Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 11
1. Define the term commodity chain. How has globalization affected commodity
chains? Describe two global commodity chains discussed in the text. Discuss how
each illustrates the complex dynamics of the global economy.
2. Explain the controversies associated with neoliberal policies. What is the reasoning
behind structural adjustment policies? Use two examples from Jamaica to discuss
problems associated with structural adjustment.
3. Why have patterns of global inequality established under colonialism persisted into
the current era?
4. Explain how Wallerstein’s theory of the modern world system envisions the
relationship among core, periphery, and semiperiphery countries.
5. What assumptions do modernization theories and the Western development model
share?
6. Are the core and periphery always geographically isolated from one another? Give
an example of how a peripheral area can exist within a core nation and a second
example of how a core area can exist within a periphery nation. How does the
author account for this phenomenon?
7. When did the majority of anticolonial and independence movements occur? Why
did they happen at that time? Identify three strategies used to gain national
independence and explain how external forces contributed to their success.
8. Where and when did the triangle trade network occur? What were the principal
commodities traded? What were some of the consequences for the societies
involved in the trade?
9. How did European colonialism impact the development of the global economic
system?
10. Describe the Old-World long-distance trade routes that were precursors to the
contemporary global economy. Give two examples of the commodities exchanged
by Arab and Chinese traders. How did these products move from Asia to Europe?
11. What is agricultural production? Where and when was it first seen in the
archaeological record? What technologies does this subsistence strategy use?
Name three social, political, and demographic features of agricultural societies that
are not found in horticultural, pastoral, or foraging lifestyles.
12. Describe the “foraging” adaptive strategy. When did all humans use this adaptive
strategy? Where are the primary locations where it is practiced today?
13. Many Fuzhounese immigrants to New York work in
a.
technological innovation.
b.
agricultural labor.
c.
the gold business.
d.
restaurants.
14. How much do smugglers charge Fuzhounese migrants to go to the United States?
a.
over $80,000
b.
over $8,000
c.
over $18,000
d.
over $800,000
15. Each day, ________ traders gather in the Tsukiji Fish Market to auction fish from
around the world.
a.
6,000
b.
22,000
c.
60,000
d.
22,000,000
16. Industrial agriculture has dramatically increased the planet’s overall food supply.
Why do more than 3 million children still die of malnutrition each year?
a.
Global inequality continues to be a problem.
b.
People in poor regions will not consume the types of food produced there.
c.
Poor people live in remote regions with no transportation systems to access
food.
d.
Poverty and starvation are exclusively caused by political strife and war.
17. Which of the following does the author identify as a success the global economy
has achieved in the past thirty years?
a.
School enrollments have more than doubled across the globe.
b.
Infant mortality rates have dropped by more than 60 percent.
c.
Now fewer than 1 million people across the globe go hungry each day.
d.
Life expectancy has doubled in the past decade.
18. What is typically true for Chinese immigrants who enter the United States through
New York as restaurant workers?
a.
They typically learn to speak English well before arriving.
b.
They tend to come from larger cities such as Beijing and have experience
working in restaurants.
c.
They save up for years before making the journey, so that they have no debts
on arrival.
d.
They frequently suffer physical and emotional stress as underpaid employees
working long hours.
19. How does Theodore Bestor’s study of the Tsukiji Fish Market illustrate the nature of
a global commodity chain?
a.
He traces the hands through which fish pass in a network that connects
previously unconnected people and locations.
b.
Merchants in Tokyo opted to sell only local produce to make the market more
sustainable.
c.
Japanese cultural influence has spread the consumption of sushi across the
globe.
d.
The centrality of the market suggests that goods, money, ideas, and people
flow from core to periphery.
20. Which of the following is the force that anthropologists of finance suggest is behind
the global expansion of capitalism in the twenty-first century?
a.
commodity production
b.
industrial agriculture
c.
circulation of capital
d.
government deregulation
21. Anthropologist Gillian Tett studied the financial services industry in the years before
the 2008 crash. Which of the following is a reason she gives for the collapse of the
financial services industry?
a.
lack of attention to culture and to the human effects of financial decisions
b.
creative thinking
c.
lack of knowledge about financial regulations
d.
deregulation of derivatives
22. Which of the following is a reason presented by opponents of neoliberal policies for
their rejection of this philosophy?
a.
Neoliberalism promotes development, but at too high of a cost to the
environment.
b.
Neoliberalism does not have enough supporters worldwide to be effective.
c.
Neoliberalism fails to avert and alleviate economic crises.
d.
Neoliberalism does not support structural adjustment loans.
23. Neoliberalism is associated with
a.
supporting fair trade to return profits to producers.
b.
increased financial regulation to protect consumers from predatory lenders.
c.
selling public services like water and public transportation to for–profit
companies.
d.
increased spending on health and education.
24. In July 2016, the New York Stock Exchange surged after the Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported a drop in the unemployment rate. What might an anthropologist
studying this phenomenon analyze?
a.
how stocks could continue to grow unfettered
b.
the accuracy of the jobs report
c.
cultural assumptions about the link between job growth and stock prices
d.
how employment trends have changed over the past one hundred years
25. What is one way in which the U.S. government engaged in a Keynesian
intervention following the 2008 financial collapse?
a.
moving to guarantee bank deposits for financial corporations threatened by
economic collapse
b.
keeping interest rates high
c.
temporarily increasing Social Security taxes
d.
deregulating financial markets
26. What is one result of the globalization of finance?
a.
Banking processes have remained surprisingly stable over the past thirty
years in the United States.
b.
Greater regulation of financial markets associated with globalization prevents
instantaneous, around-the-clock global trading.
c.
New technologies make it easier to borrow money to start a small business or
buy a home and for the nation-state to provide social welfare support in local
communities around the world.
d.
The ability of the nation-state to regulate what occurs within its borders is
being steadily eroded.
27. What is the term for contracts based on some other asset, such as commodities,
interest rates, credit, foreign exchange rates, equities, or mortgages?
a.
long-term yields
b.
financial derivatives
c.
bank bailouts
d.
insider swaps
28. Which of these is a requirement faced by governments receiving neoliberal
structural adjustment loans?
a.
maintain price supports on essential commodities
b.
increase spending on health and educational services
c.
implement regulations on banks and financial institutions
d.
privatize state-owned enterprises
29. On what aspects of Adam Smith’s perspective on economic growth do today’s
neoliberal privatization programs build?
a.
his argument that governments were the best suited to implement
privatization to maximize profits
b.
his idea that capitalism works best when the state moderates the excesses of
capitalism and ensures its citizens’ basic welfare
c.
his theory of laissez-faire (“leave it alone”) capitalism, which calls for a free
market, free from government regulation, to create economic growth
d.
his belief that the state, not the market, is the main mechanism ensuring
economic growth
30. The position that the free market and free trade rather than the state are the main
mechanisms for ensuring economic growth is associated with which theorist?
a.
John Keynes
b.
Adam Smith
c.
Karl Marx
d.
Henry Ford
31. What argument did Keynes advance about how capitalism works best?
a.
Government must rein in the excesses of capitalism and ensure the basic
welfare of all citizens.
b.
Government must be able to control the free market completely.
c.
Free markets must be able to implement the legal structures needed to
succeed.
d.
All citizens must be able to decide what the free market can and cannot do.
32. In Kalimantan, on the island of Borneo, transnational corporations
a.
help local residents to profit from palm oil plantations, timber, and mines.
b.
use uncontrolled burns to clear rain forests at a rate of an equivalent of 300
football fields per day.
c.
cooperate with Indonesia’s military dictatorship to share profits with local
residents.
d.
link local residents to international environmental and human rights
campaigns.
33. Anna Tsing’s concept of “friction” refers to
a.
the assertion that real-life individuals, households, and communities control
the modern world system.
b.
the movement of commodities, people, ideas, and money within the borders
of the nation-state.
c.
the messy and often unequal encounters at the intersection of the local and
the global.
d.
the role of transnational corporations, international development agencies,
and global trade regulations on the movement of goods.
34. Gillian Tett’s ethnography about Wall Street
a.
studied the cultural assumptions of the banking industry that led to the 2008
financial collapse.
b.
found that bankers, government regulator, and rating agencies do not harbor
any cultural beliefs.
c.
demonstrated that the market indeed did have the ability to regulate itself.
d.
discovered that the regulation of the derivative market caused the 2008
financial collapse.
35. The policies that enabled the high-risk mortgages and financial instruments that
caused the 2008 financial crisis reflect a
a.
neoliberal policy of increased consumer protections.
b.
Keynesian policy of greater regulation of financial markets.
c.
neoliberal policy of reduced regulation of financial markets.
d.
Keynesian policy of heavy government investment in infrastructure projects.
36. Critics of neoliberal policies find them ineffective because
a.
they keep wealthy countries wealthy and poor countries poor.
b.
most of the world’s people have experienced rapid economic growth.
c.
austerity programs are not demanding enough to create political stability.
d.
they do not eliminate trade barriers or government intervention.
37. An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main
mechanism for ensuring growth, with a severely restricted role for government, is
known as
a.
the development model.
b.
neoliberalism.
c.
structural adjustment.
d.
modernization theories.
38. According to anthropologists of finance, the driving force behind the global
expansion of capitalism in the twenty-first century is
a.
industrial manufacture.
b.
labor migration.
c.
mining.
d.
the circulation of capital.
39. Stephanie Black’s documentary reveals how the effects of the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank’s structural adjustment programs on
Jamaica
a.
stabilized the national economy.
b.
harmed local agricultural business and saddled the nation with debt.
c.
caused growth by encouraging free trade.
d.
improved education and health care.
40. Fiscal austerity measures include
a.
a reduced role for the state in the economy.
b.
regulating financial and labor markets.
c.
subsidizing essential goods like food and oil.
d.
increasing government spending on health, education, and social services.
41. Franklin Delano Roosevelt created the Social Security program to ensure the basic
welfare of all Americans, especially the elderly and the most vulnerable. This
program is an example of
a.
Marxian economics.
b.
Keynesian economics.
c.
neoliberalism.
d.
Modernization theory.
42. Relocating call centers from Kansas and Nebraska to the Philippines and India is
an example of
a.
Fordism.
b.
outsourcing.
c.
offshoring.
d.
cultural capital.
43. The increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in
an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation
technologies, are called
a.
flexible accumulation.
b.
modernization.
c.
Fordism.
d.
development.
44. Former industrial centers that have reinvented themselves as command centers for
global production are called
a.
developing cities.
b.
global cities.
c.
modern cities.
d.
semiperiphery cities.
45. The dominant model of industrial production for much of the twentieth century,
based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government, is
referred to as
a.
flexible accumulation.
b.
modernization.
c.
Fordism.
d.
development.
46. What are two key strategies of flexible accumulation?
a.
offshoring and outsourcing
b.
guaranteeing an eight-hour workday and securing a living wage
c.
regulating workers’ health and safety and monitoring environmental impact
d.
increasing wages and increasing benefits
47. Henry Ford is known for the Model T as well as “Fordism.” A central tenet of
Fordism was that workers should
a.
earn higher wages and work shorter hours, creating a new pool of consumers
with the income and leisure to purchase a car.
b.
earn lower wages and work shorter hours, since they were easily replaced on
the assembly line.
c.
be drawn from a pool of immigrant labor, which was cheaper and willing to
tolerate the grueling work of an assembly line.
d.
be paid lower wages and work longer hours.
48. Under the influence of Fordism after World War II, the U.S. government regulated
some aspects of corporate behavior. What was the tax structure imposed at that
time and what side effect did it have?
a.
A high marginal rate was imposed on the very wealthy, which helped
moderate inequality.
b.
A low marginal rate was imposed on the very wealthy, which helped
moderate inequality.
c.
The very wealthy were given tax exemptions that allowed employment to
flourish.
d.
The very wealthy were given tax exemptions that created high
unemployment.
49. Identify the main reason why the 1965 film The Battle of Algiers was not allowed to
be screened in France until 2001.
a.
The film depicted French troops in a negative light.
b.
The film caused too many Algerians to move to France.
c.
The film was directed by an Algerian nationalist.
d.
The film contained pornographic imagery.
50. The U.N. Development Program’s Human Development Index
a.
measures national development in terms of gross domestic product.
b.
replaces holistic ways of measuring with economic data.
c.
considers improvements in life expectancy, literacy, education, political
participation, and access to basic resources.
d.
questions the ultimate goals and beneficiaries of development.
51. Bangladesh, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand provide cheap labor for export-
processing facilities, which are owned by transnational corporations. They are
a.
core countries.
b.
semiperiphery countries.
c.
periphery countries.
d.
industrialized countries.
52. Periphery countries
a.
extract cheap labor and raw materials and send them to industrialized
countries.
b.
are sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets for industrialized
countries.
c.
may be semi-industrialized but lack global influence.
d.
add value to raw materials by transforming them into manufactured goods.
53. Nations ranking in between core and periphery countries with some attributes of
the core countries, but with less of a central role in the global economy, are
a.
semiperiphery countries.
b.
underdeveloped countries.
c.
periphery countries.
d.
core countries.
54. Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system are
a.
semiperiphery countries.
b.
underdeveloped countries.
c.
periphery countries.
d.
core countries.
55. The idea that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an
unbalanced global economic system is
a.
dependency.
b.
underdevelopment.
c.
development.
d.
modernization.
56. Why did scholars begin to doubt the development model?
a.
Foreign investment and aid had stimulated modernization and
industrialization.
b.
Former colonies experienced economic stagnated and became heavily
indebted.
c.
Developing nations were able to pay off their international debts.
d.
Developing nations alleviated poverty through industrialization.
57. The post–World War II strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth,
alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national
economics of former colonies is called
a.
modernization theories.
b.
dependency theory.
c.
world systems theory.
d.
the development model.
58. Post–World War II economic theories that predicted less-developed countries
would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized
countries are considered
a.
modernization theories.
b.
dependency theory.
c.
world systems theory.
d.
the development model.
59. Why did national independence succeed after World War II?
a.
European nations devastated by the war could not finance or fight organized
resistance in overseas colonies.
b.
Migration from the colonies to the core countries caused job panic amid the
core countries’ residents.
c.
Europe no longer profited from colonies when their natural resources had
been depleted.
d.
The colonies had been able to modernize as the European nations had done
before.
60. By ________, most of Spain’s colonies had achieved independence.
a.
1776
b.
1804
c.
1825
d.
1945
61. What financed Europe’s Industrial Revolution?
a.
trade with China
b.
modernization
c.
state investment in infrastructure
d.
the profits from the triangle trade
62. The colonial era North American fur trade
a.
disrupted Native American ways of life.
b.
created a demand for African slaves.
c.
is called the triangle trade.
d.
caused wars between the British and the Spanish.
63. The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyond
their own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw
materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions is called
a.
colonialism.
b.
long-distance exchange.
c.
continental warfare.
d.
triangle trade.
64. How did the colonial powers divide the African interior among themselves at the
Berlin Conference in 1884?
a.
Boundaries were allocated according to which colonial power was then the
most powerful.
b.
Boundaries were negotiated with the local leaders.
c.
Boundaries were drawn along existing ethnic and cultural lines.
d.
Boundaries were drawn along geographical lines such as rivers and
mountains.
65. What conditions led to the emergence of dependency theory?
a.
African scholars argued that industrialized countries were using the land and
rain in East Africa to grow crops for export.
b.
Anthropologists observed that inadequate natural resources made former
colonies across the globe dependent on help from industrialized nations.
c.
Latin American scholars observed that the global economy was structured to
extract resources from less-developed nations and transfer them to
industrialized nations.
d.
European scholars argued that flows of migrants from the global North to the
global South made Europe dependent on immigrants as a labor source.
66. How is Wallerstein’s world systems theory complicated by globalization?
a.
There is not always geographical isolation between core and peripheral
nations.
b.
Globalization creates geographical isolation between the core and the
peripheral nations.
c.
Both core and peripheral nations are developing more rapidly.
d.
Semiperipheral nations are major contributors to continued poverty.
67. According to Immanuel Wallerstein’s world systems analysis, ________ is/are a
defining characteristic of the periphery.
a.
tax shelter opportunities
b.
cheap labor
c.
industrial development
d.
military development
68. Why did some critics question the economic development strategies used by
Western nations after World War II to address structural imbalances in the global
economy?
a.
Former colonies did not experience the expected levels of growth.
b.
Nations that had smaller populations continued to experience serious
poverty.
c.
Former colonial powers had never exploited other countries.
d.
The cost of restoring the war-torn nations of Europe proved far higher than
originally thought.
69. A critique of modernization theory suggest that neocolonialism causes
underdevelopment, and that poor countries stay underdeveloped because the
global economic system extracts and transfers ________ to developed nations.
a.
culture
b.
people
c.
resources
d.
energy
70. Development is frequently considered to be a way to spur economic growth and a
path toward
a.
balanced trade.
b.
environmental sustainability.
c.
progress.
d.
neocolonialism.
71. What major event set the stage for the success of national independence
movements outside Latin America?
a.
the Haitian revolution
b.
World War I
c.
the Battle of Algiers
d.
World War II
72. Why is Haiti considered a significant former colony?
a.
It was the first nation to gain independence from a colonial power.
b.
It was the first independent former colony to be ruled by people of African
descent.
c.
It was the first Independence movement to employ nonviolent resistance
against British colonialism.
d.
Widespread migration from Haiti to Britain occurred after independence.
73. What lasting legacy resulted from the China-Europe trade imbalance and the
desire of European nations to participate in the world economy of that time?
a.
slavery
b.
colonialism
c.
disease
d.
religious domination
74. Periphery countries serve primarily as sources of
a.
colonialism.
b.
cheap labor and raw materials.
c.
industrialization.
d.
redistribution.
75. Wallerstein’s world systems theory divides the nations of the world into
a.
urban centers and geographically isolated areas.
b.
core, periphery, and semiperiphery.
c.
developed and underdeveloped.
d.
modern and traditional regions.
76. Post–World War II development efforts reflect a belief
a.
that structural flaws are the cause of underdevelopment.
b.
that colonies should provide resources, labor, and markets to rebuild Europe.
c.
in the inevitability and universality of human progress.
d.
in participation in the global economy causes underdevelopment.
77. The last Asian colony to achieve independence from European colonial powers
was
a.
Zimbabwe.
b.
Hong Kong.
c.
Côte d’Ivoire.
d.
Macau.
78. After Algeria became independent from France in 1962,
a.
the French banned Algerian national cinema in France and Algeria.
b.
over a million French settlers and Algerians soldiers from the French army
migrated to France.
c.
the French built the Casbah in restitution for the colonialism and the war.
d.
poor French settlers moved to Algeria to find work in the expanding postwar
economy.
79. What occurred in Japan with respect to colonialism?
a.
It was colonized by the British and the Portuguese.
b.
It became independent from colonial rule after World War II.
c.
It established its own colonial empire in Asia.
d.
It lost its colonies in Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Cambodia to
European and American forces.
80. The Berlin Conference of 1885
a.
divided Africa into political units based on ethnicity, language, history, village,
or family.
b.
divided the African continent into 150 European colonies.
c.
included no African representatives.
d.
only divided up coastal Africa; the interior was locally controlled.
81. The European Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
relied on colonies for
a.
raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in the colonial territories.
b.
cheap immigrant labor to work in European factories.
c.
cheaply produced goods manufactured in the colonies.
d.
competition to drive innovation.
82. The eighteenth- and nineteenth-century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill
craft to machine-based manufacturing is called
a.
industrial agriculture.
b.
modernization.
c.
development.
d.
the Industrial Revolution.
83. The “triangle trade” that emerged in the 1500s resulted in the exchange of goods,
people, wealth, food, disease and ideas between
a.
Europe, the Americas, and Asia.
b.
the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
c.
Africa, Europe, and the Americas.
d.
Europe, Africa, and Asia.
84. Marco Polo, Ibn Battutah, and Zheng
a.
sailed to the Americas after Columbus.
b.
were Arab traders who traveled the Silk Route from China to Venice.
c.
journeyed long-distance trade routes before Columbus sailed to the
Americas.
d.
visited Chinese traders who had settled in South Asia, the Middle East, and
Africa.
85. Dependency theorists argued that underdeveloped countries should
a.
become self-sufficient.
b.
borrow to invest in infrastructure.
c.
follow the path of Western development.
d.
supply raw materials to the global economic system.
86. The expansion of sugar cane plantations in South America and the Caribbean
proved unsustainable due to a local shortage of what essential commodity?
a.
water
b.
sugar
c.
ships
d.
labor
87. The European desire to participate in the world economy of the 1500s led to a
frenzied effort among European nations to procure
a.
silk.
b.
spices.
c.
silver and gold.
d.
slaves.
88. What is the commodity most closely associated with the early Chinese trade
routes?
a.
slavery
b.
sugar
c.
gold
d.
silk
89. Prior to the European exploration of the Americas, how did goods move from China
to Europe?
a.
on carts pulled by draft animals on overland routes via Siberia and northern
Europe
b.
by sea routes that crossed the Pacific and went around the southern tip of
South America
c.
on camel caravans on the Silk Road, then through overland routes and
Mediterranean ports
d.
via long-distance sea routes along the Arabian Peninsula then around the
western coast of Africa
90. In the late 1400s, China led the world in the production of goods such as silk,
porcelain, tea, fruit, drugs, cotton, weapons, and other goods that the Europeans
desired. However, Europe produced few products that the Chinese wanted. Why
did this encourage the Europeans to conquer and plunder the Americas?
a.
There was a currency surplus in Europe, with vast reserves held by the ruling
elite.
b.
Due to the resulting trade deficit, European nations needed precious metals
to pay for Chinese goods.
c.
Europeans needed a shorter trade route to Asia to enter the world economy.
d.
Europeans hoped to open new trade networks to import luxury goods from
the Aztec Empire.
91. Carrying capacity refers to the number of people who can be supported by the
resources of the surrounding region. Which of the following adaptive strategies has
a high carrying capacity?
a.
industrial agriculture
b.
pastoralism
c.
food foraging
d.
horticulture
92. What is the best definition of economy?
a.
a cultural adaptation that enables a group of humans to use land, resources,
and labor to satisfy their needs
b.
an exchange of goods and services one for the other
c.
a system of financial transactions within a country
d.
a practice in which a nation-state extends power beyond its own borders over
an extended period of time to secure access to certain commodities in other
regions
93. In the United States, what form of economic system is taxation?
a.
redistribution
b.
balanced reciprocity
c.
negative reciprocity
d.
market exchange
94. An anthropologist would characterize a tax refund as
a.
reallocation.
b.
balanced reciprocity.
c.
a leveling mechanism.
d.
market exchange.
95. As a child, you may have received a small “allowance”—a small amount of money
on a regular occasion to use as you wished—from a parent who supported the
family with a job. What would an anthropologist call this?
a.
generalized reciprocity
b.
redistribution
c.
balanced reciprocity
d.
gifting
96. ________ reciprocity refers to closing a business deal in which both parties try to
come out ahead.
a.
Balanced
b.
Forced
c.
Negative
d.
Generalized
97. What is the primary difference between balanced and generalized reciprocity?
a.
In generalized reciprocity, the value of what is exchanged is not carefully
calculated.
b.
Balanced reciprocity occurs only between immediate family members.
c.
Generalized reciprocity only occurs between strangers.
d.
In balanced reciprocity, both partners try to get more than they give.
98. What function does reciprocity serve?
a.
It allows leaders to demand taxes from the people.
b.
It regulates industrial agriculture.
c.
It maximizes profit.
d.
It helps build social ties and prestige.
99. How do simpler subsistence strategies compare to industrial agriculture?
a.
Their carrying capacities are more locally limited.
b.
They support more extensive human settlements.
c.
They are more readily subject to environmental changes.
d.
They require more energy.
100. Industrial agriculture is increasing
a.
poverty worldwide.
b.
crop diversity worldwide.
c.
the human ecological footprint.
d.
the number of people working in agriculture worldwide.
101. What is one of the changes that occurs with the transition to intensive agriculture?
a.
Population sizes tend to decrease.
b.
Surpluses generated through peasant labor are transferred to a small elite.
c.
A more egalitarian lifestyle emerges.
d.
Food surpluses reduce social distinctions.
102. Where do the remaining food foragers often live today?
a.
in places where there are no other sustainable ways of earning money or
producing food
b.
in remote regions where inhabitants have never had contact with other
societies or civilizations
c.
the Fertile Crescent
d.
on plantations where they work for wealthy landlords
103. Which of the following distinguishes agriculture in nonindustrial states from
subsistence strategies in egalitarian societies?
a.
swidden farming
b.
tending livestock
c.
gathering of nuts, fruits, and root crops
d.
peasants and landless tenants as wage laborers
104. Which of the following has the greatest carrying capacity?
a.
small, local farms
b.
groups of food foragers
c.
industrial agriculture
d.
pastoralists
105. What is an important characteristic of agriculture?
a.
It rarely produces a surplus that can be sold.
b.
It uses labor and technology such as irrigation systems and plows.
c.
It is an environmentally low-impact practice.
d.
It uses a slash-and-burn method to clear land.
106. What is the process of transhumance?
a.
herders moving livestock seasonally between different altitudes
b.
herders moving livestock into shelter for the night
c.
herders moving from one place to another seeking work
d.
herders employing breeding techniques to produce new livestock species
107. Both horticulture and agriculture focus on the use of plants as a source of food.
What is the difference between them?
a.
the use of seeds to start the crops
b.
a requirement of different systems of irrigation
c.
the level of intensity of the process
d.
neither includes any other source of foodstuffs
108. Robert Gordon’s ethnography of the Namibian hunter-gatherers challenges many
stereotyped beliefs about foraging societies and notes their ethnic and linguistic
diversity. What is one of the surprising elements that Gordon’s work reveals?
a.
their willingness to cede land to the colonial powers
b.
their involvement with copper mining and trade
c.
their ability to retain the lands they occupied prior to the colonial invasion
d.
that their food sources also included agricultural methods
109. Which group of humans relied primarily on adaptive strategies that included
hunting, fishing, and gathering plants for food?
a.
pastoral groups
b.
primitive agricultural tribes
c.
industrialized societies
d.
early preagricultural groups
110. What do anthropologists call a cultural adaptation to the environment that enables
groups to use available resources to satisfy their needs and thrive?
a.
an economy
b.
capitalism
c.
horticulture
d.
civilization
111. When the U.S. government used taxpayer money to bail out failing Wall Street
financial firms, the pattern of redistribution
a.
shifted wealth upward.
b.
shifted wealth downward.
c.
had a leveling effect.
d.
created balanced reciprocity.
112. Market exchange is characterized by the
a.
barter of goods and services at a market.
b.
use of an exchange medium such as U.S. dollars.
c.
exchange of goods and services for other goods or services.
d.
exchange of goods, resources, or services to create a social relationship.
113. Your office has performed the traditional “Secret Santa” exchange for many years.
In this event, every officemate brings a gift worth no more than $20 to be
anonymously given at the annual holiday party. This an example of
a.
redistribution.
b.
balanced reciprocity.
c.
generalized reciprocity.
d.
negative reciprocity.
114. Last week, your roommate washed your dirty mug along with his dishes. Yesterday,
he left you exactly one dirty glass of his to wash along with a passive-aggressive
note explaining why this was fair. This is an example of
a.
barter.
b.
balanced reciprocity.
c.
generalized reciprocity.
d.
negative reciprocity.
115. Your parents have never charged you for groceries and labor for all the meals you
consumed at home at their expense. This is an example of
a.
barter.
b.
generalized reciprocity.
c.
redistribution.
d.
negative reciprocity.
116. The pickpocket who stole your phone during your vacation engaged in an act of
a.
bartering.
b.
generalized reciprocity.
c.
redistribution.
d.
negative reciprocity.
117. In the community of Hatun Pacha, agriculturalists exchange their crops for sheep
herders’ meat and yogurt at the Sunday market. This is called
a.
market exchange.
b.
bartering.
c.
medium of exchange.
d.
redistribution.
118. The direct exchange of goods and services, one for the other, without currency or
money is called
a.
market exchange.
b.
carrying capacity.
c.
bartering.
d.
gift giving.
119. Balanced, generalized, and negative are types of
a.
market exchange.
b.
reciprocity.
c.
borrowing.
d.
gift giving.
120. Redistribution
a.
increases or decreases the inequality of wealth and resources within a group.
b.
is only used by chiefs of small-scale societies while taxation is only used by
nation-states.
c.
is another word for balanced reciprocity.
d.
brings prestige to community members as food and goods are collected for
the chief.
121. Email scams are an example of
a.
generalized reciprocity.
b.
balanced reciprocity.
c.
negative redistribution.
d.
negative reciprocity.
122. A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of
the group and reallocated in a different pattern is called
a.
generalized reciprocity.
b.
reciprocity.
c.
redistribution.
d.
negative redistribution.
123. Reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange are the three main
a.
subsistence patterns.
b.
types of reciprocity.
c.
kinds of social distance between exchange partners.
d.
patterns of exchange.
124. Why do wealthy food-producing nations such as China, Korea, Japan, India, and
Saudi Arabia buy up agricultural land and water resources in Africa?
a.
because they cannot afford pest- and weather-resistant crop varieties
b.
to prevent global climate change
c.
to ensure exports of wheat, rice, and corn to support their own populations
d.
because they wish to feed African countries in times of environmental and
economic instability
125. Industrial agriculture requires ________ energy inputs and often uses ________
calories to produce the food than the food provides when consumed.
a.
high; more
b.
high; less
c.
low; more
d.
low; less
126. Industrial agribusiness often
a.
pushes rural, self-sufficient farmers off their land.
b.
is driven by local companies.
c.
functions harmoniously alongside horticulture and food foraging.
d.
attracts workers from urban centers in search of wage labor.
127. The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea are famous for their cultivation of yams on
small plots, which not only serve as foodstuff but are important in determining
social status. They are
a.
foragers.
b.
horticulturalists.
c.
pastoralists.
d.
agriculturalists.
128. The Nuer of South Sudan heard cattle for a living. They are
a.
foragers.
b.
horticulturalists.
c.
pastoralists.
d.
agriculturalists.
129. Intensive industrialized agriculture is characterized by
a.
egalitarian social relations.
b.
social stratification.
c.
a very low carrying capacity.
d.
slash-and-burn agriculture.
130. What are the three adaptive strategies for food production in nonindustrial societies
identified by Yehudi Cohen?
a.
pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture
b.
foraging, pastoralism, and horticulture
c.
pastoralism, agriculture, and industrialism
d.
foraging, agriculture, and industrialism
131. Which primary adaptive strategy includes hunting, fishing, and gathering plants for
food?
a.
pastoralism
b.
horticulture
c.
agriculture
d.
foraging
132. The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding
region is called
a.
social mobility.
b.
carrying capacity.
c.
means of production.
d.
level of intensity.
133. An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated
land to create a surplus is called
a.
foraging.
b.
horticulture.
c.
pastoralism.
d.
agriculture.
134. The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor
is called
a.
foraging.
b.
horticulture.
c.
pastoralism.
d.
agriculture.
135. A strategy for food production relying primarily on the domestication of animals is
a.
foraging.
b.
horticulture.
c.
pastoralism.
d.
agriculture.
136. The !Kung San, Mbuti, and Efe people are recent examples of
a.
foragers.
b.
horticulturalists.
c.
pastoralists.
d.
Stone Age survivals.
137. The Canadian/Alaskan Inuit and Australian aborigines are examples of
a.
recent food foragers.
b.
pastoralists.
c.
horticulturalists.
d.
groups who use irrigation and draft animals.
138. The exchange of resources, goods, and services among those of relatively equal
status is called
a.
reciprocity.
b.
redistribution.
c.
market exchange.
d.
bartering.
139. Archaeological evidence suggests that human evolutionary success relied on
a.
hierarchy, violence, and aggression.
b.
cooperation and sharing.
c.
farming and domesticating animals.
d.
developing industrial agriculture.
140. The lucrative coffee and chocolate industry in Côte d’Ivoire fueled
a.
ethnic violence and civil war.
b.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) development programs.
c.
Mali’s cooperation against U.S. agribusinesses.
d.
a new wave of French colonization.
141. In 1840, the ________ established a colony in Côte d’Ivoire to enter the ivory trade
and build coffee and cocoa plantations.
a.
Spanish
b.
French
c.
Portuguese
d.
British
142. Seven million Côte d’Ivoirians earn their living in the cocoa and coffee farming
industries. How much of the profits reaped from this industry go to the farmers
themselves?
a.
40 percent of the profits
b.
They split the profits with the Archer Daniels Midland firm.
c.
only a tiny fraction of the profits
d.
nearly all the profits
Answer Key
chapter 11
