Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 14
1. Compare and contrast the Egyptian state’s personal status courts and the Al Azhar
Fatwa Council in Cairo. According to Hussein Ali Agrama, what gives authority and
legitimacy to fatwas that are not enforceable by the state’s coercive power?
2. How did Occupy Wall Street protestors capture the attention of a nation (and
beyond) and build a consensus for social action? What factors led to their
success? Explain how this social movement successfully used a framing process.
3. How does the implementation of neoliberal reforms undermine the sovereignty of
the state from the outside and from within? Support your argument with an
example from the text.
4. What is an alternative legal structure? Explain how it has been used to circumvent
state power. Give one example.
5. What is agency? Give two examples of people or groups that have exerted their
agency.
6. What is a social movement? Describe at least three characteristics of a social
movement and provide examples to illustrate your description.
7. The modern state is the ultimate authority within a territory, but is its control
absolute? How do groups mobilize power outside the state’s control to contest
power relationships, structures, and cultural norms? Give three examples and
describe these groups’ strategies.
8. How do Carolyn Nordstrom’s observations of a community in a war zone in
Mozambique challenge the legacy of Western philosophers who argue that human
nature is innately violent? Give an example and explain how she uses it to illustrate
her argument.
9. Describe militarization and its effects on a society. How does it relate to the
construction of war and soldiers?
10. Explain what the author means when he says, “Economic restructuring promoted
by international financial institutions and implemented by the state has yielded a
flourishing of civil society.” Why do these policies encourage the formation of civil
society organizations, what do the organizations attempt to accomplish, and what
are their key strategies?
11. Are humans naturally peaceful or violent? Briefly summarize the three main
arguments presented in the text. Which argument is most persuasive? Explain your
choice, supporting it with the arguments and evidence from the text.
12. Explain what hegemony is and give an example that illustrates your explanation.
13. What is a state? How does the modern state differ from earlier forms of states?
Give at least three characteristics of a modern state. What is the relationship of the
modern state to other political systems such as tribes and bands?
14. How does the state become the ultimate authority within a territory? Explain what
the coercive and consensual aspects of state power are. Give an example of each.
15. Glenn Petersen notes that in Micronesia, warfare is always possible and the
potential for conflict over scarce resources intensifies during times of natural
disaster. How do Micronesian social and political structures and values ensure
survival and prevent violence in an ecology that is subject to catastrophic storms
and drought?
16. Evaluate Elman Service’s classificatory framework of political systems. What are
its pros and cons? Why do anthropologists now consider this kind of framework too
simplistic?
17. Explain Elman Service’s evolutionary typology. Describe the four types of political
systems, mentioning key characteristics such as size, subsistence strategy,
political leadership, and degree of stratification of each system. What is the
relationship of the types to one another according to this framework?
18. Are humans fundamentally hierarchical or egalitarian? What do ethnographic and
archaeological studies of hunter-gatherer bands suggest about the role of
egalitarianism in human evolution?
19. Anthropologist David Vine studies the effects of U.S. militarization on the U.S.
population as well as the effectiveness of military bases abroad. Which statement
describes the effectiveness of U.S. military bases?
a.
U.S. military bases and military actions are ineffective ways of solving
international problems.
b.
U.S. military bases are effective in benefiting U.S. citizens.
c.
U.S. military bases are effective in benefiting indigenous peoples.
d.
U.S. military bases create more jobs for U.S. citizens than would funding
education and health-care industries within the United States.
20. According to David Vine, how much U.S. taxpayer money is spent on the military?
a.
1 trillion dollars
b.
100 billion dollars
c.
1 billion dollars
d.
800 million dollars
21. The Chagossians, an indigenous group from the island of Diego Garcia,
a.
built a military base as a result of the militarization of their civil society.
b.
were well-compensated for their land by the British and the Americans.
c.
moved to a military base to seek employment.
d.
were forcibly removed from their island in order to build a military base.
22. Hugh Gusterson examines the CIA’s use of ________ to conduct highly secretive
targeted killings.
a.
drones
b.
soldiers
c.
hegemony
d.
paramilitaries
23. Jeff Juris’s study of Occupy Boston found that
a.
digital media enabled new patterns of protest.
b.
growing conditions of inequality transferred wealth to the wealthiest 1 percent
of the United States.
c.
many activists were arrested.
d.
activists built alliances with the wealthy and lobbied national politicians.
24. According to Marc Edelman, how successful were Costa Rican peasants’ collective
efforts to fight neoliberal policies?
a.
They completely stopped the effects of the policies.
b.
They softened the harshest effects of the policies.
c.
They failed to have any impact on the policies.
d.
They worsened the economic crisis and increased the negative effects of the
policies.
25. In Costa Rica, structural adjustment programs
a.
created a strong economy and food self-sufficiency.
b.
lead to a strong democracy.
c.
deepened the country’s economic crisis.
d.
provided education, health care, and government-backed loans for small
farmers.
26. What effect did the U.S. Food for Peace program have in Costa Rica
a.
Cheaper food from subsidized U.S. farmers drove local farmers out of
business.
b.
It created food self-sufficiency for the nation.
c.
It created a national debt crisis.
d.
It ended Costa Rica’s economic crisis.
27. The Al Azhar Fatwa Council
a.
is one of the oldest and most established centers of Islamic authority.
b.
makes rulings that are as legally binding as those of the personal status
court.
c.
is impersonal and fair, sticking to the letter of the law.
d.
threatens to shape other cultural institutions to its own ends.
28. The DREAMers, the Tea Party, and the Animal Liberation Movement have very
different goals, but they are all
a.
social movements.
b.
civil societies.
c.
alternative legal structures.
d.
fatwa.
29. A fraternity brother stole a valuable piece of jewelry during a sorority rush party.
The other members of the fraternity do not want to get in trouble, so they do not
turn him over to the police or university. However, they cannot permit such a
violation of their values and norms. Their solution is to submit the offender to their
own tribunal and devise a fitting punishment that reassures the community. This is
an example of
a.
agency.
b.
civil society.
c.
hegemony.
d.
an alternative legal structure.
30. Outraged by the number of potholes on Elm Street, your neighbor, Mr. Perkins,
called his representative daily until they were fixed. His victory is an outcome of an
individual exercising his
a.
agency.
b.
hegemony.
c.
state power.
d.
political campaign.
31. In his examination of the Occupy movement, what did Jeffrey Juris discover to be
key to the movement’s success?
a.
the ability to increase participation through small donations
b.
the willingness of voters to support the movement’s goals in elections
c.
the ability to defy police in protests
d.
the interplay between the virtual and the physical
32. The Fatwa Council in Egypt is an example of
a.
a religious institution.
b.
an independent court.
c.
a customary law structure.
d.
an alternative legal structure.
33. In Egypt, people view the decisions of the official Egyptian personal status courts
a.
with great suspicion.
b.
as morally binding.
c.
as legally nonbinding.
d.
with high esteem.
34. What is a key difference between the fatwa and the court system?
a.
Both the individual and the mufti share responsibility for the outcome.
b.
Both the individual and the mufti recognize sharia law as the only valid
source of legal wisdom.
c.
Both the individual and the mufti have the means to reject any challenges by
the state courts system.
d.
Both the individual and the mufti are able to agree on everything.
35. Some societies use different systems to settle issues that might normally go to the
state court system. These systems are known as
a.
alternative legal structures.
b.
independent courts systems.
c.
common-law structures.
d.
customary laws.
36. The Occupy Wall Street movement was able to gain support and contribute to a
shift in public discourse by focusing on inequality with the motto, “We are the 99
percent.” This is an example of
a.
subversive action.
b.
civil society organization.
c.
social rationale.
d.
framing process.
37. What is the method by which social movements create shared meanings and
definitions that motivate and justify collective action?
a.
collective movement
b.
framing process
c.
rationalization
d.
social rationale
38. The civil rights movement held protests, sit-ins, boycotts, and marches, which
eventually resulted in the Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination based on
race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This is an example of
a.
a framing process.
b.
warfare.
c.
social movements.
d.
a rights initiative.
39. When the farmers in Costa Rica marched, blocked streets, and held
demonstrations to protest inequality and injustice, they were participating in
a.
a social movement.
b.
structural adjustment.
c.
an alternative legal structure.
d.
a fatwa.
40. Collective group actions in response to uneven development, inequality, and
injustice that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and
government policies are referred to as
a.
militarization.
b.
social movements.
c.
social initiatives.
d.
public causes.
41. Marc Edelman’s study of the response of rural peasants in Costa Rica to the
economic and political upheavals caused by civil war and increased debt
demonstrate what aspect of human response to the state?
a.
cooperation
b.
agency
c.
initiative
d.
drive
42. In 1989, millions of Chinese citizens stood up to their government in Tiananmen
Square, which resulted in martial law and numerous deaths. What would an
anthropologist suggest the Tiananmen Square protestors were doing?
a.
exercising their agency
b.
instigating militarization
c.
expressing their individuality
d.
establishing a new hegemony
43. The potential power of a person or a group to contest and change norms, values,
institutions, and structures of power is
a.
agency.
b.
authority.
c.
hegemony.
d.
politics.
44. Even very powerful institutions do not completely dominate people’s lives and
thinking. Individuals and groups with relatively little power can contest powerful
institutions, such as the state, because
a.
individuals are not really affected by systems of power.
b.
systems of power, like the state, change constantly and quickly.
c.
established systems of power, like the state, are always weakening.
d.
systems of power, including the state, are never absolute.
45. Which of the following statements about child soldiers in Sierra Leone is a belief of
Sierra Leoneans?
a.
Children should not work.
b.
Children should be raised by their own families.
c.
Children may be fostered by other families, for the sake of gaining valuable
knowledge and skills.
d.
Children should not be breadwinners for the family.
46. Anthropologist Carolyn Nordstrom studied Mozambique during the late 1980s and
early 1990s, during and directly after the Mozambican Civil War. She noted the
widespread use of “terror warfare” used by both guerilla and governmental
soldiers. Which of the following is the correct definition of terror warfare?
a.
Terror warfare is the killing of select high-ranking members of the opponent.
b.
Terror warfare is the forced enlistment of civilians into the military.
c.
Terror warfare is the destruction and disruption of all aspects of civilian life.
d.
Terror warfare is a war against terrorism.
47. Adolf Hitler blamed ethnic minorities for the country’s problems and celebrated
“ethnically German” people as superior. This made persecuting minorities and
expanding German dominance over Europe seem reasonable. This feeling of
belonging and superiority is called
a.
social cohesion.
b.
militarization.
c.
nationalism.
d.
racism.
48. During World War II, Walt Disney Productions distributed pro-American
propaganda cartoons featuring Donald Duck for the U.S. government to increase
support for the war. This is an example of
a.
civil society.
b.
militarization.
c.
state sovereignty.
d.
modern warfare.
49. Catherine Lutz warns that, if left unchecked, militarization can
a.
shape other cultural institutions to its own ends.
b.
eliminate civil society.
c.
encourage the production of too many bullets, bombs, tanks, planes, and
missiles.
d.
make organizing civil society for war an uncontested process.
50. In her article, “Warfare Is Only an Invention—Not a Biological Necessity,” how did
Margaret Mead support her argument that war is a cultural invention?
a.
She presented ethnographic examples of groups who do not go to war to
settle disputes.
b.
She tested the human instinct for violence.
c.
She compared the genomes of human and nonhuman primates.
d.
She looked for patterns of reconciliation among bonobos, macaques, and
chimpanzees.
51. What surprising discovery did Carolyn Nordstrom make when she studied war and
violence in Mozambique?
a.
War cannot be prevented through political will.
b.
People want war in order to establish their autonomy.
c.
People can resist political violence in the ways they attend to the daily
matters of their community.
d.
The state does not actually start or condone war; people do.
52. What have recent studies of nonhuman primates revealed about the idea that
violence is endemic to all primates?
a.
Some primates undergo a cycle of violence and increasing distancing until
everyone lives alone.
b.
Some primates undergo a cycle of reconciliation rather than distancing after
conflict occurs.
c.
Some primates undergo a cycle of performed violence that is not actually
physically damaging.
d.
Some primates undergo a cycle of behavior that does not involve any
violence at all.
53. What is one of the arguments given to support the idea that humans are naturally
violent?
a.
Violence and war are cultural institutions.
b.
Violence is something we all learn as children.
c.
Violence only appeared after the development of the state.
d.
Violence is genetically ingrained in all primates.
54. Adolf Hitler glorified German domination while expanding the military and
promoting paramilitary organizations such as the Hitler Youth. This is an example
of
a.
tribalism.
b.
mobilization.
c.
militarization.
d.
imperialism.
55. What is it called when a civil society prepares for war by producing weapons and
glorifying war?
a.
a framing process
b.
a social movement
c.
hegemony
d.
militarization
56. Margaret Mead says people must first recognize militarism as a problem before
attempting to change it. What else does she say is needed?
a.
a belief that social invention is possible
b.
participatory democracy
c.
a redistributed budget
d.
gender equality
57. How did Margaret Mead explain the origins of human violence?
a.
It is passed down genetically.
b.
It is a cultural institution.
c.
It is more common in men than in women.
d.
It is a consequence of the modern education system.
58. Who funds war?
a.
terrorist organizations
b.
powerful states
c.
multitrillion-dollar international financial networks
d.
local actors
59. The “architects of war”
a.
suffer on the front line.
b.
engage in the battle from a distance.
c.
build the basic structures of community life.
d.
are local actors.
60. Susan Shepler found a discrepancy between the beliefs and moral expectations of
international aid agencies and those of local Sierra Leoneans with respect to
a.
childhood.
b.
militarization.
c.
refugees.
d.
how to creatively combat violence.
61. According to Carol Nordstrom, modern warfare
a.
is a local military phenomenon.
b.
only occurs between states, not within them.
c.
is embedded in, and enabled by, a global system of war making.
d.
is no longer constructed as a reasonable means of resolving conflict.
62. Bonobos
a.
use sex to resolve conflict.
b.
have the highest rates of conflict among primates.
c.
prove that violence is the product of an inner drive.
d.
have low rates of reconciliation.
63. Frans de Waal’s review of studies of different primates
a.
challenges the myth that violent impulses are deeply ingrained in primate
nature.
b.
confirms that primates, especially apes, are aggressive by nature.
c.
reveals that primates have ineffective patterns of social relationships.
d.
observes that primates frequently experience conflict followed by distancing.
64. Andrew Bickford found that soldiers are
a.
heroes who share the state’s values.
b.
prepackaged and ready to fight.
c.
selected from model citizens.
d.
enculturated.
65. Militarized thinking assumes that people are fundamentally
a.
egalitarian and generous.
b.
peaceful and cooperative.
c.
aggressive and territorial.
d.
fearful and diplomatic.
66. C. Wright Mills called the expansive military structure and the industrial capacity to
support it
a.
globalization..
b.
neoliberalism
c.
a military-industrial complex.
d.
weaponization.
67. Which political scenario as promoting neoliberal economics?
a.
Developing countries federalize water systems, utilities, and transportation.
b.
Private sector, nongovernmental groups provide education and social
services.
c.
Governments protect the environment, even if it isn’t profitable for the state.
d.
States do not always follow the guidance of the World Bank or the
International Monetary Fund.
68. The Maasai presented themselves as ________ in order to gain powerful
international allies.
a.
hunter-gatherers
b.
indigenous
c.
a civil society organization
d.
Tanzanian
69. Dorothy Hodgson’s study of the Maasai focuses on
a.
violence and conflict resolution.
b.
the ecological adaptation of political systems.
c.
alternative legal systems of indigenous peoples.
d.
civil society organizations in Tanzania.
70. Local ________ may join forces with transnational movements to transform local
problems into global projects
a.
financial institutions
b.
transnational corporations
c.
neoliberal economists
d.
civil society organizations
71. The right of the state to maintain self-determination within its borders is known as
a.
state sovereignty.
b.
space-time compression.
c.
flexible accumulation.
d.
neoliberalization.
72. Neoliberal economic policies
a.
strengthen state control over the border.
b.
challenge state sovereignty.
c.
diminish civil society.
d.
nationalize infrastructure and increase social spending.
73. A group of people creates an organization that is independent of the state to
challenge inequities and assert their political rights to resources and recognition
within their state. This type of organization is called a(n)
a.
local service agency.
b.
international aid society,
c.
paramilitary organization,
d.
civil society organization.
74. A local nongovernmental organization (NGO) that challenges state policies and
uneven development and advocates for resources and opportunities for members
of its local communities is known as
a.
a civil society organization.
b.
an international aid society.
c.
a nonaligned charity.
d.
a local support agency.
75. Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and World Vision are examples of
a.
transnational finance organizations.
b.
nongovernmental organizations.
c.
neoliberal movements.
d.
sovereign states.
76. The political-economic context in which international financial institutions pressure
states to adopt neoliberal economic policies has caused a flourishing of
a.
progress and development.
b.
civil society.
c.
national sovereignty.
d.
state social spending.
77. Anthropologists Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson describe one dynamic of the
state as “vertical encompassment.” What do they mean by using this term to
describe the state?
a.
the overarching awareness of the state’s perpetual presence
b.
the upward mobility of state officials to higher levels of power
c.
the desire of the state to use force in order to control society
d.
the militarization of society by the state
78. In addition to theories and perspectives shared with political scientists and
sociologists, political anthropologists also take a distinctive perspective when
studying contemporary politics. Which of the following is a distinctive approach that
political anthropologists take?
a.
Political anthropologists focus on the processes of the state rather than the
institutions.
b.
Political anthropologists focus on the institutions of the state rather than the
processes.
c.
Political anthropologists focus on fixed administrations rather than changing
political dynamics.
d.
Political anthropologists focus on historic and traditional policies.
79. One way in which the states reinforce hegemony is through
a.
promoting nationalism.
b.
coercive power.
c.
state violence.
d.
the judicial system.
80. The perception that the state fills a particular space, encompasses all aspects of
culture, and stands above all other elements of the society is the state’s
a.
spatialization.
b.
fragility.
c.
militarization.
d.
fluid, contested narrative.
81. The spatialization of the state is produced
a.
through everyday bureaucratic acts of governance.
b.
with a standing army.
c.
through the militarization of borders.
d.
with geographic and political boundaries.
82. Networks based on kinship, religion, and/or ethnicity
a.
form the basis of the modern state.
b.
define the state’s porous borders.
c.
are undermined by the primary allegiance to the centralized state.
d.
form alternative sources of standing armies.
83. European colonial forces created states and territories
a.
to maintain intact the borders of indigenous homelands intact.
b.
in ways that reflected indigenous kinship structures.
c.
along political and economic lines that predated conquest.
d.
to suit their own economic and political objectives.
84. Anthropologists link the origins of the state to the rise of
a.
industry.
b.
agriculture.
c.
fossil fuels.
d.
democracy.
85. When Marta was growing up, her parents, religious leaders, school lessons,
favorite books, and television shows all taught her that good people who work hard
get what they deserve. As an adult, she supports political parties and policies that
frame the poor as lazy freeloaders. This is an example of
a.
agency.
b.
civil society.
c.
hegemony.
d.
coercion.
86. According to Max Weber, what is the fundamental characteristic of the modern
state?
a.
It has relatively porous borders and loose administration.
b.
It does not have centralized administrative, communications, or military
infrastructures.
c.
It shares resources and territory with other states.
d.
It establishes a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a territory.
87. In which century did the modern Western state emerge?
a.
sixteenth
b.
eighteenth
c.
nineteenth
d.
twentieth
88. The state reinforces its ability to create consent and agreement about what is
normal and appropriate by promoting what kinds of intense feelings?
a.
social anxiety
b.
religious fervor
c.
agency
d.
nationalism
89. The colorful fireworks, parades, and various festivities of Fourth of July
celebrations in the United States reinforce feelings of
a.
animosity.
b.
nationalism.
c.
power.
d.
military fervor.
90. In addition to violence, the Nazi regime used film, newspapers, radio programs,
textbooks, youth groups, and even children’s comic books to influence the
populace to see Nazi actions and programs as necessary and reasonable. This
kind of consensus is an example of
a.
a mindset.
b.
hegemony.
c.
framing.
d.
coercion.
91. The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a
population without the use or threat of force is called
a.
agency.
b.
coercion.
c.
domination.
d.
hegemony.
92. Power, the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence, is
a.
found in some relationships.
b.
exercised by the state alone.
c.
established only through public, dramatic, and violent actions.
d.
embedded in all human relationships.
93. What is true of most states today?
a.
They emerged during society’s transition to an egalitarian lifeway.
b.
They are more efficient forms of organization than bands.
c.
They all exist because of the tendency toward warfare.
d.
They did not exist prior to World War II.
94. The origin, construction, and organization of states are frequently the focus of
which branch of anthropology?
a.
social history
b.
linguistic anthropology
c.
political anthropology
d.
cultural anthropology
95. In 1871, hundreds of small monarchies were united to form the nation-state of
Germany. After World War I, it became the Weimar Republic until the Nazis came
to power in 1933. After World War II, Germany was divided into East and West,
then it was reunited at the end of the Cold War. What characteristic of states do
these changes demonstrate?
a.
Most were formed before World War I.
b.
They are uniquely constructed and constantly reshaped.
c.
They are only a collection of symbols.
d.
They remain the same over time.
96. Why does the author say that the image of the state as fixed, cohesive, and
coherent is an illusion?
a.
because states are constantly reshaped by new leaders and legislation and
through their interactions
b.
because members of a state do not have a shared history, identity, or a
shared sense of destiny
c.
States are an illusion because the modern world is mainly composed of
chiefdoms.
d.
because each state is temporary and will be replaced with a new one
97. Which political structure has a central government that exercises political, military,
and economic control of its territory?
a.
tribe
b.
state
c.
band
d.
chiefdom
98. Earlier anthropological analysis focused on isolated, small-scale human groups.
Anthropologists now understand that all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function
a.
as autonomous regional structures of political, economic, and military rule.
b.
solely with the permission of the colonial government.
c.
as distinctly homogenous societies.
d.
within the influence of the state.
99. An autonomous regional political structure with a central government that is
authorized to make laws and use political, economic, and military force to maintain
order and defend its territory is referred to as a
a.
group.
b.
band.
c.
state.
d.
chiefdom.
100. What was one consequence of the emergence of warriors to defend surpluses of
food from marauders?
a.
time-space compression
b.
indentured servitude
c.
tribal political organization
d.
the rise of the state
101. Anthropologists link the origins of the state to the rise of
a.
industry.
b.
agriculture.
c.
fossil fuels.
d.
democracy.
102. In Elman Service’s evolutionary typology, a political system that represents a stage
between the simpler political structure of the tribe and the complex structure of the
state is the
a.
band.
b.
chiefdom.
c.
multiband association.
d.
ethnic group.
103. The greatest honor in Micronesian culture is associated with
a.
wealth.
b.
land.
c.
warrior skills.
d.
generosity.
104. Micronesian individuals and groups build prestige through
a.
gardens.
b.
wealth.
c.
feasts.
d.
politics.
105. Each Micronesian belongs to a local ________ and a dispersed ________.
a.
lineage; clan
b.
tribe; lineage
c.
clan; chiefdom
d.
chiefdom; tribe
106. The forest-dwelling Ogiek, who live outside the direct control of the Kenyan
government, formed a nongovernmental organization (NGO) to seek aid in
protecting their rights to their land and way of life. Today they might be known as
what kind of group?
a.
ethnic group
b.
autonomous state
c.
Band
d.
Chiefdom
107. A tribe is sometimes referred to as a(n)
a.
band.
b.
horde.
c.
ethnic group.
d.
chiefdom.
108. Ancient Hawaiian society was based on a strict caste system ruled over by a
political specialist to whom commoners paid tribute. They were a
a.
band.
b.
tribe.
c.
state.
d.
chiefdom.
109. The Bhils are an egalitarian Indian Adivasi ethnic group whose leadership is based
on kinship and personality. They are a
a.
band.
b.
tribe.
c.
state.
d.
chiefdom.
110. Christopher Boehm argues that the most economically efficient strategy is
a.
leadership by charismatic monarch.
b.
hierarchy and domination.
c.
sharing scant resources.
d.
hegemonic power of a centralized authority.
111. Where do most remaining foragers live?
a.
There are no remaining foragers.
b.
Polynesia
c.
parts of the Middle East, Asia, and the Pacific
d.
remote areas such as rain forests, arctic tundra, and deserts
112. Richard, who is an excellent graduate student but an incompetent hunter, was
relieved to find that the Ju/’Hoansi men share the spoils of their hunt with all who
live with them, including guests. Richard is conducting participant observation with
a
a.
band.
b.
tribe.
c.
state.
d.
chiefdom.
113. The political system with the least stratification is a
a.
band.
b.
tribe.
c.
state.
d.
chiefdom.
114. A decentralized political authority in which decisions are made by consensus is a
characteristic of a
a.
band.
b.
tribe.
c.
state.
d.
chiefdom.
115. What does the size of a band depend on?
a.
aggression and rivalry within and between bands
b.
hunting and ritual cycles as well as conflict and alliances
c.
weaker or stronger leadership of the paramount chief
d.
its evolutionary stage
116. What is the average size of a band?
a.
20 to several hundred individuals
b.
200,000 people
c.
10,000–12,000 people
d.
12 people
117. From the late 1800s until the 1960s, anthropological studies of politics and power
focused on
a.
contemporary hunter-gatherer groups, pastoralists, and horticulturalists.
b.
complex state-oriented societies.
c.
social movements.
d.
how local settings are politically incorporated into larger contexts.
118. When did the subfield of political anthropology emerge?
a.
after World War II
b.
the late 1800s
c.
during the conquest of the Americas
d.
around 2015
119. Early political anthropologists created typologies to organize political systems.
Although they are infrequently used today, these typologies shaped a generation of
anthropological thinking about political systems. Which of the following is a reason
why political typologies are problematic?
a.
Political typologies take colonial activities into account.
b.
Political typologies have too many categories.
c.
Political typologies are too complex.
d.
Political typologies are not reliable representations of past political structures.
120. Micronesia is an archipelago of islands in the South Pacific that is drastically
affected by the weather patterns in the region. With regularity, storms destroy their
homes and droughts threaten their crops, yet Micronesians continue to adjust to
their difficult environment. Which of the following is a way in which Micronesian
culture has adapted to help people survive in their fluctuating climate?
a.
Micronesians celebrate and greatly respect artists.
b.
Micronesians place a high importance on reciprocity and duty.
c.
Micronesians create simple social and political structures.
d.
Micronesians live in patriarchal clans across various islands.
121. Since the late 1800s, anthropologists studying politics and power focused on small-
scale societies in remote locations around the world. In the twentieth century,
another specialization, political anthropology, emerged in response to various
events. Which is a characteristic of the beginnings of political anthropology?
a.
Early political anthropology developed after World War II.
b.
Early political anthropologists did not organize different political systems.
c.
Early political anthropology placed communities in the larger historical and
political context.
d.
Early political anthropology focused on contemporary hunter-gatherers.
122. Micronesia’s traditional political system of ________, who are dispersed across
many islands, allows them to readily recover from catastrophic storms and
droughts.
a.
egalitarian bands
b.
hierarchical chiefdoms
c.
dispersed matrilineal clans
d.
consolidated patrilineal clans
123. An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities
under the permanent control of a paramount chief is a
a.
group.
b.
band.
c.
tribe.
d.
chiefdom.
124. Anthropologists have observed that the tribal leaders build and maintain power
through
a.
personal achievements.
b.
being elected to political institutions.
c.
the strong enforcement of religious beliefs.
d.
ascending through the political ranks.
125. An indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders that lives, to some
extent, outside the control of a centralized authoritative state, is a
a.
group.
b.
band.
c.
tribe.
d.
chiefdom.
126. Small, kin-based groups that hunt and gather over a particular territory and
constantly break up and reform in response to conflicts are referred to as
a.
bands.
b.
chiefdoms.
c.
movements.
d.
tribes.
127. What do anthropologists call a small, kinship-based group of foragers who move
around in a particular territory?
a.
group
b.
band
c.
tribe
d.
chiefdom
128. The Hadza are a small hunter-gatherer group in Tanzania, who have no tribal or
governing hierarchy. They are
a.
a chiefdom.
b.
hegemonic in Tanzania.
c.
diverse.
d.
egalitarian.
129. What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation,
generosity, and the sharing of resources?
a.
compatibility
b.
hegemony
c.
egalitarianism
d.
hierarchy
130. A mufti is
a.
a spacious room in a mosque.
b.
an Islamic legal scholar and interpreter of Islamic Law.
c.
a court system based on Sharia law.
d.
a judge in an Egyptian personal status court.
131. The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence is
a.
politics.
b.
uprisings.
c.
power.
d.
social movements.
132. What do the Sundarbans campaign in Bangladesh and the Fossil Free movement
at Swarthmore College have in common?
a.
Both engaged in teach-ins and student-led demonstrations.
b.
Both groups marched over one hundred miles to protest fossil fuel-powered
plants.
c.
Both took action to halt and reverse climate change and global warming.
d.
Both groups caused their university to divest from fossil fuels.
133. Why did students at Swarthmore College occupy a university administration
building during spring 2016?
a.
to encourage need-blind admission
b.
to protest recent hate crimes
c.
to push for divestment from fossil fuels of the school’s endowment funds
d.
to participate in a hazing ritual
134. In Bangladesh, over a thousand youths marched more than a hundred miles to
protest the construction of coal-fired power plants. What does this demonstrate?
a.
people taking political action to resist climate change
b.
electoral politics in action
c.
the persistence of egalitarianism
d.
the reign of hierarchy
Answer Key
chapter 14
also mentions that local organizations may join forces with transnational
