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Malinowski found that the Trobriand Islanders used magic
A.as a means of increasing social solidarity.
B.to increase the bountifulness of the yam harvest.
C.in psychologically stressful situations, such as sailing.
D.as a means of leveling Europeans who refused to redistribute their wealth.
E.to kill their adversaries during intertribal warfare.
Shifting cultivation
A.typically involves the use of draft animals.
B.cannot support permanent villages.
C.requires irrigation.
D.requires cultivators to let exhausted plots of land lie fallow for several years.
E.relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
Which of these statements about polyandry is true?
A."Polyandry is found only among mining communities in Madagascar."
B."Polyandry is a cultural adaptation to the high labor demands of rice cultivation."
C."Polyandry is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade,
commerce, and warfare."
D."Polyandry almost always takes the form of a sororate."
E."Polyandry is not considered a possible marriage form."
The fact that ________ is a major difference between Brazilian and American racial
classifications.
A.Brazilians do not recognize racial differences
B.American categories are purer than Brazilian ones
C.Brazilian racial categories are based on genotype
D.social race is determined in the U.S. at birth and does not change
E.None of these answers is correct.
In a comparative study of 68 rural development projects, it was found that
A.over-innovation was the most productive development model.
B.culturally compatible projects were twice as successful as incompatible ones.
C.the socialist bloc model was the most successful.
D.the capitalist bloc model was the most financially successful.
E.the under-differentiated model led to the most equity.
According to Tylor, religion evolves through the sequence of
A.olympianism, polytheism, monotheism.
B.animism, polytheism, monotheism.
C.mana, polytheism, monotheism.
D.animism, cargo cult, monotheism.
E.polytheism, animism, monotheism.
Development projects should aim to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT
A.to promote change, but not over-innovation.
B.to preserve local systems, while working to make them better.
C.to respect local traditions.
D.to base models of development on indigenous practices and social forms.
E.to develop strategies with little input from local communities.
In Japan, burakumin
A.are perceived as "pure" Japanese even though they are the offspring of interracial
marriages.
B.suffer from discrimination as members of a stigmatized minority group.
C.enjoy the highest status of all racial groups.
D.no longer face any discrimination.
E.constitute a numerical majority.
Which statement is NOT true?
A."All human groups have culture."
B."Culture provides the particular way that groups of humans deal with biological
needs."
C."Human groups differ in their capacities for culture."
D."The capacity for culture is shared by all humans."
E."Cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans."
The tendency of people living in the Peruvian Andes to develop a voluminous chest and
lungs for life at very high altitudes is an example of a(n)
A.genetic adaptation.
B.long-term physiological adaptation.
C.short-term physiological adaptation.
D.cultural adaptation.
E.archaeological adaptation.
A matrilineal-matrilocal society is most likely to emerge when
A.population pressure is high.
B.a shift to agriculture has recently taken place.
C.men's hunting activities are more important than women's gathering.
D.polygyny is common.
E.warfare is infrequent.
A "big man" is a
A.person who holds a permanent political office.
B.hereditary ruler.
C.person of influence and prestige.
D.leader who avoids excessive displays of generosity.
E.leader who has tremendous power because he is regarded as divine.
In many highland Papua New Guinea patrilineal-patrilocal societies,
A.women are the primary producers of subsistence crops.
B.women govern the public distribution of prestige items.
C.women fear contacts, including sexual intercourse, with men.
D.polygyny decreases household productivity because a man must provide for more
than one wife.
E.the domestic-public dichotomy is minor or nonexistent.
If an anthropologist is studying ethnic-religious conflict in contemporary Sri Lanka, he
or she is most likely a(n)
A.cultural anthropologist.
B.linguistic anthropologist.
C.paleoanthropologist.
D.archaeological anthropologist.
E.biological anthropologist.
A big man's position does NOT depend on
A.hard work.
B.inherited status.
C.generosity.
D.personal charisma.
E.accumulation of wealth.
________ refers to the contemporary world in flux, with people on the move, in which
established canons, categories, distinctions, and boundaries are breaking down.
A.Postmodernity
B.Indigenization
C.Diaspora
D.Hegemony
E.Globalization
In ________, an entrepreneur supplies raw materials to workers in their homes and
collects the finished products from them.
A.capitalism
B.industrialism
C.a tribute exchange system
D.reciprocity
E.a domestic system
The fact that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates engage in masturbation and
same-sex sexual activity suggests that
A.human sexuality is completely determined by biology.
B.it is immoral for humans to engage in such activities.
C.flexibility in sexual expression is part of humans' primate heritage.
D.heterosexual sex is more common among humans than among other primates.
E.human sexuality is completely determined by culture.
Witch hunts are an example of religion's function as
A.a revitalization movement.
B.shamanism.
C.a form of social control.
D.a mechanism for reducing fear and uncertainty.
E.a rite of passage.
________ refers to a person's ability to emphasize different identities in different social
contexts.
A.Ethnic identity
B.Racial substitution
C.Situational negotiation of identity
D.Discourse analysis
E.Rotating core personality traits
The __________ are NOT foragers.
A.Basseri of Iran
B.Australian aborigines
C.Mbuti of Congo
D.Eskimos of Alaska and Canada
E.San of the Kalahari Desert
Compare two of the following in terms of gender roles and stratification: (a) foraging
societies, (b) matrilineal-matrilocal societies, (c) patrilineal-patrilocal societies, and (e)
industrial societies.
Answer:Answers will vary
________ are NOT an example of shamans.
A.Priests
B.Curers
C.Palm readers
D.Astrologers
E.Mediums
Which of these statements about the world system is NOT true?
A."The world system is based on economies oriented toward the world market for
profit."
B."The world system depends on each nation producing all that is needed by its own
population."
C."The world system was established primarily through European colonialism."
D."The standard of living in the world system tends to be higher for populations living
in core nations."
E."Nations may change their positions in the world system."
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that
A.the degree of cultural complexity is related to the effectiveness of languages as
systems of communication.
B.the languages people speak influence the way they think.
C.because the Hopi do not use three verb tenses, they have no concept of time.
D.culture determines what language is able to describe.
E.all humans are endowed with the ability to use language.
The worldwide increase in female-headed households does NOT stem from
A.decreasing divorce rates.
B.male migration.
C.unwed adolescent parenthood.
D.civil strife.
E.the idea that child care is a woman's responsibility.
Potlatch is a
A.festive event where the sponsors give away gifts and gain prestige in return.
B.fastening device for the first pottery, to keep animals out of the food.
C.harvest festival in agricultural cultures.
D.lock for the outhouse shaped like a pot.
E.rite of intensification to solidify group bonds.
The basic social units typically found in foraging societies are
A.band and clan.
B.lineage and nuclear family.
C.extended family and clan.
D.nuclear family and band.
E.band and extended family.
The process by which children learn culture is
A.acculturation.
B.cultural transmission.
C.enculturation.
D.ethnoabsorption.
E.diffusion.
Obligatory interaction between groups or organisms that is beneficial to each is
A.cultivation.
B.swiddening.
C.fallowing.
D.symbiosis.
E.transhumance.
The emergence of agriculture in the Middle East and in Mexico is an example of
A.acculturation.
B.enculturation.
C.independent invention.
D.colonization.
E.diffusion.
