“Missing People and Others: Joining Together to Expand,” Arturo Madrid
Arturo Madrid argues that Latinos, as well as other racial and ethnic minorities, are
perceived as “other” because of language, culture, and physical attributes that differ
from those of the dominant group in society. Accordingly, access to social institutions
such as employment, education, and government is limited. Once access is obtained,
particularly in those institutions within which integration is expected, for example,
universities, ethnic and racial minorities are marginalized, denied opportunity and a
political voice. Madrid urges all members of society to unite in struggle against
marginalization, exclusion, and alienation. By ensuring that our institutions more
accurately reflect the diversity of society, we relieve social tensions and prevent the
possible disintegration of the very structures that are intended to offer opportunity.
In “Missing People and Others: Joining Together to Expand,” Arturo Madrid relates the
well-being of society to:
a. the degree and extent to which all of its citizens participate in its institutions.
b. the level of marginality maintained in society.
c. the experiences of the other in society.
d. the strength of capitalist markets.
“Sub-Prime as a Black Catastrophe,” Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro
The catastrophe described by Oliver and Shapiro is rooted in the fact that home equity
is the most important source of wealth for families in the United States. The authors
argue this is particularly so for African American families. It was the targeting of
African American families by sub-prime lenders that robbed so many of this important
and hard-earned source of security.
Due to the very high interest rates charged for these loans, the devastating effects of
these sub-prime loans has not only taken away gains made in the recent past, but will
compromise the ability of African American families into the future, effecting the
ability to open small businesses, pay for college educations, and support retirements.
Predatory loans have left African American communities facing, “the greatest loss of
financial wealth” ever. “Institutional and racialized policy,” they argue, “are trumping
hard-earned educational, job and income advances.”
African Americans own ________________ for every dollar of net worth that white
Americans own.
a. 90 cents
b. 7 cents
c. 48 cents
d. 75 cents
“Straight is to Gay as Family is to No Family,” Kath Weston
This essay presents a distinct dichotomy that depicts the establishment and maintenance
of family and extended kin in the gay and straight world. Weston delineates a path of
rejection, isolation and loneliness from straight families as gay persons attempt to
establish individual identities. In addressing misperceptions surrounding gay life, this
essay also introduces alternative approaches to the establishment and cultivation of
family life.
According to Weston, to assert that straight people naturally have access to family,
while gay people are destined to move toward a life of solitude and loneliness, is to:
a. tie kinship closely to procreation.
b. tie destiny closely to procreation and to treat gay and lesbians as heterosexuals.
c. believe that gays and lesbians are enemies of the family, especially children.
d. ignore the fact that gay couples can procreate
“Selling Sex for Visas: Sex Tourism as a Stepping-stone to International
Migration,” Denise Brennan
Addressing the myth that sex workers around the globe are simply victims of
exploitation and domination, Denise Brennan considers the case of women sex workers
in Sosua, Dominican Republic. These women – predominantly poor, single mothers
with limited educations – see sex work not as a survival strategy, but as an advancement
strategy. They have meager job opportunities and can make more money more quickly
selling sex than in any other job available to them. Ultimately many hope to obtain
marriage proposals from wealthy sex tourists, and with them visas to places with
greater economic opportunities. Brennan sites these strategies as examples of the
“savviness and resourcefulness of the so-called powerless.”
Dominican sex workers make a distinction between marriage for love and marriage for:
a. obtaining fathers for their children
b. romance
c. making a family
d. visas
“Becoming Entrepreneurs: Intersections of Race, Class, and Gender at the Black
beauty Salon,” Adia M. Harvey
Harvey applies the concept of intersectionality to Black women’s entrepreneurial
efforts, addressing how race, class and gender intersect to inform working class Black
women hair salon owners. She finds that intersections of race class and gender
influence both the process of becoming salon owners, and the relationship of owners
and stylists.
The legal and social gains of the ____________________ had an enormous impact on
Black women’s occupational opportunities, according to Harvey
a. George W. Bush administration
b. Clinton Administration
c. 1980’s
d. 1960’s
“Sub-Prime as a Black Catastrophe,” Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro
The catastrophe described by Oliver and Shapiro is rooted in the fact that home equity
is the most important source of wealth for families in the United States. The authors
argue this is particularly so for African American families. It was the targeting of
African American families by sub-prime lenders that robbed so many of this important
and hard-earned source of security.
Due to the very high interest rates charged for these loans, the devastating effects of
these sub-prime loans has not only taken away gains made in the recent past, but will
compromise the ability of African American families into the future, effecting the
ability to open small businesses, pay for college educations, and support retirements.
Predatory loans have left African American communities facing, “the greatest loss of
financial wealth” ever. “Institutional and racialized policy,” they argue, “are trumping
hard-earned educational, job and income advances.”
According to Oliver and Shapiro, sub-prime loans were targeted at:
a. young first-time borrowers.
b. single parent households.
c. African Americans, regardless of credit scores.
d. only those African Americans who did not qualify for conventional mortgages.
“Seeing More than Black and White: Latinos, Racism, and the Cultural
Divide,” Elizabeth Martinez
Elizabeth Martinez contends that Latinos, among other racial and ethnic groups, have
been largely ignored in the discussion of racism in the United States. She argues that the
growing population of these groups, along with the increased awareness of their similar
experiences, requires a broadening of the historically dichotomous view of race as
Black and White. The denial of the Latino experience reflects the conflicting perception
of Latinos by dominant society; they are viewed as invisible and a threat at the same
time. The invisibility of Latinos is reflected in either the denial of their presence or in a
one-dimensional view of Latinos based largely on stereotypes. When the presence of
Latinos is recognized, it is often within the context of jeopardizing the dominant or
other minority groups’ position. Martinez argues that the removal of Latinos from the
discussion of race has resulted not only in a denial of their experience as a group
targeted by racism, but it has prevented the acknowledgement of the similarity in their
and other people of color’s treatment thereby preventing unity in their shared struggle
against racism.
According to Martinez, innumerable statistics, reports and daily incidents should make
it impossible to exclude Latinos and other non-Black populations of color when racism
is discussed, but/and:
a. they cannot.
b. they try.
c. they do.
d. they do not.
“Seeing in 3D,” Margaret L. Andersen
Margaret L. Andersen argues that the economy is not a neutral force, as it is portrayed
in the media. Economic downturns do not hit all citizens equally. Specific groups
experience economic change in different ways. Asking, “what would we see differently
were we to view the economic recession with women and people of color in mind,”
Andersen demonstrates the varying effects on economic standing influenced by the
intersections of race, class and gender.
Which group is most likely to hold subprime mortgages?
a. Black men
b. White married couples
c. White men
d. Women of color
“The Well-Coifed Man: Class, Race, and Heterosexual Masculinity in the Hair
Salon,”Kristen Barber
Kristen Barber responds to claims that the male body is now sexualized and objectified
by media just as women’s bodies have been. In her case study of a small hair salon in
California, Barber finds that men who purchase “beauty work and beauty products”
consciously distinguish themselves from white working class men and distance
themselves from “the feminizing character ” of beauty work. She argues that these men
“appropriate embodied symbols of cultural capital that distinguish them as raced,
classed, sexualized and gendered” and that they
“heterosexualize” their contacts with women stylists, further distancing themselves
from the potential gender equalizing effects of beauty work.
The men in the hair salon Barber study resisted feminization by couching
_______________ in heterosexuality:
a. “male” haircuts
b. conversations
c. paid touch
d. beauty in general
“Are Emily and Greg More Employable Thank Lakisha and Jamal? Marianne
Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan
Recognizing that all measures of economic success show racial inequalities in the
United States labor market, these authors designed and conducted a study to determine
whether perceptions of race connected with an applicant’s name might influence
whether the applicant got called for an interview. They created fictitious job applicants
and assigned names suggestive of different races to identical resumes This article
reports their findings.
Bertrand and Mullainathan found _______________ racial differences in callback rates.
a. small but significant
b. no
c. insignificant
d. large
“White Flight in Networked Publics? How Race and Class Shaped American Teen
Engagement with Myspace and Facebook,” Danah Boyd
Danah Boyd looks at the demographics of MySpace and Facebook and Facebook and
finds that these online communities reflect the same social categories of race and class
found in the larger society. In fact, she traces a movement away from MySpace to
Facebook, and identifies the trend as “White flight” ” a trend that mirrors the movement
of Whites from urban to suburban neighborhoods in the 20th century.
In Boyd’s study teens used _______________terms to explain who participates in
which of the two social network sites, MySpace or Facebook.
a. flattering
b. racial
c. slang
d. popular culture
“Chappals and Gym Shorts: An Indian Muslim Woman in the Land of Oz,”
Almas Sayeed
Almas Sayeed is an Indian Muslim woman attending school in Kansas. A visit from her
father
speaking of marriage appears to be the catalyst that ignites her concerns regarding
certain cultural traditions. Sayeed provides an insightful journey into her family life,
cultural traditions regarding gender roles, submissiveness, marriage and sexuality.
Sayeed’s thoughts and views are strengthened by her introduction to Feminist theory.
Based upon Almas Sayeed’s essay, what kind of agreement is often made to ensure that
a daughter gets married?
a. matrimonial planning
b. arranged marriage
c. marriage celebration
d. patrilineal
“Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration
Strategies,” Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee
Orfield and Lee call for new strategies to integrate schools, because schools are
re-segregating as a result of recent court decisions, creating separate and unequal
educational experiences for Whites and minorities. This is particularly the case for
African Americans and Latinos, who Orfield and Lee describe as “highly likely to be
attending poorly supported “majority-minority” schools. Blacks and Latinos are doubly
segregated: from Whites and from middle-class students; Latinos experience triple
segregation: by class, race and language.
The average White student attends schools where _______________ percent of the
students are White.
a. 77
b. 25
c. 98
d. 55
“Policing the National Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization” Jael Silliman
Jael Silliman has defined policing the society within the context of race and class.
Politicians, representing mainstream America, have ignored or rarely addressed issues
of poverty, criminalization and race that are pressing for communities of color. Good
policing among the disadvantaged appear to be the new societal wisdom. Silliman
believes such a view negates dealing with the root causes of poverty and racism.
According to Jael Silliman, women of color have independently articulated a broad
reproductive rights agenda embedded in issues of _______________and
____________while keenly tuned to the state’s role in the reproduction and regulation
of women’s bodies.
a. fairness/justice
b. equality/social justice
c. racism/discrimination
d. justice/peace
“Our Mothers’ Grief: Racial-Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families,”
Bonnie Thornton Dill
Bonnie Thornton Dill broadens the dominant perspective of American families through
this historical analysis of racial-ethnic women and their families. She demonstrates how
the establishment of the “modern American family” ideal and expectations of racial and
ethnic groups as sources of cheap labor created distinct familial experiences among
women of various racial-ethnic groups in early America
According to Dill, which of the following was true with regard to Chinese American
families of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
a. Immigration restrictions prevented the formation of families within this group.
b. Many Chinese sojourners sent wages to their families in China.
c. A split-household form characterized Chinese American families.
d. all of these answers are correct
“How the New Working Class Can Transform Urban America” Robin Kelley
Kelley explains how the pervasive imagery that exists about the urban “underclass”
undermines our understanding of a contemporary urban working class. The urban
working class, many of whom are Latino and women, can be found in many different
industries today including hospitals, universities, nursing homes, food services and
retail establishments. He also discusses why organizing the new immigrant labor force
is a challenge for the labor movement. He highlights Justice for Janitors, one of the
most significant labor-based social justice movements, of which Black and Latino
women make up the majority of its membership. He highlights a second broad-based
radical movement ” the Labor/Community Strategy Center based in Los Angeles, CA.
The Center’s most important campaign has been the Bus Riders Union, since public
transportation is one of the few issues that impacts the lives of many urban working
people. This campaign argued that the public transportation system’s policies violate
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The most obvious barrier to organizing immigrant workers have been:
a. deindustrialization
b. corporate downsizing
c. the discriminatory immigration policy
d. the erosion of the welfare state
“The Contested Meaning of “Asian American”: Racial Dilemmas in the
Contemporary U.S.,” Nazli Kimbria
Kibria explores the social construction and contested meanings of “Asian American” in
the U.S.
She views the social construction of race as a dynamic process involving the imposition
of categories from without as well as the shaping of meaning within the categorized
group. Kibria discusses the tension between “pan-Asianism” and a multiracial approach.
The central norm in the classification of races in the U.S. has been:
a. African Americans
b. Asian Americans
c. color blindness
d. Whiteness
“Navigating Interracial Borders: Black-White Couples and their Social Worlds,”
Erica Chito Childs
Erica Chito Childs examines the experiences and challenges that Black/White couples
face within their families and communities. Although interracial relationships and
marriages are often viewed as a sign of improving race relations, she argues that these
relationships are often met with opposition from both White and Black communities.
She examines the discourse that families use when discussing their feelings and beliefs
about interracial relationships. She finds, for example, that White families often pose
their opposition to Black/White marriage in non-racial terms and stress that they are
“concerned” for how difficult society would make life for the child who is involved
interracially. In contrast to White families, Black families emphasize the importance of
“marrying Black” to their children and explicitly identify race as an issue. Her
conclusion is that because interracial couples exist in, what she terms, a “borderland”
between Black and White, her examination of interracial couples offers much to our
understanding contemporary race relations. The beliefs expressed by the both the Black
and White families illustrate the centrality of race in constructing families and identities
and, particularly, the social construction of race.
Using herself as an example, Childs argues that there is a racial ideology or dominant
discourse underlying responses to interracial couples that views interracial couples and
interracial relationships as:
a. normal
b. natural
c. deviant
d. common
“Across the Great Divide: Crossing Classes and Clashing Cultures,” Barbara
Jensen
Jensen tells the story of Shelly, a working class college student who experiences
cognitive dissonance as she confronts the “great divide” between working class and
middle class cultures. According to Jensen, Shelly’s “cross-over experience” is typical
and can lead to emotional distress and dysfunctional behavioral responses unless the
person can add rather than subtract aspects of self. Jensen calls this more positive
response to the cross-over experience “bridging”.
The healthiest response to the cognitive dissonance caused by the crossover experience
is, according to Jensen:
a. bridging
b. resisting
c. distancing
d. therapy
“Seeing More than Black and White: Latinos, Racism, and the Cultural
Divide,” Elizabeth Martinez
Elizabeth Martinez contends that Latinos, among other racial and ethnic groups, have
been largely ignored in the discussion of racism in the United States. She argues that the
growing population of these groups, along with the increased awareness of their similar
experiences, requires a broadening of the historically dichotomous view of race as
Black and White. The denial of the Latino experience reflects the conflicting perception
of Latinos by dominant society; they are viewed as invisible and a threat at the same
time. The invisibility of Latinos is reflected in either the denial of their presence or in a
one-dimensional view of Latinos based largely on stereotypes. When the presence of
Latinos is recognized, it is often within the context of jeopardizing the dominant or
other minority groups’ position. Martinez argues that the removal of Latinos from the
discussion of race has resulted not only in a denial of their experience as a group
targeted by racism, but it has prevented the acknowledgement of the similarity in their
and other people of color’s treatment thereby preventing unity in their shared struggle
against racism.
Elizabeth Martinez points to ____ as integral to the formation of the dichotomy of race
as Black and White.
a. economics
b. immigration
c. gender
d. religion
“The Prison and the Closet,” Patricia Hill Collins
Patricia Hill Collins considers the intersecting relationship between racism and
heterosexism. She argues that the assumption that these two hegemonic ideologies
represent separate systems of oppression obscures the fact that racism and sexism rely
upon each other for meaning. Without sacrificing the acknowledgement of differences
in the way that racism and heterosexism manifest, the author shows that the two
systems converge and that both systems affect the everyday lives of all people.
Racism and heterosexism use similar mechanisms to maintain:
a. racial and sexual hierarchies
b. race and class hierarchies
c. discrimination in education
d. prejudice
“White Flight in Networked Publics? How Race and Class Shaped American Teen
Engagement with Myspace and Facebook,” Danah Boyd
Danah Boyd looks at the demographics of MySpace and Facebook and Facebook and
finds that these online communities reflect the same social categories of race and class
found in the larger society. In fact, she traces a movement away from MySpace to
Facebook, and identifies the trend as “White flight” ” a trend that mirrors the movement
of Whites from urban to suburban neighborhoods in the 20th century.
According to Boyd, _______________ were more likely to move to Facebook.
a. Whites and more affluent individuals
b. minority teens
c. minority girls
d. the younger and less affluent individuals
“The Bachelor: Whiteness in the Harem,” Rachel E. Dubrofsky
Dubrofsky argues that while the “reality” based television series The Bachelor appears
to include women of color as eligible contestants, the reality is that the purpose of the
show is for White people to find romantic partners. This process, she says, is facilitated
by the participation of women of color who are never positioned as appropriate choices
for the White bachelor. The show uses a “Westernized trope of the Eastern harem”
reproducing the “imperialist, Orientalist and oppressive racist premises’ of that image.
The type of racism found on The Bachelor is called:
a. prejudicial
b. overt
c. inferential
d. unintentional
“Media Magic: Making Class Invisible,” Gregory Mantsios
Gregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an
illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities.
Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the
middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the
poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper
class inflicts on society.
_______________ distinctions operate in virtually every aspect of our lives,
determining the nature of our work, the quality of our schooling, and the health and
safety of our loved ones.
a. Class
b. Gender
c. Race
d. Work
“Becoming Entrepreneurs: Intersections of Race, Class, and Gender at the Black
beauty Salon,” Adia M. Harvey
Harvey applies the concept of intersectionality to Black women’s entrepreneurial
efforts, addressing how race, class and gender intersect to inform working class Black
women hair salon owners. She finds that intersections of race class and gender
influence both the process of becoming salon owners, and the relationship of owners
and stylists.
For the women in this study, the idea that it was appropriate for women to devote
attention, time and money to meeting dominant standards of beauty was:
a. seen as ridiculous
b. a motivation in their entrepreneurship
c. thought to be only a concern of middle class and wealthier white women
d. not a factor in their business decisions
“Race as Class,” Herbert J. Gans
Noting that most biologists argue that scientifically there can be no human “races’ and
that sociologists argue that concepts of race are socially constructed, Gans links the
persistent lay definition of “race” to the hierarchy of social class in the U.S. The laity,
he claims, notice variations in select physical characteristics and “see” these variations
as markers of individual races. The lay public then uses their definitions of race to place
individuals in hierarchal categories that correspond to social class locations. Gans
further claims that many immigrant groups were “blanched” or “whitened” in the lay
imagination once those groups experienced upward mobility. This was not the case, he
says for African Americans. While the reasons for this exception are a “mystery” to
Gans, he expects it to persist unless class hierarchies finally disappear “in some utopian
future.”
Sociologists argue that race is:
a. innate
b. biologically determined
c. socially constructed
d. a universal category
“How the New Working Class Can Transform Urban America” Robin Kelley
Kelley explains how the pervasive imagery that exists about the urban “underclass”
undermines our understanding of a contemporary urban working class. The urban
working class, many of whom are Latino and women, can be found in many different
industries today including hospitals, universities, nursing homes, food services and
retail establishments. He also discusses why organizing the new immigrant labor force
is a challenge for the labor movement. He highlights Justice for Janitors, one of the
most significant labor-based social justice movements, of which Black and Latino
women make up the majority of its membership. He highlights a second broad-based
radical movement ” the Labor/Community Strategy Center based in Los Angeles, CA.
The Center’s most important campaign has been the Bus Riders Union, since public
transportation is one of the few issues that impacts the lives of many urban working
people. This campaign argued that the public transportation system’s policies violate
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The _______________ imposed legal sanctions against employers of “aliens” without
proper documentation.
a. Civil Rights Act of 1964
b. 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
c. AFL-CIO
d. National Labor Relations Board
“Policing the National Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization” Jael Silliman
Jael Silliman has defined policing the society within the context of race and class.
Politicians, representing mainstream America, have ignored or rarely addressed issues
of poverty, criminalization and race that are pressing for communities of color. Good
policing among the disadvantaged appear to be the new societal wisdom. Silliman
believes such a view negates dealing with the root causes of poverty and racism.
According to Jael Silliman, poor women and women of color are:
a. criminalized
b. honored
c. privileged
d. bold
“Rethinking Families and Community: The Color, Class, and Centrality of
Extended Kin Ties,” Naomi Gerstel
Naomi Gerstel argues that limiting the definition of “family” to those composed of
husbands and wives or parents and young children misses much of the experience of
families as they actually exist. Calling for recognition of the importance of extended
kin, Gerstel illustrates that the development and maintenance of family support
networks is an important class-based survival strategy. In addition, Gerstel analyzes
how marriage and the nuclear family cut both men and women off from extended and
fictive kin, an idea that challenges much of classical theory on the subject.
Forty percent of adult Blacks and _______________ of adult Whites share households
with relatives other than partners or young children, according to Gerstel.
a. eighty percent
b. ten percent
c. twenty percent
d. fifty percent
“Navigating Interracial Borders: Black-White Couples and their Social Worlds,”
Erica Chito Childs
Erica Chito Childs examines the experiences and challenges that Black/White couples
face within their families and communities. Although interracial relationships and
marriages are often viewed as a sign of improving race relations, she argues that these
relationships are often met with opposition from both White and Black communities.
She examines the discourse that families use when discussing their feelings and beliefs
about interracial relationships. She finds, for example, that White families often pose
their opposition to Black/White marriage in non-racial terms and stress that they are
“concerned” for how difficult society would make life for the child who is involved
interracially. In contrast to White families, Black families emphasize the importance of
“marrying Black” to their children and explicitly identify race as an issue. Her
conclusion is that because interracial couples exist in, what she terms, a “borderland”
between Black and White, her examination of interracial couples offers much to our
understanding contemporary race relations. The beliefs expressed by the both the Black
and White families illustrate the centrality of race in constructing families and identities
and, particularly, the social construction of race.
Unlike White communities, Black college students and Black community respondents:
a. expressed “concern” for the family member involved in an interracial relationship
b. discussed other families that they knew rather than their own views
c. explicitly identified race as an issue and stressed the importance of marrying Black
d. all of these answers are correct.
“Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?” Mary Waters
Mary Waters explores the difference in ethnic identities experienced by White and
non-White ethnic and racial groups. Waters asserts that White ethnics are able to decide
if, and what part of, their ethnic ancestry they want to claim. For White ethnics, theirs is
a symbolic ethnicity, one which is individually designed and only serves to benefit
White ethnics. Non-White groups do not have the same choice regarding their ethnic
identities because the physical distinctions of these groups denies the choice. As a
result, Waters argues, non-White ethnic group members are unable to avoid the negative
experiences associated with being a member of an ethnic/racial minority group.
Because White ethnics view their own ethnicities as voluntarily acquired and since
those aspects of their ethnicity which are not beneficial to them are ignored, White
ethnics do not recognize the involuntary nature of non-White ethnicities, nor do they
identify with the racial oppression experienced by these groups. Waters points out that
this understanding results in problematic race relations which can be seen on college
campuses around the country. Waters argues that a cultural pluralistic society can only
be achieved once the dynamics and consequences of ethnic identity are recognized by
individuals and within social institutions.
According to “Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?,” social scientists consider
ethnicity primarily a:
a. belief in a common ancestry.
b. social phenomenon.
c. biological phenomenon.
d. matrilineal phenomenon.
“Policing the National Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization” Jael Silliman
Jael Silliman has defined policing the society within the context of race and class.
Politicians, representing mainstream America, have ignored or rarely addressed issues
of poverty, criminalization and race that are pressing for communities of color. Good
policing among the disadvantaged appear to be the new societal wisdom. Silliman
believes such a view negates dealing with the root causes of poverty and racism.
According to Jael Silliman, _______________are disproportionately represented in
the prison industrial complex.
a. women
b. people of color
c. men
d. children
“Missing People and Others: Joining Together to Expand,” Arturo Madrid
Arturo Madrid argues that Latinos, as well as other racial and ethnic minorities, are
perceived as “other” because of language, culture, and physical attributes that differ
from those of the dominant group in society. Accordingly, access to social institutions
such as employment, education, and government is limited. Once access is obtained,
particularly in those institutions within which integration is expected, for example,
universities, ethnic and racial minorities are marginalized, denied opportunity and a
political voice. Madrid urges all members of society to unite in struggle against
marginalization, exclusion, and alienation. By ensuring that our institutions more
accurately reflect the diversity of society, we relieve social tensions and prevent the
possible disintegration of the very structures that are intended to offer opportunity.
Arturo Madrid had to admit that________________ representation was truly missing
in American institutional life.
a. European
b. International
c. racial minority
d. Canadian
“Straight is to Gay as Family is to No Family,” Kath Weston
This essay presents a distinct dichotomy that depicts the establishment and maintenance
of family and extended kin in the gay and straight world. Weston delineates a path of
rejection, isolation and loneliness from straight families as gay persons attempt to
establish individual identities. In addressing misperceptions surrounding gay life, this
essay also introduces alternative approaches to the establishment and cultivation of
family life.
Weston believes assumptions about gays and lesbians are but a short step from placing
them somewhere beyond the family, unencumbered by relations of kinship,
responsibility, or affection to portraying them:
a. as timely destroyers.
b. as a menace to family and society.
c. as assets to family and society.
d. as beneficial to family and society
“Interpreting and Experiencing Anti-Queer Violence: Race, Class and gender
Differences Among LGBT Hate Crime Victims,” Doug Meyer
Doug Meyer uses an intersectional approach and a qualitative methodology to explore
how victims of violence in the LBGT community experience victimization differently
according to race, class gender and sexuality. Meyer finds that multiple intersecting
oppressed statuses make the identification of hate crime more complicated for all but
middle and upper class White gay men. Those statutes may then serve primarily the
interests of those White men, not the interests of lesbian and bisexual women, and
particularly not LGBT people of color.
In his study, Meyer found that queer people of color were ____________________
likely than White gay men to express uncertainty as to the cause of their violent
experiences:
a. less
b. just as
c. 10 times more
d. twice as