Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 10
1. Karl Marx argued that societies in the emerging capitalist economy of nineteenth-
century Europe consisted of two distinct classes of people. Identify the classes and
the resources or factors that distinguished them according to Marx.
2. Discrimination on the basis of caste was outlawed in the constitution written after
India gained independence in 1949. In practice, has this ended discrimination
against the Dalits?
3. How accurate is the myth of the classless society with upward mobility for the
hardworking and talented, including the potential to rise from rags to riches in a
single generation? Students should support their answer with evidence from the
text.
4. Students should explain whether poverty is a structural economic problem or a
cultural one. They should evaluate both sides of the debate and explain which side
they find to be a more compelling explanation and why.
5. Karl Marx, Max Weber, Pierre Bourdieu, and Leith Mullings are theorists who have
examined social stratification. Indicate whose approach you find most convincing
and explain how their approach to examining class differs from the others. What
makes this approach the most convincing?
6. Pierre Bourdieu argued that, in addition to a family’s economic circumstances, two
key factors affect an individual’s social status and potential for social mobility. What
are these key factors, and how do they affect an individual’s social status in a
stratified society?
7. Can Marx’s theory still be applied to understanding social classes in the global
economy today? Why or why not? Support your position with an example.
8. According to Marx, how do capitalists create the kind of value that becomes
economic profit?
9. The potlatch is a ritual practiced by the Kwakiutl people of the Pacific Northwest. It
serves both a practical and ceremonial function in that it helps redistribute
resources for the benefit of the group and also establishes social status and
prestige via the chief’s capacity for generosity. What are two examples of
ceremonies in your own society in which gift giving takes place? What is the
function of gift giving in these examples, and how does it benefit the giver, receiver,
and social group generally? What happens if an individual does not give a gift in
these examples?
10. Contemporary economic relations today tend to be organized around the exchange
of money for servicer; however, patterns of reciprocity still exist, even in highly
stratified societies. Give three examples of patterns of reciprocity that are likely to
occur in your society today. What purpose do they serve within or between social
groups?
11. While the Indian caste system has been in existence for 2,000 years, Portuguese
and British colonial influence dramatically restructured the system in the fifteenth
century. Which of the following is an action of colonial government that affected the
caste system in India?
a.
Colonial governments created laws that removed certain groups from their
ancestral lands.
b.
Colonial governments did not replicate class systems established in England.
c.
Colonial governments made the caste system more flexible.
d.
Colonial governments employed and mixed different caste classes together.
12. Which person in Cochabamba, Bolivia, works in the informal economy?
a.
Hernando rents a narrow stall in the central pavilion, and sells fruits and
vegetables.
b.
Lola sells bananas to tourists from a cart attached to her bicycle.
c.
Juanita is a police officer who monitors the pavilion for illegal sales.
d.
Anneli sells trinkets to tourists at her local shop.
13. The World Bank’s Gini index
a.
compares the per capita gross national income of different countries.
b.
measures gross domestic product as well as social variable.
c.
provides indices of inequality within countries.
d.
measures rates of infant mortality.
14. Hurricane Katrina was called an “unnatural disaster” because its more severe
effects were caused by
a.
water crises.
b.
the government’s failure to build and maintain an adequate system of flood
protection.
c.
global warming.
d.
the storm itself.
15. Hydraulic citizenship refers to
a.
a right to water.
b.
a kind of social capital.
c.
a fluid kind of transnational belonging.
d.
homelessness.
16. Landfills
a.
prevent neighborhoods and ecosystems from being transformed.
b.
are the last stop for material that passes through a complex network of
workers.
c.
are largely visible to everyone in the United States.
d.
do not reflect relations of class and inequality as they are far from people.
17. Who are members of India’s “lowest” caste, the “Untouchables”?
a.
Dalits
b.
Jatis
c.
Ksyatriyas
d.
Varnas
18. A(n) ________ status is assigned, usually at birth; but a(n) ________ status is a
status acquired during one’s lifetime.
a.
class; caste
b.
ascribed; achieved
c.
caste; social
d.
attributed; ascribed
19. Daniel Goldstein argues that the worldwide growth in the informal economy is due
to the
a.
workers’ own ingenuity.
b.
conditions created by the state that benefit the state.
c.
chaos and disorder of the state in developing countries.
d.
determined efforts of the street vendors.
20. Unlike the fijos, the ambulantes in Daniel Goldstein’s study
a.
have a fixed legal location.
b.
are harassed by the police.
c.
have the potential for upward economic mobility.
d.
do not belong to the informal economy.
21. The poor of Mumbai, India, must find ways to access the city’s water system. What
is the fundamental reason why they must develop covert approaches to water
access?
a.
The constant flow of migrants makes it impossible for the city to maintain
water access.
b.
The poor cannot earn enough to pay the monthly water bills.
c.
Tourist and visitor interests consume more than 90 percent of the city’s water
supplies.
d.
With no permanent address, they do not have legal access to water.
22. As India grows economically, urban areas shift from a hierarchy of caste to a
hierarchy of class, reflecting how
a.
political will and legislation have lessened the power of caste.
b.
India is changing from a society organized by a system of ascribed status to
one of achieved status.
c.
the upper castes have learned to embrace the lower castes.
d.
the Dalit-led civil rights movement has changed the attitudes of the upper
classes.
23. Studies of caste in India reveal what important fact about this particular social
structure?
a.
Caste systems are the same throughout India.
b.
Caste is a closed system of stratification with no fluidity.
c.
There is no difference between a caste system and a ranked society.
d.
Caste systems have no consistent, uniform expression.
24. A(n) ________ is a system of stratification most commonly found in South Asia.
a.
caste system
b.
ranked society
c.
egalitarian society
d.
capitalist society
25. Street vendors in Bolivia are common but selling in the street is technically illegal.
They often remain poor, despite working hard to sell their wares. What does Daniel
Goldstein suggest is a cause of their continued poverty?
a.
inconsistencies in the enforcement of laws among the urban poor
b.
a lack of transportation infrastructure that adversely affects the poor
c.
the high cost of vendor licenses due to corruption
d.
the outsourcing of labor to other countries
26. Aside from access to financial resources, what most influences an individual’s life
chances?
a.
intellectual ability and physical strength
b.
access to social resources such as education
c.
ambition to seize the means of production
d.
access to gainful employment
27. Daniel Patrick Moynihan’s 1965 report “The Negro Family: The Case for National
Action” influenced key social policies. Which of the following is a statement that
describes the central claim of this report?
a.
African American poverty is rooted in structures of inequality and
discrimination.
b.
African American poverty is rooted in cultural patterns.
c.
African American poverty is based in wealth disparity, even more than in
income disparity.
d.
African American poverty is growing more severe and pervasive over time.
28. What does anthropologist Oscar Lewis’s research suggest about why children
growing up in highly stratified societies were particularly likely to develop feelings
of marginality?
a.
Lewis’s research suggests that certain cultures came into being because of
long-term poverty.
b.
Lewis’s research suggests that the root of poverty lies in family and
community dynamics.
c.
Lewis’s research suggests that poor people’s lifestyles and ways of thinking
perpetuate poverty into the next generation.
d.
Lewis’s research suggests that some societies do not have poverty due to
their beliefs.
29. Identify the components of the U.S. cultural narrative that affect how many
Americans view class and inequality.
a.
The United States is a society defined by class.
b.
The United States is a meritocracy, meaning that life circumstances can be
improved through hard work.
c.
People live in poverty due to various circumstances out of their control.
d.
People’s life chances are heavily influenced by the class of one’s origin
family.
30. In Worked to the Bone: Race, Class, Power, and Privilege in Kentucky (2001),
anthropologist Pem Davidson Buck analyzes the experiences of poor whites in
Kentucky. She describes a phenomenon she calls “sweat that trickles up” where
the surplus value of these workers’ labor benefits the elite. Which of following is a
social factor that shapes the experiences of poor whites in Kentucky?
a.
the construction of race through slavery, sharecropping, and Jim Crow
legislation
b.
the barring of Asian immigrant groups
c.
the lack of motivation and poor work ethic of poor whites
d.
the increase in welfare dependency in poor whites
31. Judith Goode and Jeff Maskovsky trace the roots of contemporary poverty to
a.
the increase in government regulation of financial markets.
b.
the impact of global economic processes on the nation’s economy.
c.
expenditure on public housing, education, and investment in infrastructure.
d.
attitudes, beliefs, and values.
32. Eleanor Burke Leacock suggests that changing attitudes and values
a.
are key to changing poverty when there are jobs and access to education
and health care.
b.
motivates the poor to make determined efforts to overcome dire economic,
social, and political conditions.
c.
cannot cure poverty because they are themselves caused by poverty; they
do not cause it.
d.
cause a failure to invest in the infrastructure of impoverished communities.
33. Oscar Lewis, who coined the term “culture of poverty,”
a.
sees poverty as a structural economic problem.
b.
focused on dysfunctional behaviors, attitudes, and values that make and
keep people poor in the classless United States.
c.
studied the value-system, worldviews, aspiration, and character of the urban
poor in U.S. cities.
d.
proposed that its way of thinking and feeling led to the perpetuation of
poverty among the poor of the developing world.
34. The largest group of poor people in the United States are
a.
Hispanics living in rural communities.
b.
Asians living in suburban areas.
c.
whites living in rural and suburban area.
d.
African American living in urban centers.
35. The “culture of poverty” theory
a.
blames the victims for something caused by large economic processes.
b.
takes into account the effects of the growth of global capitalism on local
culture.
c.
suggests that poverty is caused by class-based stratification and flexible
accumulation.
d.
refers to government policies designed to regulate the economy, protect the
most vulnerable, and provide opportunities for social mobility.
36. Anthropologists view poverty as a result of
a.
personal failings.
b.
a cultural problem.
c.
a structural economic problem.
d.
dysfunctional behaviors, attitudes, and values.
37. Anthropologists have challenged the culture of poverty theory, arguing that poverty
is a structural problem that results from
a.
uneven access to a college education.
b.
partisan political infighting.
c.
poor decisions around urban renewal in the 1960s and 1970s.
d.
dysfunctional aspects of the entire economic system.
38. What is the total value of what someone owns, including stocks, bonds, and real
estate, minus any debt?
a.
wealth
b.
investments
c.
income
d.
capital
39. How do distributions of income and wealth reveal the way in which power is
distributed in a society?
a.
Income and wealth determine an individual’s access to resources such as
health care.
b.
Income and wealth do not reveal the distribution of power in a society.
c.
Income and wealth indicate the extent of cultural capital held by individuals.
d.
Both are measures of how successful an individual has been in life.
40. Which of the following consists of wages earned from work, plus dividends and
interest on investments along with rents and royalties?
a.
investments
b.
wealth
c.
income
d.
profits
41. Since the mid-1970s, how has class inequality in the United States changed?
a.
It has decreased as income and wealth have been disbursed from the
wealthy elite down to the middle- and lower-class social strata.
b.
It has increased due to decreasing tax rates for the wealthy and stagnating
salaries for the middle class.
c.
It has held steady, as tax breaks for the wealthy have been balanced by
increased salaries in the middle class.
d.
It has decreased as a result of increased tax rates on the wealthy and
redistribution of benefits to the poor.
42. “Sweat is meant to trickle up” refers to
a.
the possibility of upward social mobility for hard workers.
b.
the effects of sharecropping and Jim Crow legislation.
c.
how elites profit from the labor of poor white workers.
d.
the results of poor workers of all races allying to fight for fair wages and
better conditions.
43. Pem Davidson Buck’s research in Kentucky analyzes
a.
the intersection of class, race, and gender.
b.
how race is equated with class.
c.
the prestige of laborers of European descent.
d.
the dispossession of Native Americans.
44. Karen Ho regards the collapse of Wall Street banks and investment firms as a
result of
a.
Wall Street cultural values and workplace models.
b.
mergers and acquisitions that bloated companies with excess employees.
c.
a focus on employee well-being.
d.
attempts to minimize risk.
45. Karen Ho suggests that a “new cultural code for doing business” on Wall Street is
characterized by a(n)
a.
attention to building social safety nets.
b.
relentless search for profit.
c.
focus on producing quality goods and services.
d.
ideal of doing what is best for employees.
46. Max Weber argued that class stratification does not just happen. Identify the most
important way that the state influences class stratification.
a.
The state perpetuates class stratification through its exercise of power.
b.
The state counteracts class stratification through welfare programs.
c.
The state minimizes class stratification through corporate regulation.
d.
The state has little influence on class stratification, which mainly has to do
with the economy.
47. Identify the author of the Communist Manifesto and its purpose.
a.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote this pamphlet in order to inform
corporations of their unfair practices.
b.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote this pamphlet to urge workers to unite
and change their class position.
c.
Karl Marx and Pierre Bourdieu wrote this pamphlet to urge workers to unite
and change their class position.
d.
Friedrich Engels and Max Weber wrote this pamphlet as a commentary on
social reproduction of class.
48. Huiyan works in the nonprofit sector, where she does not make much but loves her
job. When her grandfather died, she inherited his real estate empire. She is
a.
low income but wealthy.
b.
rich and wealthy.
c.
high class but poor.
d.
high prestige but low income.
49. The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals
can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society are part of
a.
prestige.
b.
life chances.
c.
cultural capital.
d.
social mobility.
50. In many stratified societies across the world, ________ is considered the key to
upward mobility.
a.
equal opportunity
b.
education
c.
class position
d.
social reproduction
51. After a round of golf, the wealthy housewives gossip about their absent friend’s son
who had to go to his “safety school” (a state college instead of the Ivy League
universities that accepted their children). The fact that this was considered
scandalous reflects the fact that
a.
people of the same social class share similar life chances.
b.
social mobility through education is denied to elites.
c.
social reproduction does not happen through education.
d.
there is no relationship among class, culture, and power.
52. According to Max Weber, the exercise of state power through police and taxation
a.
provides equal life chances to all members of a society.
b.
reproduces class stratification.
c.
are blind to power and prestige.
d.
reflect the habitus of the state.
53. The self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed over a lifetime that shape
one’s conceptions of the world and where one fits in it is called
a.
cultural capital.
b.
prestige.
c.
habitus.
d.
class position.
54. An individual’s opportunities to improve quality of life and realize life goals are
called
a.
habitus.
b.
cultural capital.
c.
social class.
d.
life chances.
55. While a shoe-shine entrepreneur and a Silicon Valley venture capitalist are both
bourgeois, their means of making a living differ in
a.
social class.
b.
class.
c.
prestige.
d.
social mobility.
56. The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of
their membership in certain groups is called
a.
prestige.
b.
habitus.
c.
class.
d.
social mobility.
57. Amy spent the $20 she received for her birthday on supplies to make lemonade,
which she persuaded her younger brother to sell in front of the house, netting a
profit of $5. The original $20 is an example of
a.
means of production.
b.
habitus.
c.
capital.
d.
cultural capital.
58. An apartment building that can be rented for profit is an example of the
a.
means of production.
b.
proletariat.
c.
bourgeoisie.
d.
habitus.
59. Computer programmers and coal miners are both members of
a.
the bourgeoisie.
b.
the proletariat.
c.
the means of production.
d.
an egalitarian society.
60. White-collar office workers and blue-collar laborers are both members of
a.
the bourgeoisie.
b.
the proletariat.
c.
the means of production.
d.
an egalitarian society.
61. A factory owner and a hot dog cart owner are both members of
a.
the bourgeoisie.
b.
the proletariat.
c.
the means of production.
d.
an egalitarian society.
62. The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to
make things are
a.
social reproduction.
b.
the means of production.
c.
capital.
d.
habitus.
63. Leith Mullings’s work using intersectionality emerges out of a long history of
anthropological fieldwork. What characterizes this variety of fieldwork?
a.
It is holistic.
b.
It is interpretive.
c.
It is class based.
d.
It is global.
64. Leith Mullings argues that class cannot be studied in isolation but rather must be
considered together with race and gender as interlocking systems of
a.
class.
b.
status.
c.
power.
d.
prestige.
65. Anthropologist Leith Mullings has examined the corrections between class, race,
and gender, implementing what type of analytical framework?
a.
intersectionality
b.
interpretive anthropology
c.
theory of class
d.
systems of power
66. Carmen’s parents enroll her in Advanced Placement (AP) Honors French, where
the content of the class is more academically demanding than the general French
class. They also spend their summer vacation in France and hire a tutor to help
Carmen study for the AP Honors French test. Carmen receives high marks and
praise from her teachers. What aspect of Pierre Bourdieu’s work is exemplified
here?
a.
status prestige
b.
habitus
c.
cultural capital
d.
group ideology
67. Hayk purchases the most expensive tier membership to the Museum of Modern
Art. He developed an appreciation for art when his parents took him to museums
as a child. During the special members’ viewings, he moves with ease, confidence,
and a sense of entitlement through the collections with other well-heeled art
enthusiasts. How would Pierre Bourdieu describe this young man’s attitudes and
behaviors with respect to art?
a.
bourgeoisie
b.
habitus
c.
social mobility
d.
social reproduction
68. Why might Pierre Bourdieu have decided to examine his theory of social mobility—
the interrelationships between culture, class, and power—in the French school
system as opposed to, say, the workplace of adults?
a.
Schools afforded him the opportunity to study how children entered the
workplace.
b.
Schools offered the chance to look across multiple generations.
c.
Schools afforded a quieter, more stable environment.
d.
The workplaces also had many non-French persons.
69. Pierre Bourdieu investigated the relationship between class, culture, and power by
studying schools in France, with the expectation of finding that social mobility was
the result of meritocracy. What did he discover instead?
a.
Social isolation took place due to the high rate of parental involvement.
b.
Social reproduction tended to disappear after one generation of children had
completed school.
c.
Social mobility did not affect the relationship between parent and child.
d.
Social relations were reproduced across generations.
70. What is the movement, both upward and downward, of one’s class position in a
society?
a.
social capital
b.
social prestige
c.
social reproduction
d.
social mobility
71. Your best friend, who has recently graduated with honors from Harvard University,
arrives at a party you are hosting. Despite being a total stranger to all the guests,
your friend is surrounded almost constantly by others throughout the entire
evening. How would a theorist like Max Weber analyze this situation?
a.
Your friend likely has a large ego and seeks attention by nature.
b.
By attending an elite university, your friend has openly stated a dislike for the
working class, which draws lots of attention.
c.
Your friend enjoys high prestige due primarily to the affiliation with a high-
prestige university.
d.
Your friend enjoys a lot of wealth and privilege and thus draws others who
seek that as well.
72. What might Max Weber suggest is the primary difference between a lawyer in the
United States and the self-made millionaire CEO of a U.S.-based manufacturing
company?
a.
The lawyer has high prestige by virtue of occupation, while the self-made
millionaire has high wealth.
b.
The lawyer wields a great deal of power by virtue of occupation, while the
self-made millionaire has high prestige due to accomplishment.
c.
The lawyer suffers from low prestige by virtue of occupation, while the self-
made millionaire enjoys high prestige by virtue of being self-made.
d.
The lawyer has high wealth by virtue of occupation, while the self-made
millionaire does not.
73. According to Marx, why were the proletariat unable to develop a political
awareness of their class position while the bourgeoisie were able to do so?
a.
The proletariat lacked the interest or motivation to do so, while the
bourgeoisie were well connected politically and able to exploit their class
position.
b.
The proletariat were continually occupied with the struggle to make ends
meet, while the bourgeoisie developed ways to keep the proletariat divided.
c.
The proletariat were not as intelligent as the bourgeoisie.
d.
The proletariat were entirely accepting of their position in society and
recognized that class division is innate in any society.
74. According to Karl Marx’s argument, how do capitalists profit by extracting surplus
labor value from workers?
a.
They save surplus value for a day when value is scarce.
b.
Surplus labor value is the property of the proletariat, which is sold to the
bourgeoisie.
c.
Proletariats make direct payments of surplus value to capitalists.
d.
The bourgeoisie profit from the difference between the sale price and the
production costs.
75. What did Karl Marx call the group of people who lacked land and tools and sold
their labor?
a.
bourgeoisie
b.
capitalists
c.
industrialists
d.
proletariat
76. According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie consisted of a capitalist class of individuals
who owned what part of society?
a.
distribution channels
b.
means of production
c.
means of control
d.
factories
77. Karl Marx examined social inequality by distinguishing between which two distinct
classes of people?
a.
bourgeoisie and proletariat
b.
bourgeoisie and elite
c.
proletariat and impoverished
d.
elite and privileged
78. Why is Karl Marx considered an important theorist in the study of class?
a.
He developed the concept of the bourgeoisie.
b.
He was the first thinker to consider the role of the economy in society.
c.
He built on the work of Max Weber.
d.
He focused on capitalism as it pertained to workers and inequality.
79. Stratification and inequality became more pronounced in industrialized capitalist
societies in recent centuries, and this uneven development is accelerating under
the forces of globalization. Which country has the most extreme inequality?
a.
United States
b.
Sweden
c.
United Kingdom
d.
Norway
80. Archaeological evidence has shown that evolutionary success relied upon a few
key factors. What is one of these factors?
a.
individualism
b.
sharing of food and responsibilities
c.
hierarchy
d.
violence and aggression
81. When Robin Hood and his band of merry men steal from the rich to give to the
poor, giving to the poor is an example of
a.
barter.
b.
balanced reciprocity.
c.
redistribution.
d.
negative reciprocity.
82. Redistribution
a.
increases or decreases the inequality of wealth and resources within a group.
b.
is used by chiefs of small-scale societies while taxation is used by nation-
states.
c.
is another word for balanced reciprocity.
d.
brings prestige to community members as food and goods are collected for
the chief.
83. ________ is a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the
members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
a.
Generalized reciprocity
b.
Reciprocity
c.
Redistribution
d.
Negative redistribution
84. The Ju/Hoansi, Inuit, Hadza, Amish, and Hutterites are examples of
a.
egalitarian societies.
b.
ranked societies.
c.
stratified societies.
d.
hunter-gatherer groups.
85. An Amish barn raising is an example of
a.
potlatch.
b.
reciprocity.
c.
redistribution.
d.
ritual.
86. What function does reciprocity serve?
a.
It is a leveling mechanism.
b.
It provides for the poor.
c.
It maximizes profit.
d.
It helps build social ties and prestige.
87. Archaeological evidence suggests that human evolutionary success relied on
a.
hierarchy, violence, and aggression.
b.
cooperation and sharing.
c.
farming and domesticating animals.
d.
developing industrial agriculture.
88. The exchange of resources, goods, and services among those of relatively equal
status is called
a.
reciprocity.
b.
redistribution.
c.
market exchange.
d.
bartering.
89. Why is the issue of the water poisoning in Flint, Michigan, referred to as a hydro–
social process?
a.
The circulation of water intersects with human systems of power.
b.
The process of water distribution has been separated from decisions about
who gets access to clean water.
c.
Dams, canals, and irrigation systems replace the natural circulation of water.
d.
Water rights transcend systems of power.
90. What common result occurs when patterns of social stratification emerge?
a.
egalitarianism
b.
the redistribution of money
c.
the maintenance of prestige
d.
unequal access to resources
91. As a ritual ceremony, the potlatch serves to establish prestige and social status by
demonstrating a person’s capacity for
a.
power.
b.
obligation.
c.
generosity.
d.
violence.
92. When the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest perform a potlatch, there may be times
when the excess gifts are actually destroyed rather than given away. What is the
most likely reason this is done?
a.
It avoids giving excess resources to those who do not need them.
b.
It avoids giving excess resources to others who may be future enemies.
c.
It can reinforce the generosity of the chief by demonstrating his willingness to
waste resources.
d.
It can reinforce the prestige of the chief by demonstrating his capacity.
93. Other than reciprocity, how are the rank and status of a chief in a ranked society
reinforced?
a.
political parties
b.
generosity
c.
stratified wealth
d.
reproduction
94. A chief in a ranked society performs an act of gift giving that shares accumulated
wealth while also enhancing his prestige. What do anthropologists call this
process?
a.
redistribution
b.
reciprocity
c.
potlatch
d.
reintegration
95. Which of the following members of a ranked society may not accumulate great
wealth but enjoy high prestige?
a.
women
b.
elders
c.
men
d.
chiefs
96. In some societies, the social rank of each member is determined by who his or her
parents are. What can we probably say about this society?
a.
It is egalitarian.
b.
It is ranked.
c.
It is authoritarian.
d.
It is reciprocal.
97. In a ranked society, ________ are stratified.
a.
prestige and lineage
b.
wealth and prestige
c.
prestige and status
d.
wealth and status
98. What is a defining characteristic of a ranked society?
a.
Wealth is inherited but prestige and status are determined by individual merit.
b.
Wealth is redistributed according to each person’s status and prestige.
c.
Wealth, prestige, and status are equal among all members of the group.
d.
Wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are.
99. Countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are among those that have
offered increasingly generous social benefits to their populations. What is the most
likely result of this kind of action by the state?
a.
It may inadvertently increase stratification.
b.
It may help narrow stratification.
c.
It leads to high unemployment rates.
d.
It tends to discourage new businesses from starting up.
100. In contrast to present-day social structures in other parts of the United States,
Hutterite society is an example of a
a.
successful effort to establish an egalitarian system of economic and social
relations within highly stratified societies.
b.
failed effort to establish an egalitarian system of economic and social
relations within highly stratified societies.
c.
failed effort to establish an authoritarian system of economic and social
relations within highly stratified societies.
d.
successful effort to establish an authoritarian system of economic and social
relations within highly stratified societies.
101. The advent of agriculture as a primary means of subsistence signaled a change in
what aspect of human social structures?
a.
an increase in the number of egalitarian societies
b.
a decline in the number of egalitarian societies
c.
a rise in the amount of food sharing that took place between different groups
d.
an increase in the number of people that were overweight
102. Societies such as the Amish have successfully forged an egalitarian society within
the United States. To what aspect of human interaction can we attribute this
success?
a.
ranking
b.
ritual
c.
reciprocity
d.
redistribution
103. What does recent archaeological evidence suggest about hierarchy, violence, and
aggression?
a.
All have been key to increasing an individual’s life chances.
b.
Each emerged relatively recently in human history.
c.
All were central to the evolutionary success of early humans.
d.
They are the natural state of human culture.
104. Egalitarian societies depend on sharing ________ in order to ensure group
success.
a.
children
b.
resources
c.
weaponry
d.
sexual partners
105. ________ society is based on the sharing of resources to ensure group success
and has relatively low hierarchy and violence.
a.
Matriarchal
b.
Stratified
c.
Ranked
d.
Egalitarian
106. The increasing concentration of wealth into the hands of a smaller number of
persons, in part due to globalization, is part of which accelerating process?
a.
egalitarianism
b.
stratification
c.
social ranking
d.
social prestige
107. Which of these is stratified in a ranked society?
a.
gender
b.
race
c.
status
d.
wealth
108. How do systems of class affect an individual’s life chances?
a.
They reduce the chance for upward mobility.
b.
They increase the chance for upward mobility.
c.
They lead to social stagnation.
d.
They encourage rebellious behavior.
109. Which of these usually results from the unequal distribution of a society’s
resources within a class system?
a.
Surpluses move steadily downward into the hands of the poor.
b.
Surpluses move steadily upward into the hands of the elite.
c.
Resources are shared or redistributed through random lotteries.
d.
The unequal distribution itself does not affect individuals’ life chances.
110. ________ is a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates
an unequal distribution of a society’s resources.
a.
Class
b.
Ethnicity
c.
Sexuality
d.
Gender
111. What is true about systems of class and inequality?
a.
They no longer exist in postindustrialized nation-states such as the United
States.
b.
They create an unequal distribution of a society’s resources.
c.
They are a natural feature of human culture.
d.
They are most often exemplified by hunter-gatherer societies.
112. Of all the systems of stratification and power in a society, which of the following is
often considered the most difficult to see clearly and to discuss openly?
a.
race
b.
ethnicity
c.
gender
d.
class
113. What ended the prosperity in Flint, Michigan, following the Industrial Revolution?
a.
a water crisis
b.
immigration
c.
deindustrialization and flexible accumulation
d.
the birth of General Motors and the United Autoworkers Union
Answer Key
chapter 10
opportunities for employment, housing, and health care in Harlem.
