Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 5
1. People sometimes decry that if a black police officer shoots an unarmed black
person, then it cannot be due to racial animus. However, others argue that it is still
an example of racism, but simply an example of institutional racism as opposed to
individual racism. Please explain what these two types of racism are and state the
argument for this example reflecting institutional racism as opposed to individual
racism.
2. Two images from newspapers covering Hurricane Katrina’s destruction of New
Orleans used strikingly similar images of people wading through water after visiting
a local grocery store looking for food. The main difference in the images was that
one showed people who were clearly white, while in the other image the individual
was a person of color. The caption for the image with white people stated that
these individuals “found” food at a local grocery store, while the image of the
person of color stated that the person “looted” food at a local grocery store.
Discuss this example in terms of both how racial ideology manifests itself and how
racial ideology is produced.
3. Explain the concept of racialization and how it applies to Middle Eastern people in
the United States. Why is this process reflected in the New York school system, as
studied by Maria Kromidas?
4. Compare and contrast the concepts of individual racism with institutional racism.
Provide examples from class to support your points.
5. Explain what is meant by the concept of “white privilege.”
6. Explain how and why Jim Crow laws came to the American South.
7. Explain how and why the “one drop of blood rule” was traditionally used to
determine race in American culture.
8. Explain how the idea of “white” or “whiteness” changed over time in the United
States.
9. Explain what is meant by a “racial democracy” in Brazil. What are the effects of this
system?
10. Explain how European colonial expansion gave rise to race and racism.
11. Identify the main factors that determine race in the Dominican Republic.
12. How does the U.S. census, taken every ten years since 1790, provide a window
into the changing conception of “race”?
13. Compare and contrast how races have been constructed in two different cultures
discussed in the text. What similarities are there, and how are they different? What
does this tell us about the concept of race in general?
14. There are two primary types of earwax: wet, yellow, and sticky or dry, gray, and
crumbly. Ninety percent of Europeans have the yellow earwax, but only 4 percent
of people in northern China have this type of earwax. Given these facts, explain
why geneticists state that dividing people by their earwax is as illogical as dividing
them into races by skin color.
15. Identify three reasons why anthropologists feel that the concept of “race” is a
flawed system of classification, and give an example to support each reason.
16. Compare and contrast the concepts of genotype and phenotype. How do you think
these concepts help us understand race, and why?
17. Identify the anthropological research question that most clearly takes an
intersectional approach to race.
a.
Why do middle-class African Americans experience racial discrimination,
despite their class status?
b.
What do white nationalists want?
c.
How have U.S. Census categories for race and ethnicity changed over time?
d.
How can anti-racist work support local communities in protecting themselves
against police violence?
18. Anthropologist JB Kwon studies racial dynamics and race relations and attended
recent demonstrations in Ferguson, Missouri, to better understand the dynamics at
work. Which of the following was a main force that Kwon suggests led to the
events in Ferguson, Missouri?
a.
code switching
b.
individual racism
c.
institutional racism
d.
nativism
19. White privilege refers to the benefits and opportunities that whites enjoy based
solely on their skin color and perceived race. What does anthropologist Jane
Gibson’s study of low-income whites in Florida suggest about white privilege?
a.
Not all whites experience equal amounts of white privilege.
b.
Low-income whites still experience all the benefits of white privilege.
c.
White privilege varies by state, strongly present in some and nearly
insignificant in others.
d.
Low-income whites do not experience any white privilege benefits.
20. What is one reason Americans have difficulty acknowledging the continuing
existence of racism in the United States?
a.
People believe that mainstream U.S. society is a meritocracy.
b.
Color blindness is already in place as the best solution for racism in the
United States.
c.
U.S. laws are enforced equally regardless of race.
d.
There is no longer institutional racism in the United States.
21. A Hispanic taxi cab driver in New York is often complimented by his riders as
“speaking English well,” despite the fact that the taxi cab driver was born in
America and only speaks English. The taxi cab driver is experiencing
a.
individual racism.
b.
classism.
c.
microaggressions.
d.
white privilege.
22. What term refers to the analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race,
gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of
stratification?
a.
racial ideology
b.
racism
c.
classism
d.
intersectionality
23. The story of Shellcracker Haven and how the local white residents were gradually
disenfranchised from their lives and work because of their class status is a strong
reflection of the tendency to do what to others?
a.
resist racism
b.
colonize
c.
racialize
d.
stereotype
24. In many countries, members of the dominant ethnic or racial group tend to favor
other members of their own group, give them the benefit of any doubt, and take
what they say more seriously. Minorities are often discounted as less important or
even hostile for insisting on being treated fairly. In the United States, what do we
call this discrepancy between the experiences of the dominant and the minority
groups?
a.
white privilege
b.
segregation
c.
institutional racism
d.
racialization
25. People from the Middle East have been considered “white” in the United States for
some time, but since September 11, anyone with brown skin who seems foreign is
now considered “different” and possibly an enemy. This is an example of
a.
discrimination.
b.
segregation.
c.
racialization.
d.
individual racism.
26. A set of ideas about a group of people, such as “All Irishmen are drunks who beat
their wives” or “All Arabs are terrorists,” can make it seem natural and normal to
discriminate against these groups. What is the term for sets of ideas like these?
a.
group racism
b.
institutional racism
c.
racist ideology
d.
private racism
27. Until 1954, state-supported and sanctioned segregation along racial lines was
completely legal, and school administrators often refused to allow black, Hispanic,
or Asian American children to enter a school building. This is an example of
a.
institutional racism.
b.
color-blind racism.
c.
group racism.
d.
racial ideology.
28. A person who believes that Italians are somehow inferior and therefore refuses to
give an Italian person a job is demonstrating what kind of racist behavior?
a.
color-blind racism
b.
individual racism
c.
institutional racism
d.
microaggression
29. During the Civil War, many enslaved African Americans made the decision to
escape their captors and flee to the North in hopes of securing personal freedom.
The Underground Railroad is an example of ________ racism.
a.
institutional
b.
personal
c.
reverse
d.
resisting
30. Today the right to own a gun is considered fundamental to many people in the
United States. While the Second Amendment to the Constitution is often
considered to be the origin of this ideal, it actually was instituted by elites as one of
many special “white rights” in order to ensure cooperation against rebellions. This
is an example of
a.
cultural hedging.
b.
intersectionality.
c.
white privilege.
d.
stratified whiteness.
31. While health, education, decent housing, and employment are something that most
of us would agree are fundamental to all people, what is a primary reason why they
have historically been denied to many people in the United States?
a.
white privilege
b.
a culture of poverty
c.
a lack of social capital
d.
stratified whiteness
32. A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of
individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal is referred to
as
a.
white supremacy.
b.
racialization.
c.
nativism.
d.
racial ideology.
33. When an individual acts on personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminates against
someone based on imagined differences between them, this is referred to as what
kind of racism?
a.
institutional
b.
individual
c.
colonial
d.
profiling
34. What do anthropologists call common, everyday slights that communicate hostile,
derogatory, and negative messages about someone’s race, gender, sexual
orientation, or religion?
a.
color-blind racism
b.
microaggression
c.
institutional racism
d.
racial ideology
35. The hidden cultural curriculum, which is a reflection of how we are all taught racial
biases, often leads us to
a.
deny our racism.
b.
openly display our prejudice.
c.
commit microaggressions.
d.
protest racial inequalities.
36. The failure of the New York State school system to create an annual school budget
in order to ensure that all students received the same level of funding reflects what
aspect of racism?
a.
racialization
b.
racial ideology
c.
profiling
d.
institutional racism
37. Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions,
policies, and systems are referred to as
a.
discrimination.
b.
racialization.
c.
institutional racism.
d.
racial ideology.
38. Chinese immigrants first arrived in the United States in large numbers during the
1850s. What was one from of prejudice experience by those in the initial wave of
Chinese immigrants?
a.
They were called the model minority.
b.
They were not allowed to have jobs.
c.
They had no legal standing in court.
d.
They were stereotyped as better at math.
39. Racialization is the process of categorizing and attributing supposedly racial
qualities to people based on perceived characteristics. Which of the following is an
example of racialization?
a.
the creation of the category “Middle Eastern” as a race in the United States
b.
Italian and Irish immigrants in the United States being treated differently from
the white immigrants who had arrived before them.
c.
the court dismissal of a Chinese man as a reliable eyewitness due to his race
d.
the use of microaggressions against minorities
40. In Karen Brodkin’s study of the racial categorization of Jewish Americans in the
twentieth century, she argues that while Jews started the century as nonwhite, they
ended the century as white within American society. This demonstrates what idea
that anthropologists have about race?
a.
Race is biologically determined.
b.
Race is assigned at birth.
c.
Race is culturally constructed.
d.
Race is tied to religion.
41. Maria Kromidas’s work in New York City schools reveals that children are creating
a “new” racial category based on the post–September 11 media stories they are
exposed to. In this particular category, people are categorized by what factors?
a.
foreign, strange, and Muslim
b.
dark-skinned, Muslim, and wealthy
c.
Muslim, Arabic, and different
d.
foreign, dark-skinned, and poor
42. A primary difference between the early census process and the census of 2010
was the
a.
ability to self-select a racial category.
b.
inclusion of “blurriness” as a racial category.
c.
elimination of pejoratives as a racial category.
d.
the erasure of the racial category of “white.”
43. When did the cultural practice of the “one drop of blood” rule end in the United
States?
a.
1865
b.
1970
c.
It has not ended in practice.
d.
1982
44. What do we call laws in the United States that allowed such things as “white–only”
swimming pools, restaurants, schools, beaches, and the like, similar to apartheid in
South Africa?
a.
civil rights laws
b.
Jim Crow
c.
white supremacy
d.
hypodescent
45. What continuing aspect of racism in the United States is illuminated by the Susie
Phipps case?
a.
eugenics
b.
microaggression
c.
hypodescent
d.
nativism
46. To apply stereotypical traits to people based on their supposed racial ancestry is
referred to as
a.
discrimination.
b.
microaggression.
c.
segregation.
d.
racialization.
47. What do we call the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a
particular racial character to a person or group of people?
a.
stereotyping
b.
racialization
c.
phenotype
d.
hypodescent
48. Despite the initial racist attitudes directed toward Irish, Jewish, and Italian
immigrants, these groups eventually “became white” through
a.
greater accuracy in the census.
b.
intermarriage and upward mobility.
c.
the elimination of ethnic categories.
d.
legal changes.
49. Chinese immigrants to the United States were quickly separated according to an
arbitrary set of characteristics, including slight differences in skin color. Irish
immigrants were similarly segregated, despite having white skin. What was one of
the bases on which the Irish were segregated and racialized?
a.
hair color
b.
island origin
c.
height
d.
religion
50. President Barack Obama’s mother was a white woman from Kansas and his father
was a black man from Kenya. What deeply embedded concept of racial division is
revealed by the way people regard his race and even debate his birthplace?
a.
hypodescent
b.
eugenics
c.
civil rights
d.
racialization
51. What rule assigns the children of racially mixed unions to the subordinate group?
a.
miscegenation
b.
hypodescent
c.
racialization
d.
drop down
52. After the Civil War, many states passed laws mandating the segregation of
American citizens of European and African descent. These laws were the result of
what existing beliefs?
a.
entrenched ideas about white superiority
b.
strong feelings about the Civil War
c.
strong anti-Lincoln sentiment
d.
dislike of the Emancipation Proclamation
53. Which term refers to laws implemented after the U.S. Civil War to legally enforce
segregation, particularly in the South after the end of slavery?
a.
civil rights
b.
discrimination
c.
Jim Crow
d.
racialization
54. Three hundred years of forced transport of millions of Africans to North and South
America resulted in
a.
colonialism.
b.
The U.S. Census questionnaire.
c.
a new race.
d.
white supremacy.
55. For the seventy years leading up to 1860, the U.S. Census counted enslaved
peoples as three-fifths of a person. This was done to
a.
support the emerging interest in eugenics.
b.
maintain a strong economic system.
c.
lay the groundwork for institutional racism.
d.
uphold the idea of white supremacy.
56. The current argument over whether to build a wall between Mexico and the United
States reflects, in part, what long-standing aspect of how race is constructed and
managed in the United States?
a.
genotype
b.
intersectionality
c.
microaggression
d.
nativism
57. What do we call the idea that government policies should favor people born in the
United States over immigrants such as Mexicans or Canadians (legal or
otherwise)?
a.
genotype
b.
racial ideology
c.
nativism
d.
microaggression
58. Malaysia was one of the first export-processing zones in Southeast Asia. Many
multinational corporations employ hundreds of thousands of Malaysian workers for
cheap labor, many of which are young migrant workers known as Minah Karan.
Why are these women stigmatized?
a.
They mix with men and people from other classes.
b.
They do not provide money to their families.
c.
They leave their home countries.
d.
They are more likely to contract HIV/AIDS due to racial mixing.
59. In the Dominican Republic, the government as well as many Dominicans enforce
and express anti-Haitian and anti-black sentiments. However, there are certain
groups that identify more closely with black Haitians. Identify this group of
Dominicans and a way in which they do so.
a.
upper-class Dominicans, by working to change current laws
b.
all Dominicans, by using a range of terms to describe a person’s skin color
c.
middle-class Dominicans, by employing Haitians
d.
lower-class Dominicans, by playing bachata music
60. Contemporary worldwide racism, and the notion of race itself, are historically
rooted in which practice?
a.
Nativism
b.
colonialism
c.
microaggression
d.
institutional racism
61. Anthropologists often use the term racisms in plural. What does this term refer to?
a.
the variety of skin colors that create different races
b.
the variety of racist events that have occurred throughout history
c.
the variety of ways race has been constructed among people of different
places
d.
the variety of views and definitions of racism created by anthropologists
62. The U.S. involvement in Vietnam and the subsequent war was the result of a long
legacy of French and U.S. involvement in Vietnamese economic, military, and
political life. Today, this can be understood as
a.
democracy.
b.
colonialism.
c.
despotism.
d.
socialism.
63. What do we call the British Empire’s military, economic, and political control over
Malaysia?
a.
colonialism
b.
fascism
c.
institutional racism
d.
globalism
64. Because racial categorization in Brazil is not exclusively a function of skin color,
Brazilians can change their racial identity through a change in
a.
political affiliation.
b.
hairstyle.
c.
eating habits.
d.
affluence.
65. What is the one term we might expect to see, but do not, in the variations of names
given to different racial categories in the Dominican Republic?
a.
fair
b.
black
c.
coffee
d.
dark
66. In Brazil, race is not merely a matter of skin color. It also includes a consideration
of
a.
wealth and marital status.
b.
marital status and landownership.
c.
job status and spousal status.
d.
wealth and education.
67. The recent changes in the United States concerning same-sex marriage have been
supported to some degree by what aspect of earlier civil rights legal issues?
a.
apartheid
b.
racialization
c.
hypodescent
d.
miscegenation
68. Which statement represents a primary concern in the events that occurred in
Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017?
a.
Americans agree that Confederate symbols should not appear in public
spaces.
b.
White nationalists are marching more often and asserting more presence in
U.S. public life.
c.
Anti-black and anti-Haitian sentiments continue to negatively impact people’s
lives in the Dominican Republic.
d.
Beginning with the 2000 census, “Hispanic/Latino/Spanish” was separated
from race in the U.S. Census.
69. Identify the best definition of racism.
a.
institutional patterns and policies as well as individuals’ thoughts and actions
that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and
opportunities based on race
b.
the classification of people according to physical characteristics
c.
the belief that whites are superior and biologically different from other races
d.
a culturally constructed concept developed in the late 1700s in Virginia that
designated who was white or not
70. Identify whether or not these reasons are why it is impossible to distinguish clear
genetic boundaries between one human population and another.
a.
Human variation changes gradually in a geographic continuum.
b.
Humans are 99.9 percent genetically the same.
c.
Humans have been exchanging genetic material for 200,000 years.
d.
Human genes are incredibly diverse, varying from person to person.
71. What do biological anthropologists call the continuum of human variation that
occurs in a particular geographic space?
a.
an ethnicity
b.
a racial group
c.
a cline
d.
a genetic family
72. If you started at the equator and walked northward, you would notice a general
trend of skin color getting lighter. This is an example of what concept?
a.
ethnicity
b.
racial group
c.
cline
d.
genetic family
73. What is one reason why, in 2015, the government of the Dominican Republic
began registering the estimated 500,000 (mostly Haitian) undocumented residents
and deporting those without citizenship?
a.
Haitians have higher criminal rates than Dominicans.
b.
It was a rejection of Haitians, African ancestry, and blackness more generally.
c.
Haitians are lighter skinned than Dominicans.
d.
Deported Haitians did not speak Spanish, which is required for Dominican
citizenship.
74. Between 1933 and 1936, the Nazi regime implemented laws that defined who was
and was not Jewish according to ancestry. Any person with three or four Jewish
grandparents was considered a “full–blooded” Jew. This approach to dividing and
categorizing people relies on the assumption that
a.
phenotype determines race.
b.
race is a cultural reality, but not a biological one.
c.
Judaism is a religion, not a race.
d.
race is a biological reality.
75. A person may inherit a genetic pattern for above-average height yet may only
reach average height due to poor nutrition. What is this an expression of?
a.
genotype
b.
phenotype
c.
cline
d.
poverty
76. If a person inherits genes for a dark complexion and blue eyes from their parents,
what aspect of inheritance does this refer to?
a.
RNA
b.
phenotype
c.
genotype
d.
DNA
77. All human beings of every race share ________ percent of their DNA.
a.
90
b.
95
c.
98
d.
99.9
78. What example does Jonathan Marks cite as a useful way to consider the inherent
problem of racially dividing people?
a.
doctors sorting according to brain size
b.
children sorting according to block size
c.
anthropologists sorting according to height
d.
coaches sorting according to athletic prowess
79. We can understand the observable differences in body ratios—height versus
width—that anthropologists have documented as a matter of ________, or the way
genes are expressed in an organism’s physical form.
a.
race.
b.
inheritance.
c.
ethnicity.
d.
phenotype.
80. What comprises all of the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for
an organism’s physical form?
a.
genotype
b.
race
c.
gene pool
d.
phenotype
81. What is the name for the system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses
certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly
discrete groups?
a.
eugenics
b.
phrenology
c.
hypodescent
d.
race
Answer Key
chapter 5
