to an island where an eagle was standing on a cactus with a snake in its
mouth. The Aztecs established their capital city on an island in Lake Texcoco,
where tradition says their ancestors found the eagle. What concept about ethnicity
does this demonstrate?
a.
identity entrepreneurs
b.
origin myth
c.
language
d.
ethnic boundary marker
66. The text describes the way in which immigrants from India have established their
own cultural norms within New York City. The way the Indian community has
chosen to celebrate its ethnicity by holding a large India Day festival is an example
of what aspect of ethnicity?
a.
Ethnicity only exists in a homeland.
b.
Ethnicity is biological.
c.
Ethnicity corresponds to nation-state.
d.
Ethnicity is constantly evolving.
67. A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce
a common sense of identity is called a(n)
a.
creation story.
b.
folktale.
c.
origin myth.
d.
history.
68. Traditionally, in order to be Jewish, a person must have a Jewish mother, follow the
Jewish religion, and abide by kosher food limitations. Although they are not
ironclad, these customs set “traditional” Jewish people apart from others. What
concept does this serve to illustrate?
a.
ethnic boundary markers
b.
ethnic-making projects
c.
socially significant traits
d.
religious determinism
69. Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify
members of their own group. Anthropologists call these
a.
culturally significant traits.
b.
ethnic boundary markers.
c.
ethnic-making projects.
d.
social signifiers.
70. Sometimes the legal language about immigration is written in a manner that
signifies “American–ness,” using veiled racial markers to clearly identify those who
are “in” and those who are “out.” What do anthropologists call this kind of
demarcation?
a.
apartheid
b.
cultural wall
c.
ethnic boundary
d.
segregation
71. Every year, Americans gather on July Fourth to celebrate Independence Day in
honor of July 4, 1776, when the original American colonies declared independence
from England. What particular component of ethnicity is embodied in this
celebration?
a.
citizenship status
b.
origin myth
c.
ethnic boundaries
d.
negotiated identity
72. A group of people who share a sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes
ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other
groups is described as a(n)
a.
society.
b.
ethnic group.
c.
cultural dominion.
d.
nation-state.
73. Myanmar’s military seems determined to erase the Rohingya from their nation’s
history and ultimately the planet. This is an example of
a.
national erasure.
b.
nationalism.
c.
assimilation.
d.
genocide.
74. Which of the following reasons can partially explain the conflict between the
Rohingya and the Bamar in Myanmar?
a.
The Bamar and the Rohingya have always fought and have been antagonists
for over a millennium.
b.
Colonial rule strengthened ethnic identities and forced different ethnicities to
form a single nation-state.
c.
Islam and Buddhism are fundamentally and violently opposed at an
ideological level.
d.
Ethnic identities in the region were once rigid but colonial rule created more
flexibility, allowing for greater and ultimately confusing ethnic identities.
Answer Key
chapter 6
