Qualitative data analysis usually begins with data management and reduction.
a. True
b. False
The size of the sample and the standard error are related in which of the following
ways?
a. the standard error is not related to the size of the sample
b. when the sample size increases so does the standard error
c. when the sample size increases the standard error decreases
d. when sample size decreases the standard error decreases
You are analyzing data that has been collected in annual waves for the past twenty
years. Which of the following might be problematic in this type of analysis?
a. many similar questions were asked during each of these waves, and the wording is
consistent
b. for the entire twenty years, the data was collected by personal interviews
c. the definitions of some key items have changed over time within the culture
d. using variables that are operationalized consistently over time
Composite measures are frequently used in criminal justice research for all of the
following reasons except:
a. in some cases the researcher is unable to develop single indicators of complex
concepts
b. the researcher may desire to use a rather refined ordinal measure of a variable,
arranging cases in several ordinal categories from very low to very high on a variable
c. indexes and scales are efficient devices for data analysis
d. the researcher is seeking a method for measuring disorder and composite measures
are the only allowable measure
Sample statistics are used to:
a. ask questions
b. make estimates of population parameters
c. form a basis for analysis
d. theoretically specify grouping of study elements
Unstructured interviews taking the following shapes:
a. conversational shape
b. flat shape
c. survey questions
d. none of the answers are correct
When reporting your findings, which of the following is not necessary for you to
disclose?
a. any failures of your study
b. who your subjects are and what city they live in
c. any negative finds
d. technical shortcomings
Rapport is the process of:
a. connecting with participants
b. challenging participants
c. understanding oneself in the context of the participant
d. manipulating data to appease participants
Astor repeated a study to determine if she would obtain similar results that were found
in her original study, and thereby engaged in:
a. research and development
b. logical reasoning
c. replication
d. theoretical repetition
When considering probability sampling in general, it is usually the preferred method for
selecting study elements because:
a. probability sampling avoids conscious biases on the part of the researcher
b. it does not permit the researcher to estimate the sampling error
c. it does not control unconscious biases in the selection process
d. nonprobability sampling is too difficult
Which of the following is accurate with respect to induction?
a. induction begins with a theory
b. induction starts with observed data
c. induction ends with relationships
d. induction begins with generalizations
Ethical considerations in criminal justice research are always apparent.
a. True
b. False
When you repeat a study to see if you achieve similar results, you are doing
a. too much work
b. pattern following
c. replication
d. theoretical repetition
Many police departments around the country now have the ability to produce crime
maps identifying where crimes happen. Are there any problems with giving the public
access to these maps?
a. no, because they are public record if the police produce them
b. no, because the maps only identify locations where crimes happen, not the
individuals involved
c. yes, because if the maps are detailed, someone may recognize their neighbors’
victimization
d. yes, because the victims did not volunteer to be part of the maps
Which of the following sequences illustrates the progression of measurement steps?
a. conceptual definition, conceptualization, operational definition and real-world
measurement
b. operational definition, conceptualization, conceptual definition and real-world
measurement
c. operational definition, conceptual definition, conceptualization and real-world
measurement
d. conceptualization, conceptual definition, operational definition and real-world
measurement
Which of the following is not something that your letter, as a follow up to identification
of the sponsor, should contain?
a. the name of your sponsor
b. a detailed description of your research
c. arranging a time and date for a phone call
d. identify that you want to meet and talk with the contact person
There may be legal reasons why randomization cannot be used in criminal justice
research to assign subjects to either a control group or an experimental group.
a. True
b. False
Immunity as part of federal protection from legal action requires
a. researchers to prominently display all licenses
b. researchers to testify in open court
c. confidential information to be protected
d. confidential information to be revealed
Which of the following is an accurate statement?
a. if the mean is much higher than the mode, it indicates that there are extreme cases
b. if the standard deviation is high, it indicates that there is little variability
c. if the mean is equal to the median and mode, the elements in the population are all
the same number
d. the degree of variability can be determined by using the mean
Which type of research frequently involves the inductive method?
a. field research
b. experiments
c. surveys
d. use of existing data such as the Uniform Crime Reports
A researcher is interested in studying the budgeting of money within a police
department in a mid-sized American city. She gains access to the department’s detailed
records of expenditures and human resources. This is an example of which type of
agency records, as described in the text?
a. published statistics
b. nonpublic agency records
c. new data collected by agency staff
d. content analysis
Which of the following are considered to be crime measurement “units of analysis”?
a. households
b. businesses
c. victims of assault
d. all of the above
Surveys that are designed for more than one purpose are known as?
a. open-ended
b. closed-ended
c. general purpose
d. targeted victim
A vast number of norms and rules in society create regularity.
a. True
b. False
Operationalization involves:
a. describing how actual measurements will be made
b. adding up the sum of the parts to determine the whole
c. removing negative correlations from variables
d. making the necessary measurements
There are 2 different methods for obtaining data in field research, asking questions and:
a. making direct observation
b. searching documents
c. finding answers
d. analyzing existing data
Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the use of content analysis?
a. content analysis involves a statistical study of messages
b. content analysis involves a systematic study of messages and the meaning that those
messages convey
c. content analysis involves only the analysis of speeches given concerning criminal
justice issues
d. content analysis methods can only be used with agency reports to determine their
applicability
What procedures can help to guard against a socially desirable response when using
self-report items?
a. one of the purposes of self-report items is to get socially desirable responses
b. ask what they think other people do before asking what they do
c. use legal definitions
d. ask only a few questions
The unit about which information is gathered and forms the basis for analysis is known
as a:
a. sampling element
b. unit of observation
c. sampling frame
d. sample
External validity in an experimental design refers to:
a. the researcher’s ability to be sure that they are measuring what they think they are
measuring
b. the lack of concern with issues internal to the study
c. the ability to apply findings to other populations
d. the ability to know your measures are consistent
When we generalize from samples to a larger population, which type of statistics are
used?
a. descriptive
b. inferential
c. influential
d. bivariate
Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the gathering of data in
field studies?
a. there is never a legal issue with videotaping people
b. the only way to get all relevant information is to videotape
c. tape recorders and cameras cannot capture all relevant information
d. automated devices, such as traffic-counting devices, are effective for any research
question dealing with cars and their drivers
The subsequent questions in a series are called contingency questions.
a. True
b. False
Fortunately, when doing field research, sampling is very straight forward and you don”t
have the concerns that would be present in survey techniques.
a. True
b. False
Dr. Quinn is interested in studying the amount of overtime worked by police officers.
He gains access to agency personnel files. This is an illustration of which type of data?
a. new data collected by agency staff
b. nonpublic agency records
c. secondary data
d. published statistics
Subjects of the simulated prison accepted the roles they were assigned with great speed.
During the study the guards became ____________________.
surveys are best at measuring crimes that do not have readily identifiable victims and
those that are less observed by police.
Delinquency, , and crimes rarely observed may be measured by self-report surveys.
Epistemology and are two scientific approaches to the discovery of reality.
Explain the classical experiment in terms of the following:
-Independent and dependent variables
-Pre-testing and Post-testing
-Experimental and Control groups
Answer:N/A
Research involving observations of subjects involved in criminal activities may expose
the researcher to
____________________.
Summary data describing a population is called a parameter while summary data
describing a sample is called a
___________________.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of quasi-experimental designs? Explain how the
use of quasi-experimental designs may be more useful than classical experiments for
conducting criminal justice research.
Answer:N/A
Statistics that summarize data in manageable forms are known as statistics.
The challenge of developing reliable and valid measures of such offenses as drug use
has prompted researchers and policy makers to search for approaches.
sampling is a technique that begins by identifying a single or small number of subjects
and asks them to identify others who may be willing to participate.
Two methods that police come to know about crimes are and reports by others.
Research in criminology has moved from descriptive studies to those that place a
greater emphasis on systematic
____________________.
Surveys tend to be strong on reliability and .
Compare and contrast the primary measures of central tendency (Mode, Median,
Mean). What do each of these measures tell us about data?
Answer:N/A