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"From a Native Daughter," Haunani-Kay Trask
Trask describes her experiences of growing up and learning about Hawaiian history
from two sources. Her family described the ""life of the old ones'" " how they planted,
fished, danced and chanted. The second source, textbooks, described a very different
Hawaii " ""Pagan Hawaiians'" could not read or write and were ""lustful cannibals.""
Trask is troubled by how native language has been suppressed by school knowledge.
She concludes that historians had never learned the language of the Hawaiian people.
Therefore, the story of Hawaii, its culture and connection to the land remains unwritten.
The Hawaiian language shows possession in two ways: through the use of an "a"
possessive, which indicates , and through the use of an "o" possessive which denotes:
a. civilized status; less developed status
b. inherent status; acquired status
c. acquired status; inherent status
d. less developed status; civilized status
"Interpreting and Experiencing Anti-Queer Violence: Race, Class and gender
Differences Among LGBT Hate Crime Victims," Doug Meyer
Doug Meyer uses an intersectional approach and a qualitative methodology to explore
how victims of violence in the LBGT community experience victimization differently
according to race, class gender and sexuality. Meyer finds that multiple intersecting
oppressed statuses make the identification of hate crime more complicated for all but
middle and upper class White gay men. Those statutes may then serve primarily the
interests of those White men, not the interests of lesbian and bisexual women, and
particularly not LGBT people of color.
According to Meyer, attempts to punish gender nonconformity could be perceived not
only as attempts to enforce gender conformity but also as attempts to restrict:
a. heterosexuality
b. women's liberation
c. homosexuality
d. racism
"Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?" Mary Waters
Mary Waters explores the difference in ethnic identities experienced by White and
non-White ethnic and racial groups. Waters asserts that White ethnics are able to decide
if, and what part of, their ethnic ancestry they want to claim. For White ethnics, theirs is
a symbolic ethnicity, one which is individually designed and only serves to benefit
White ethnics. Non-White groups do not have the same choice regarding their ethnic
identities because the physical distinctions of these groups denies the choice. As a
result, Waters argues, non-White ethnic group members are unable to avoid the negative
experiences associated with being a member of an ethnic/racial minority group.
Because White ethnics view their own ethnicities as voluntarily acquired and since
those aspects of their ethnicity which are not beneficial to them are ignored, White
ethnics do not recognize the involuntary nature of non-White ethnicities, nor do they
identify with the racial oppression experienced by these groups. Waters points out that
this understanding results in problematic race relations which can be seen on college
campuses around the country. Waters argues that a cultural pluralistic society can only
be achieved once the dynamics and consequences of ethnic identity are recognized by
individuals and within social institutions.
As explained in "Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?" symbolic ethnicity refers to
an:
a. ethnicity that is individualistic in nature and without real social cost for
the individual.
b. ethnicity that is socially determined and without real social cost for the individual.
c. ethnicity that is biological in nature and without real social cost for the individual.
d. ethnicity that is socially determined with real social cost for the individual.
"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria," Judith Ortiz
Cofer
In her essay,Judith Ortiz Cofer offers her experience as a Puerto Rican woman. She
discusses how cultural differences have singled her out as a target of stereotypes,
disapproval, and inappropriate treatment by members of mainstream society. Cofer
recognizes the voice her education has given her, and she uses it to open others up to
her culture and experiences.
In "The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria," Judith Ortiz
Cofer makes reference to "The Island." This refers to:
a. her trip back to her homeland.
b. an Island vacation.
c. her ethnicity.
d. names she has been called.
"Chappals and Gym Shorts: An Indian Muslim Woman in the Land of Oz,"
Almas Sayeed
Almas Sayeed is an Indian Muslim woman attending school in Kansas. A visit from her
father speaking of marriage appears to be the catalyst that ignites her concerns
regarding certain cultural traditions. Sayeed provides an insightful journey into her
family life, cultural traditions regarding gender roles, submissiveness, marriage and
sexuality. Sayeed's thoughts and views are strengthened by her introduction to Feminist
theory.
According to Almas Sayeed, traditional arranged marriage not only conflicted with the
feminist ideology she had come to embrace, but in comparison to more pressing issues,
it seemed almost:
a. strange
b. insignificant
c. too confining
d. petty
"Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the
Color Line in Post Race America,"
Gallagher argues that a new form of racist thinking, an ideology called color-blind
racism, has become dominant among whites in America. Media and popular culture
have created an illusion of equality by reducing race to cultural symbols that are
marketed to everyone. Symbols of racial equality are embodied in the images of
successful personalities in politics and sports, as well as in commodities as diverse as
music, clothing, condiments, and cars. This focus on race as merely symbolic allows a
majority of whites to believe that racial harmony prevails, institutional racism has been
eliminated, and race no longer shapes life chances. This myth buttresses the deeply held
belief that America is a meritocracy and that therefore any advantages that whites have
now relative to racial minorities are earned advantages, achieved through individual
effort. White privilege is thus rendered invisible, and support for programs that address
problems caused by institutional racism is undermined.
A color-blind perspective insinuates that ____ are responsible for racial inequality:
a. social institutions
b. individuals
c. laws and policies
d. women
"Tapping Our Strength," Eisa Nefertari Ulen
As a Muslim and a womanist, Eisa Nefertari Ulen stands at an important intersection.
She challenges Western feminists who criticize women who embrace Islamic traditions
to consider whether women who insist on wearing hijab are "unconsciously oppressed"
or are they actually, "performing daily acts of resistance." Are they, she asks, actually
"the most daring of revolutionaries...storming the gates for our own liberation"? She
challenges the reader to see the cutting of Western women for "beautification" as a
"virtual duplication" of the cutting of daughters by some Muslim women in the
"pre-Islamic practice of genital mutilation." She also challenges those who claim to
practice Islam while violating its teachings by dishonoring women. Ultimately she calls
for the building of bridges among Muslims and non-Muslims, and among warrior
women who "have so much work to do."
According to Ulen, _______________ "are tools the oppressor uses to separate and slay
as he takes."
a. smoke screens
b. race, gender and religion
c. veils
d. wars
"Sustainable Food and Privilege: Why is Green Always White (and Male and
Upper Class)" Janani Balasubramanian
Food justice, Janani Balasubramanian argues, is fundamentally a race and class issue,
and food activists are not speaking about it as such. The emphahsis on local food
economy fails to recognize the importance of United States support of agriculture in
other parts of the world. Activists of color who do admirable work in their communities
are often ignored by White activist writers and film makers. Thus we do not hear the
"variety of voices' that needs to be heard if universal food reform is to be achieved.
Balasubramania charges that the voices of people of color, like ______________ who
do brilliant food justice work in their communities are seldom heard.
a. Bryant Terry and Winona La Duke
b. Joel Salatin and Alice Waters
c. Eric Schlosser and Peter Singer
d. Alice Waters and Michael Pollan
"Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the US has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
Between 1882 and 1946 at least 4715 persons were lynched, about
_______________of whom were Black.
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 95%
"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria," Judith Ortiz
Cofer
In her essay,Judith Ortiz Cofer offers her experience as a Puerto Rican woman. She
discusses how cultural differences have singled her out as a target of stereotypes,
disapproval, and inappropriate treatment by members of mainstream society. Cofer
recognizes the voice her education has given her, and she uses it to open others up to
her culture and experiences.
As noted in "The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria,"
stereotypes of Latin women's sexuality stem from:
a. cultural differences.
b. biological differences.
c. gender differences.
d. racial differences.
"Lifting as We Climb: Women of Color, Wealth, and America's Future," Center
for Community Economic Development
This article addresses the significant gap in wealth owned by diverse groups of women
of color compared to men who are their racial counterparts and to white women. Both
structural and cultural factors that contribute to the gap are discussed, along with policy
solutions. Because women of color "are some of the most resilient, resourceful, and
relied-upon people in our society" programs aimed at increasing economic security for
these women are essential to the future economic health of the nation as a whole.
Asset building which begins with ____ is necessary to establish financial security.
a. cash savings
b. home ownership
c. pension programs
d. social security
"Seeing in 3D," Margaret L. Andersen
Margaret L. Andersen argues that the economy is not a neutral force, as it is portrayed
in the media. Economic downturns do not hit all citizens equally. Specific groups
experience economic change in different ways. Asking, "what would we see differently
were we to view the economic recession with women and people of color in mind,"
Andersen demonstrates the varying effects on economic standing influenced by the
intersections of race, class and gender.
According to Andersen, the decline in unemployment has been less than that for men
because women are less likely to be employed in the _______________ sector of the
labor market where there was more job growth.
a. private
b. service
c. industrial
d. public
"Is This A White Country, or What?" Lillian Rubin
Lillian Rubin demonstrates the links between economic competition, racial prejudice,
and the anti-immigration sentiments expressed by working class whites. Rubin points
out that while there is a long history of racial hostility toward immigrant groups in
America, the limited employment opportunities and the darker skin tones of recent
immigrants have intensified these hostilities. Racism and nativism, according to Rubin,
is apparent in Whites' views of recent immigrants and people of color. The visibility of
and the demands for recognition expressed by these groups are seen as threats to whites'
economic livelihood and their understanding of America. Rubin's interviews with
working class Whites illustrate this point, as well as two contradictions evident in
Whites' attitudes toward immigrants and people of color: Whites resent the unity of
these groups, yet they exclude them from dominant society. Whites criticize members
of these groups for their perceived failures as well as their successes. Rubin asserts that
Whites have begun to reclaim their ethnic heritage as a way to secure what they see as
their hard earned position of privilege in American society.
According to "Is This A White Country, or What?" Whites:
a. resent the unity of immigrants and people of color, yet they exclude them from the
dominant society.
b. recognize the racial hostilities their ancestors faced.
c. view immigration as culturally enriching.
d. welcome immigrants who remind them of their ancestors.
"The First Americans: Americans Indians," Matthew Snipp
Matthew Snipp presents a historical summary of the United States' treatment of
American Indians: removal, assimilation, the Indian New Deal, termination and
relocation, and self determination. In the early 1800s removal of American Indians was
the goal of the United States. Increased population and newly acquired land encouraged
the push of American Indians westward, first through negotiated treaties and ultimately
through forced removal. These actions resulted in severe hardship for American Indians
physically and culturally. At the end of the 1800s the government policy regarding
American Indians shifted to assimilation, or rather "humane extinction." The goal of the
government, Snipp points out was to "civilize" American Indians through religion,
education, ownership of property, and agricultural careers. The effect of assimilation on
American Indians was the loss and disorganization of land, the impact of which is still
being felt today.
In the early 1930s the government encompassed American Indians in the New Deal
programs. This shift in treatment demonstrated a new respect for American Indian
culture and land. Economic and infrastructure support was granted to American Indian
reservations, and tribal governance was allowed. American Indian policy took a
different shift after WWII with the goals of termination and relocation. The United
States government sought to terminate their dealing with American Indians and relocate
American Indians to urban areas. In the era of the Civil Rights movement, yet another
shift in United States and American Indian relations occurred. "Self-determination," the
goal of American Indian autonomy, became the focus resulting in greater control of
tribal governments and the end to termination policies. Snipp concludes with a
discussion of the current status of American Indians. Population growth among
American Indians has increased on reservations and in Urban areas. Snipp points out
that both of these segments of the American Indian population face economic hardship.
Urban American Indians also face the struggle of maintaining their culture away from
reservations. Pan-Indianism has served to unite American Indian tribes in their fight for
survival.
As explained in "The First Americans: Americans Indians," the Roosevelt
administration issued the Indian New Deal, which:
a. removed John Collier as the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
b. developed a new respect for American Indian tribal culture.
c. eliminated projects to control soil erosion.
d. weakened the infrastructure on reservations.
"Families on Frontier: From Braceros in the Fields to Braceras in the Home,"
Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo
Decades ago the demand for immigrant labor in the western United States was a
demand for male labor. This has changed as a result of transformations in political
economy. Now there is a high demand for female immigrant workers. Mexican and
Central American women immigrants become members of transnational families, as
they leave their children at home and work in the United States in order to support their
families financially. Domestic work in the United States, and in many other countries, is
structured in a way that requires workers to be separated from their families. Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo explores the "broad repercussions for the social relations among
Latina Immigrants and their families" that result from the privatization of social
reproduction.
Domestic workers are not allowed to migrate as _______________.
a. members of families
b. single mothers
c. individuals without family members
d. union members
"Crimes Against Humanity," Ward Churchill
Churchill makes a case for seeing the use of American Indian names and degrading and
dehumanizing symbols by sports teams as a violation of the Geneva Convention and a
crime against humanity. The use of these names and images creates barriers to authentic
communication about the realities of history and contemporary life for American
Indians. Churchill challenges several myths, including that the use of these symbols is
just good clean fun; that this usage "honors' American Indians; and that if some find the
practice offensive it doesn"t matter because there are too few left to defend themselves.
According to Churchill, athletes, team owners and the media have editorialized that
Indian discomfort with the team names is no big deal, insisting that the whole thing is:
a. good, clean fun.
b. based on tradition.
c. enjoyed by some Native Americans.
d. enjoyed by all Native Americans.
"Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Gregory Mantsios
Gregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an
illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities.
Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the
middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the
poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper
class inflicts on society.
According to Gregory Mantsios in "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," the media
creates a universal middle class. This results in:
a. the middle class fearing and blaming anyone who is less affluent.
b. more power to address poverty in America.
c. more unity in the fight against the waste of the wealthy.
d. the increasing size of the middle class.
"Chappals and Gym Shorts: An Indian Muslim Woman in the Land of Oz,"
Almas Sayeed
Almas Sayeed is an Indian Muslim woman attending school in Kansas. A visit from her
father
speaking of marriage appears to be the catalyst that ignites her concerns regarding
certain cultural traditions. Sayeed provides an insightful journey into her family life,
cultural traditions regarding gender roles, submissiveness, marriage and sexuality.
Sayeed's thoughts and views are strengthened by her introduction to Feminist theory.
According to Almas Sayeed, her father's concern regarding her getting married and
his marriage plans for her were in keeping with:
a. traditional American culture.
b. East Indian traditions.
c. Western cultural traditions.
d. traditional Muslim cultural traditions.
"Race, Class, Gender, and Women's Works," Teresa Amott and Julie Matthaei
Teresa Amott and Julie Matthaei explore the economic experiences of women through
the interconnected effects of gender, race-ethnicity, and class. Taking a historical
perspective, the authors illustrate the relativeness of these social constructs and
demonstrate how each is affected by the others. For example, Amott and Matthaei point
out that while the construction of gender created spheres of "men's" and "women's"
work, what this work entailed had to do with class position and racial-ethnic identity.
Race and class greatly affected the definition of womanhood in the 1950s. White
middle class women were not expected to be part of the paid labor force, while it was
common for poor Black women to work as domestic servants. Both women were
expected to remain "in the home," but for poor Black women that meant theirs as well
as those of their White employers. The authors apply the concepts of race-ethnicity and
class to the examination of gender, but point out the limitations of applying each
independently.
According to "Race, Gender, and Women's Works," gender, race-ethnicity, and class
are:
a. interconnected social constructs.
b. objective and static realities.
c. founded in biology.
d. cultural universals
"Rethinking Families and Community: The Color, Class, and Centrality of
Extended Kin Ties," Naomi Gerstel
Naomi Gerstel argues that limiting the definition of "family" to those composed of
husbands and wives or parents and young children misses much of the experience of
families as they actually exist. Calling for recognition of the importance of extended
kin, Gerstel illustrates that the development and maintenance of family support
networks is an important class-based survival strategy. In addition, Gerstel analyzes
how marriage and the nuclear family cut both men and women off from extended and
fictive kin, an idea that challenges much of classical theory on the subject.
Married people, according to Gerstel, are _______________ involved with their
extended kin than those who are never married or previously married.
a. less
b. significantly more
c. just as
d. slightly more
"The First Americans: Americans Indians," Matthew Snipp
Matthew Snipp presents a historical summary of the United States' treatment of
American Indians: removal, assimilation, the Indian New Deal, termination and
relocation, and self determination. In the early 1800s removal of American Indians was
the goal of the United States. Increased population and newly acquired land encouraged
the push of American Indians westward, first through negotiated treaties and ultimately
through forced removal. These actions resulted in severe hardship for American Indians
physically and culturally. At the end of the 1800s the government policy regarding
American Indians shifted to assimilation, or rather "humane extinction." The goal of the
government, Snipp points out was to "civilize" American Indians through religion,
education, ownership of property, and agricultural careers. The effect of assimilation on
American Indians was the loss and disorganization of land, the impact of which is still
being felt today.
In the early 1930s the government encompassed American Indians in the New Deal
programs. This shift in treatment demonstrated a new respect for American Indian
culture and land. Economic and infrastructure support was granted to American Indian
reservations, and tribal governance was allowed. American Indian policy took a
different shift after WWII with the goals of termination and relocation. The United
States government sought to terminate their dealing with American Indians and relocate
American Indians to urban areas. In the era of the Civil Rights movement, yet another
shift in United States and American Indian relations occurred. "Self-determination," the
goal of American Indian autonomy, became the focus resulting in greater control of
tribal governments and the end to termination policies. Snipp concludes with a
discussion of the current status of American Indians. Population growth among
American Indians has increased on reservations and in Urban areas. Snipp points out
that both of these segments of the American Indian population face economic hardship.
Urban American Indians also face the struggle of maintaining their culture away from
reservations. Pan-Indianism has served to unite American Indian tribes in their fight for
survival.
According to Matthew Snipp, American Indians are one of the most
________________ groups in American society.
a. significant
b. diverse
c. destitute
d. insignificant
"Darker Shade of Queer," Chung-suk Han
Chung-suk Han writes as a gay man of color who must confront racism in
"gayborhoods' and gay organizations and must at the same time confront homophobia
among people of color. Ultimately, he says, the crisis for gay men of color is a crisis of
masculinity " a crisis that manifests in different ways for gay men of diverse races.
Masculinity is built upon:
a. the gayness of Others
b. what men are really like
c. the femininity of Others
d. biological imperatives
"I Hate It When People Treat Me Like a Fxxx-up," Jeanne Theoharis
Jeanne Theoharis responds to the commonly held belief that urban minority students
fail to value education by studying attitudes of African American and Latino high
school students who attend an intensely segregated Los Angeles school. The writings of
these students debunk the myth that they do not value an education, and indicate to the
contrary, "how profoundly students value education, how deeply they wish to succeed
academically, and how much they hope to make their families proud." Theoharis
analyzes the schooling these students receive, identifying structural explanations for
why these highly motivated students sometimes claim that "school sucks."
Many of the students Theoharis studied found school to be:
a. a personal pleasure
b. the last place they wanted to be, since they don"t value education.
c. boring.
d. unnecessary for their future dreams.
"Missing People and Others: Joining Together to Expand," Arturo Madrid
Arturo Madrid argues that Latinos, as well as other racial and ethnic minorities, are
perceived as "other" because of language, culture, and physical attributes that differ
from those of the dominant group in society. Accordingly, access to social institutions
such as employment, education, and government is limited. Once access is obtained,
particularly in those institutions within which integration is expected, for example,
universities, ethnic and racial minorities are marginalized, denied opportunity and a
political voice. Madrid urges all members of society to unite in struggle against
marginalization, exclusion, and alienation. By ensuring that our institutions more
accurately reflect the diversity of society, we relieve social tensions and prevent the
possible disintegration of the very structures that are intended to offer opportunity.
According to Arturo Madrid, what happens once minority individuals enter into
institutional life?
a. They are met with acceptance.
b. Their participation is restricted.
c. They passively participate.
d. They take over the highest positions within the organization.
"Is Capitalism Gendered and Racialized?" Joan Acker
Capitalism has been dominated by white males and built by a subordinated gender and
race segregated labor force. It has been buttressed by a largely unpaid force of
caregivers who are primarily female. These gender and race divisions of labor still exist
and are global in scope. Furthermore, capitalist endeavors are gendered in that
hegemonic masculinities define dominant values in the norms of corporate conduct.
Masculinities:
a. are stable images and ideals.
b. shift with other social changes.
c. are universal.
d. are simply individual choices that men make.
"Navigating Interracial Borders: Black-White Couples and their Social Worlds,"
Erica Chito Childs
Erica Chito Childs examines the experiences and challenges that Black/White couples
face within their families and communities. Although interracial relationships and
marriages are often viewed as a sign of improving race relations, she argues that these
relationships are often met with opposition from both White and Black communities.
She examines the discourse that families use when discussing their feelings and beliefs
about interracial relationships. She finds, for example, that White families often pose
their opposition to Black/White marriage in non-racial terms and stress that they are
"concerned" for how difficult society would make life for the child who is involved
interracially. In contrast to White families, Black families emphasize the importance of
"marrying Black" to their children and explicitly identify race as an issue. Her
conclusion is that because interracial couples exist in, what she terms, a "borderland"
between Black and White, her examination of interracial couples offers much to our
understanding contemporary race relations. The beliefs expressed by the both the Black
and White families illustrate the centrality of race in constructing families and identities
and, particularly, the social construction of race.
According to Childs, interracial couples exist on the color-line in society or what she
calls the _______________ between Black and White.
a. "transgression zone"
b. "borderland"
c. "common ground"
d. "neutral zone"
"The Color of Justice," Michelle Alexander
Michelle Alexander examines the racial disparities in our criminal justice system,
finding that
"rates and patterns of drug crime do not explain" the fact that "although the majority of
illegal drug users and dealers nationwide are White, three-fourths of all people
imprisoned for drug offenses are Black or Latino." Alexander identifies two stages in a
structural process that results in the unjust disparities she finds in the system of
"racialized social control" that passes itself off as criminal justice.
The majority of people in prison for drug offenses are:
a. Black and Latino
b. White
c. Asian
d. women
"Tapping Our Strength," Eisa Nefertari Ulen
As a Muslim and a womanist, Eisa Nefertari Ulen stands at an important intersection.
She challenges Western feminists who criticize women who embrace Islamic traditions
to consider whether women who insist on wearing hijab are "unconsciously oppressed"
or are they actually, "performing daily acts of resistance." Are they, she asks, actually
"the most daring of revolutionaries...storming the gates for our own liberation"? She
challenges the reader to see the cutting of Western women for "beautification" as a
"virtual duplication" of the cutting of daughters by some Muslim women in the
"pre-Islamic practice of genital mutilation." She also challenges those who claim to
practice Islam while violating its teachings by dishonoring women. Ultimately she calls
for the building of bridges among Muslims and non-Muslims, and among warrior
women who "have so much work to do."
Ulen finds violence against women and girls to be:
a. anti-Christian
b. acceptable in some cultural contexts
c. the result of Western influences
d. anti-Islamic
"Shadowy Lines That Still Divide," Janny Scott and David Leonhardt
The United States looks like a classless society, the authors say, but class has actually
come to play a greater role in determining life chances over the past three decades. It is
difficult to discuss class, they argue, because the word is defined differently by different
people. Because people of all classes buy luxury items that would have been
unimaginable fifty years ago, and because shows like American Idol and The
Apprentice reinforce the rags-to-riches mythology that feeds the American dream, the
perception of class has blurred while the reality is that class mobility has flattened, and
inequality of opportunity has increased.
The educated and affluent are in a superior position when it comes to:
a. working fewer hours
b. investing in their children
c. using leisure as a status symbol
d. gender oppression
"Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the
Color Line in Post Race America,"
Gallagher argues that a new form of racist thinking, an ideology called color-blind
racism, has become dominant among whites in America. Media and popular culture
have created an illusion of equality by reducing race to cultural symbols that are
marketed to everyone. Symbols of racial equality are embodied in the images of
successful personalities in politics and sports, as well as in commodities as diverse as
music, clothing, condiments, and cars. This focus on race as merely symbolic allows a
majority of whites to believe that racial harmony prevails, institutional racism has been
eliminated, and race no longer shapes life chances. This myth buttresses the deeply held
belief that America is a meritocracy and that therefore any advantages that whites have
now relative to racial minorities are earned advantages, achieved through individual
effort. White privilege is thus rendered invisible, and support for programs that address
problems caused by institutional racism is undermined.
Gallagher believes that ____ is responsible for racial inequality today:
a. cultural diversity
b. class consciousness
c. institutional racism
d. laziness on the part of individuals
"Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the US has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
The rape of Black women by White men during slavery was commonplace and was
used as a crucial weapon of White supremacy. White men had what has been referred to
as _________________ Black women.
a. special doctrinal rules for
b. institutionalized access to
c. legal lynching access
d. statutory penalties against
"The Culture of Black Femininity and School Success," Carla O"Connor, R.
L"Heureux Lewis, and Jennifer Mueller
Previous studies have found that Black girls are raised to be assertive and independent
with relatively high self-esteem and work oriented aspirations. However, these same
studies have indicated that these qualities of Black femininity have undermined girls in
their educational pursuits. O"Connor, Lewis and Mueller conducted a study of three age
cohorts and found that the culture of Black femininity has changed over time, and that
Black women's socialization toward voice and power can be " and often has been "
productive in relation to securing an education. The authors conclude that a just society
is dependent upon schools and educators learning to build upon rather than attempt to
suppress "the socially productive nature of Black femininity."
Cohorts II and III indicated that their positive attitude and aspirations toward higher
education and their persistence against obstacles were fostered by their socialization to
become:
a. wives
b. mothers
c. entrepreneurs
d. independent of men
"The Invention of Heterosexuality," Jonathan Ned Katz
The author documents the history and invention of the term heterosexuality as a means
of categorizing sexual relationships. The author emphasizes how sexuality has been
closely linked to structural power and the means of production within a society
throughout history. He argues that an ahistorical approach to studying sexuality
continues to privilege "normal" and "natural" sexual expression.
According to Katz, the idea of heterosexuality is a modern invention, dating to the
______century.
a. early 16th
b. late 17th
c. early 18th
d. late 19th
"Lifting as We Climb: Women of Color, Wealth, and America's Future," Center
for Community Economic Development
This article addresses the significant gap in wealth owned by diverse groups of women
of color compared to men who are their racial counterparts and to white women. Both
structural and cultural factors that contribute to the gap are discussed, along with policy
solutions. Because women of color "are some of the most resilient, resourceful, and
relied-upon people in our society" programs aimed at increasing economic security for
these women are essential to the future economic health of the nation as a whole.
There is a great deal of ______________________in levels of wealth among Asian
American groups.
a. similarity
b. security
c. variation
d. steady increase
"An Intersectional Analysis of "Sixpacks', "Midriffs', and "Hot Lesbians' in
Advertising, Rosalind Gill
Gil uses an intersectional analysis to examine practices of "sexualization" in
advertising. She demonstrates that sexualization is not "a singular unmarked process'.
She finds that "commodified sexiness" in advertising is linked to "the politics of
looking." She argues that patterns of sexualization vary, having different determinants
and modes of representation, and that they are "read in radically different ways"
depending on the specific intersections of gender, age, class, sexuality and racialization.
According to Gil, the "packaging of "lesbians' within conventional norms of
heterosexual attractiveness appears to be primarily constructed for:
a. the male gaze.
b. attracting heterosexual female consumers who are "bi-curious."
c. the lesbian gaze.
d. making consumers less homophobic.
