The Human Terrain System is a GIS-based program to map the location of all living
communities on Earth.
Racial classifications do not accurately represent the wide diversity of biological traits
present among human populations.
The distinction between emic and etic perspectives does not apply to American culture.
With generalized reciprocity, the individuals participating in an exchange usually do not
know each other.
Anthropologists would agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is not
necessary as long as you are diligent in your work.
During the “Facebook Revolution” in Brazil, the communities of Ibirama and Turedjam
had little to no Internet access.
Your nuclear family includes you, your parents, and your grandparents.
In tribal societies, unlike industrial ones, marriage entails only an agreement between
the people getting married; descent groups play only a minor role.
Although culture is one of the principal means by which humans adapt to their
environment, some cultural traits may threaten a group’s survival.
Life history accounts can illustrate individual diversity and how different people deal
with the same problems.
Big men are found in tribes, chiefdoms, and archaic states.
In Brazil, a person’s phenotype and racial label may change due to environmental
factors.
If a man marries his deceased brother’s widow, it is a levirate marriage.
Settler postcolonies are characterized by large native populations displaced by the
former European colonists and forced to migrate to their country of origin.
Anthropologists have obligations to their scholarly field, to the wider society and
culture, and to the human species, other species, and the environment.
“Population control” in states refers to police and military forces.
Researchers have observed Japanese macaques making and using “termiting” sticks in
the wild.
The term protolanguage refers to the limited communication systems of nonhuman
primates.
Chiefs occupied formal offices and administered or regulated a series of villages.
An age set is an example of a pantribal sodality.
The origin of American anthropology can be traced to an interest in the origins and
diversity of Native Americans.
In chiefdoms, individuals were ranked according to seniority, but everyone was
believed to have descended from a common set of ancestors.
As capitalism has spread globally, the gap between rich and poor has decreased both
within and between nations.
Because cultures are integrated, patterned systems, a change in one part of a culture
often leads to changes in other parts.
In the United States, attitudes regarding the role of women in the workplace have varied
according to economic need.
Health care systems refers to the nationalized health care services that only exist in core
industrial nations.
Only bilingual people engage in situationally negotiated identities.
Industrialization and mass production have given rise to a culture of consumption.
Since bands lack formalized law, they have no means of settling disputes.
During World War II, the U.S. government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese
and German culture.
In unilineal descent, one’s ancestry is traced through either the male or the female line
(not both).
Band leaders occupy official offices and are able to force other band members to obey
their commands.
Acculturation is the process by which people lose the cultures they learned as children.
Interviews can help establish rapport with community members.
Single-parent families headed by women are becoming increasingly common because
of male migration, divorce, abandonment, and the idea that child care is women’s
responsibility.
All rituals occur in sacred contexts.
Ethnography involves the collection of data that become the basis for an account of a
particular community, society, or culture.
There is considerable cross-cultural variation in the interpretation and treatment of
illnesses.
Academic anthropology refers to the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to
identify and solve social problems.
Unlike industrial workers in most developing countries, female factory employees in
Malaysia enjoy very good working conditions (e.g., high wages, job security,
unionization).
The dominance of Russian culture, language, and people in the former Soviet empire is
an example of
A.multiculturalism.
B.cultural colonialism.
C.hypodescent.
D.enculturation.
E.plural society.
Which statement is NOT true?
A.”Cultural relativism argues that cultural values vary between cultures.”
B.”Cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others.”
C.”Cultural relativism argues that we shouldn’t use our own standards to judge conduct
in other cultures.”
D.”Cultural relativism argues that no one culture is better than any other.”
E.”Cultural relativism argues that each culture is a unique, integrated whole.”
Foraging economies are usually associated with a ________ sociopolitical organization.
A.band
B.tribe
C.state
D.chiefdom
E.complex chiefdom
More than half of American households with incomes below the poverty line are
A.patrilocal.
B.extended.
C.headed by men.
D.headed by women.
E.headed by grandparents.
The bodies and possessions of Polynesian chiefs are considered taboo because chiefs
A.were the primary totems for Polynesian descent groups.
B.occupied a liminal place in society.
C.were considered to be ritually impure.
D.were practitioners of contagious magic.
E.were imbued with a great amount of mana.
The use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end
is
A.applied anthropology.
B.economic anthropology.
C.conceptual anthropology.
D.sociobiology.
E.participant observation.
Contrast two of the following: (a) band leaders, (b) village heads, (c) big men, (d)
chiefs. Discuss how these political figures attainand keeptheir leadership positions.
Discuss the extent to which they can they enforce their decisions, and relate how
permanent their political roles are.
Answer:Answers will vary
________ refers to sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative.
A.Levirate
B.Sororate
C.Polyandry
D.Incest
E.Exogamy
An age set is
A.a village council.
B.a pantribal sodality that represents a certain level of social achievement.
C.all men and women related by patrilineal descent from a human apical ancestor.
D.all men and women related by matrilineal descent from a nonhuman apical ancestor.
E.a group including all men or women born during a certain span of time.
Cultural resource management is an example of applied
A.ethnology.
B.biological anthropology.
C.archaeology.
D.linguistic anthropology.
E.ethnography.
In a(n) ________, most leaders will acquire their positions because of their personal
backgrounds or abilities, rather than heredity.
A.tribal society
B.feudal state
C.imagined community
D.chiefdom
E.agrarian, preindustrial state
________ plays a role in determining skin color.
A.The HbS allele
B.Ultraviolet radiation
C.Sickle-cell anemia
D.Lactose intolerance
E.Lactose tolerance
The primary difference between a village head and a “big man” is that
A.a big man can enforce his decisions.
B.a big man has supporters in multiple villages.
C.a village head is a band leader, while a big man is a tribal leader.
D.a big man’s high status is ascribed, while a village head’s high status is achieved.
E.village head is a permanent political office, while big man is a temporary position.
The original marketing strategy of McDonald’s in Brazil
A.promoted a beer with lunch.
B.completely changed the menu to include Brazilian favorites.
C.tried to Americanize Brazilian eating habits.
D.took into consideration the Brazilian habit of eating hot foods, like hamburgers, on
the beach.
E.focused on the Sunday evening dinner market.
________ is the term for the marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage.
A.Voodoo
B.Mana
C.Taboo
D.Liminality
E.Animism
In general, the status of women
A.rises as dependence on food production intensifies.
B.is higher in societies in which males do most of the work in food production.
C.is higher among agriculturalists than it is among foragers.
D.is higher in matrilineal societies than it is in patrilineal societies.
E.is higher in Yanomami society than it is among the Betsileo of Madagascar.
The type of pastoral economy in which the entire group moves with the animals
throughout the year is
A.nomadism.
B.migration.
C.transhumance.
D.potlatching.
E.redistribution.
Transhumance is a form of
A.horticulture.
B.pastoralism.
C.foraging.
D.agriculture.
E.reciprocity.
Which of the following are cultural particularities?
A.features of a culture that are isolated from other features in the same culture
B.features unique to a given culture, not shared with any others
C.different levels of culture
D.the most general aspects of culture patterns
E.cultural features exhibited by individuals rather than groups
The family in which one is born and raised is one’s
A.family of procreation.
B.family of orientation.
C.family of nucleation.
D.levirate family.
E.sororate family.
Belief in mana was especially prominent in
A.the North Pacific Coast of North America.
B.Madagascar.
C.ancient Greece.
D.Melanesia.
E.sub-Saharan Africa.
The U.S. Census Bureau has found that
A.the choice of “some other race” has increased since 1980.
B.its racial categories are strictly biological.
C.people do not have any trouble selecting one racial category.
D.its racial categories are based on hyperdescent.
E.its racial categories are the same as ones used in the Canadian census.
The ________ researcher has traditionally studied small, non-Western populations.
A.ethnographer
B.sociologist
C.economist
D.palynologist
E.limnologist
Agricultural intensification is NOT associated with
A.greater ecological diversity.
B.deforestation.
C.increased regulation of interpersonal relations.
D.increased potential for conflict.
E.population growth.
Which of these statements about semi-periphery nations is NOT true?
A.”Semi-periphery nations are industrialized.”
B.”Semi-periphery nations export industrial goods and commodities.”
C.”Semi-periphery nations lack the power and economic dominance of core nations.”
D.”Brazil is an example of a semi-periphery nation.”
E.”Semi-periphery nations’ economic activities are less mechanized than those in the
periphery.”
Define mana, and discuss the difference in the beliefs that surround mana in Melanesia
and Polynesia.
Answer:Answers will vary
Which of these goals is most likely to convince an indigenous people to help prevent
deforestation?
A.saving global biodiversity
B.slowing global warming
C.doing what is good for the globe
D.preventing erosion in farmland
E.helping the government secure a place in the European Union
The anti-Basque campaign waged during the Franco dictatorship in Spain is an example
of
A.forced assimilation.
B.cultural relativism.
C.status ascription.
D.multiculturalism.
E.an imagined community.
The term ________ refers to languages that have descended from the same ancestral
language.
A.descendant languages
B.sibling languages
C.daughter languages
D.brother languages
E.protolanguages
A common social unit among foragers is the
A.tribe.
B.chiefdom.
C.segmentary lineage.
D.state.
E.band.
The term ________ refers to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes.
A.sex roles
B.sex stereotypes
C.gender stereotypes
D.gender roles
E.gender duties
Twentieth-century industrialization did NOT
A.bring new industries and new jobs.
B.exert beneficial effects on the economies, ecologies, and populations of “developing”
nations in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.
C.result in dramatically increased production.
D.increase production-spurred strategies to sell everything industry could churn out.
E.give rise to a culture of consumption.
In nonstate societies,
A.professional armies conduct warfare.
B.political institutions are separate from economic institutions.
C.social control is maintained mostly through physical coercion.
D.economic, political, and religious activities are often interrelated.
E.all political power is based on religion.
Explain the differences among cultural universals, generalities, and particularities.
Illustrate your answer with examples.
Answer:Answers will vary
Explain the difference between acculturation and indigenization, citing examples of
each.
Answer:Answers will vary
Compare endogamy and exogamy and determine how absolute the distinction is
between the two. Use examples to illustrate your argument.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss the differences between identities that may be situationally negotiated and
those that cannot. Give specific examples of both.
Answer:Answers will vary
Determine if the contrast between horticulture and agriculture is one of degree or of
kind. Cite ethnographic evidence to support your answer.
Answer:Answers will vary
Define over-innovation, and explain why it can undermine development projects.
Answer:Answers will vary
Describe to what extent modern foragers serve as the basis for reconstructions of social,
political, and economic organization among ancient hunter-gatherer bands. Justify your
answer.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss the reasons why many anthropologists have turned from academic to applied
work.
Answer:Answers will vary
List ways that industrialism affected North American family organization.
Answer:Answers will vary
Identify how Marx and Weber’s views on stratification differ.
Answer:Answers will vary
Identify the four subdisciplines of anthropology. Define each and give one example of
something each might study.
Answer:Answers will vary
Define hypodescent. Determine if it exists in every human society.
Answer:Answers will vary
Describe some of the ways in which social order is maintained in band and tribal
societies.
Answer:Answers will vary
Examine how marriage functions as a kind of group alliance, and determine what role
lobola and dowries play in creating and maintaining marriage alliances.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss some of the problems underlying phenotype-based racial classifications.
Answer:Answers will vary
Define discrimination. Explain the differences between de facto and de jure
discrimination, and give examples of each.
Answer:Answers will vary
Show how culture can be adaptive and maladaptive. Identify why it is important to
understand that culture can be both adaptive and maladaptive.
Answer:Answers will vary
Explain the universality of religion.
Answer:Answers will vary