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"I Hate It When People Treat Me Like a Fxxx-up," Jeanne Theoharis
Jeanne Theoharis responds to the commonly held belief that urban minority students
fail to value education by studying attitudes of African American and Latino high
school students who attend an intensely segregated Los Angeles school. The writings of
these students debunk the myth that they do not value an education, and indicate to the
contrary, "how profoundly students value education, how deeply they wish to succeed
academically, and how much they hope to make their families proud." Theoharis
analyzes the schooling these students receive, identifying structural explanations for
why these highly motivated students sometimes claim that "school sucks."
At Fremont, textbooks _______________ for homework.
a. were available to take home
b. were unnecessary
c. were free to students online
d. could not be taken home
"Tapping Our Strength," Eisa Nefertari Ulen
As a Muslim and a womanist, Eisa Nefertari Ulen stands at an important intersection.
She challenges Western feminists who criticize women who embrace Islamic traditions
to consider whether women who insist on wearing hijab are "unconsciously oppressed"
or are they actually, "performing daily acts of resistance." Are they, she asks, actually
"the most daring of revolutionaries...storming the gates for our own liberation"? She
challenges the reader to see the cutting of Western women for "beautification" as a
"virtual duplication" of the cutting of daughters by some Muslim women in the
"pre-Islamic practice of genital mutilation." She also challenges those who claim to
practice Islam while violating its teachings by dishonoring women. Ultimately she calls
for the building of bridges among Muslims and non-Muslims, and among warrior
women who "have so much work to do."
A womanist is a feminist rooted in the traditions of:
a. Islam
b. Christianity
c. Alice Walker
d. Sister Ama Shabazz
"Gender Matters. So Do Race And Class: Experiences of Gendered Racism on the
Wal-Mart Shop Floor," Sandra E, Weissinger
Sandra Weissinger examined complaints made in the Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
class action lawsuit to understand the specific ways that individuals who are targeted
for mistreatment experience mistreatment in raced, classed and gendered ways. She
documents the unequal treatment that women receive in comparison to men, but shows
that some women hold contradictory positions. A given woman who is targeted for her
gender may be given some privilege linked to her race, thus yielding different outcomes
for different women. She argues that discrimination based on sex alone does not explain
the variation in women's experiences.
She concludes that discriminatory work atmospheres are maintained in multiple and
complex ways, contributing to the persistence of "a web of intersecting and relational
inequalities."
To succeed at Wal-Mart White women were socialized to _______________
discrimination against people of color.
a. identify and eliminate
b. accept and replicate
c. reject and report
d. ignore and deny
"Policing the National Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization" Jael Silliman
Jael Silliman has defined policing the society within the context of race and class.
Politicians, representing mainstream America, have ignored or rarely addressed issues
of poverty, criminalization and race that are pressing for communities of color. Good
policing among the disadvantaged appear to be the new societal wisdom. Silliman
believes such a view negates dealing with the root causes of poverty and racism.
According to Jael Silliman, as strongly as class and race biases determine the criminal
justice system, so does:
a. education bias
b. cultural bias
c. gender bias
d. economic bias
"The Invention of Heterosexuality," Jonathan Ned Katz
The author documents the history and invention of the term heterosexuality as a means
of categorizing sexual relationships. The author emphasizes how sexuality has been
closely linked to structural power and the means of production within a society
throughout history. He argues that an ahistorical approach to studying sexuality
continues to privilege "normal" and "natural" sexual expression.
Which doctor's conceptualization of heterosexual "offered the modern world a new
norm that came to dominate our idea of the sexual universe, helping to change it from a
mode of human reproduction...to a mode of pleasure?"
a. Dr. Kiernan
b. Dr. Rusk
c. Dr. Kinsey
d. Dr. Krafft-Ebing
"Policing the National Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization" Jael Silliman
Jael Silliman has defined policing the society within the context of race and class.
Politicians, representing mainstream America, have ignored or rarely addressed issues
of poverty, criminalization and race that are pressing for communities of color. Good
policing among the disadvantaged appear to be the new societal wisdom. Silliman
believes such a view negates dealing with the root causes of poverty and racism.
The criminal justice system works collaboratively with __________________ to
perform and carry out disciplinary functions deemed necessary to uphold the system of
injustice.
a. government, corporate and professional institutions
b. government. social and professional institutions
c. social, political and professional institutions
d. political, economic and government institutions
"Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration
Strategies," Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee
Orfield and Lee call for new strategies to integrate schools, because schools are
re-segregating as a result of recent court decisions, creating separate and unequal
educational experiences for Whites and minorities. This is particularly the case for
African Americans and Latinos, who Orfield and Lee describe as "highly likely to be
attending poorly supported "majority-minority" schools. Blacks and Latinos are doubly
segregated: from Whites and from middle-class students; Latinos experience triple
segregation: by class, race and language.
"Double segregation" is described by Orfield and Lee as separation of Black and
Latino students both from _______________ and _______________ students.
a. each other/White
b. Asian/poor
c. White/middle-class
d. poor/wealthy
"Lifting as We Climb: Women of Color, Wealth, and America's Future," Center
for Community Economic Development
This article addresses the significant gap in wealth owned by diverse groups of women
of color compared to men who are their racial counterparts and to white women. Both
structural and cultural factors that contribute to the gap are discussed, along with policy
solutions. Because women of color "are some of the most resilient, resourceful, and
relied-upon people in our society" programs aimed at increasing economic security for
these women are essential to the future economic health of the nation as a whole.
Divorced women of color have a median wealth of $4200. Divorced white women have
a median wealth of:
a. $5324
b. $22,345
c. $52,210
d. $10,874
"A Different Mirror," Ronald T. Takaki
Through personal reflection and historical summaries, Ronald T. Takaki explores
multicultural America. As a Japanese American, Takaki argues that the historical and
cultural influence of the Japanese, as well as other racial and ethnic groups, on
American culture is largely unrecognized. The contributions of racial and ethnic groups
must be acknowledged to fully appreciate the true essence of American identity.
Takaki illustrates how despite historical similarities, racial and ethnic groups have been
pitted against one another, and their historical presence denied. Yet, he points out, their
influences and contributions to society are evident everywhere. He argues that
recognizing the value of their experiences allows for an enlightened understanding of
our common history and the tensions and struggles evident among racial and ethnic
groups today.
According to Takaki, the encounters between Indians and Whites:
a. illustrates the pluralism evident in American society.
b. reflects the complete assimilation achieved by racial and ethnic groups in
U.S. society.
c. shaped the course of race relations in America.
d. were mostly peaceful.
"Lifting as We Climb: Women of Color, Wealth, and America's Future," Center
for Community Economic Development
This article addresses the significant gap in wealth owned by diverse groups of women
of color compared to men who are their racial counterparts and to white women. Both
structural and cultural factors that contribute to the gap are discussed, along with policy
solutions. Because women of color "are some of the most resilient, resourceful, and
relied-upon people in our society" programs aimed at increasing economic security for
these women are essential to the future economic health of the nation as a whole.
According to the Center for Economic Development, __________________ percent of
white women heads of households with children live in poverty compared to 43 percent
of African-American women and 46 percent of Latina women
a. 48
b. 55
c. 29
d. 13
"A Different Mirror," Ronald T. Takaki
Through personal reflection and historical summaries, Ronald T. Takaki explores
multicultural America. As a Japanese American, Takaki argues that the historical and
cultural influence of the Japanese, as well as other racial and ethnic groups, on
American culture is largely unrecognized. The contributions of racial and ethnic groups
must be acknowledged to fully appreciate the true essence of American identity.
Takaki illustrates how despite historical similarities, racial and ethnic groups have been
pitted against one another, and their historical presence denied. Yet, he points out, their
influences and contributions to society are evident everywhere. He argues that
recognizing the value of their experiences allows for an enlightened understanding of
our common history and the tensions and struggles evident among racial and ethnic
groups today.
Takaki points out that slavery and the Civil Rights Movement serve as:
a. scars on America's past.
b. reminders of America's goal of freedom.
c. evidence of hardship and suffering among Americans.
d. evidence of American's conformity to social norms.
"Families on Frontier: From Braceros in the Fields to Braceras in the Home,"
Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo
Decades ago the demand for immigrant labor in the western United States was a
demand for male labor. This has changed as a result of transformations in political
economy. Now there is a high demand for female immigrant workers. Mexican and
Central American women immigrants become members of transnational families, as
they leave their children at home and work in the United States in order to support their
families financially. Domestic work in the United States, and in many other countries, is
structured in a way that requires workers to be separated from their families. Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo explores the "broad repercussions for the social relations among
Latina Immigrants and their families" that result from the privatization of social
reproduction.
Many immigrant parents of various nationalities view the United States as a
_______________ place to raise children.
a. secure
b. financially sensible
c. educationally advantageous
d. highly undesirable
"Gender Matters. So Do Race And Class: Experiences of Gendered Racism on the
Wal-Mart Shop Floor," Sandra E, Weissinger
Sandra Weissinger examined complaints made in the Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
class action lawsuit to understand the specific ways that individuals who are targeted
for mistreatment experience mistreatment in raced, classed and gendered ways. She
documents the unequal treatment that women receive in comparison to men, but shows
that some women hold contradictory positions. A given woman who is targeted for her
gender may be given some privilege linked to her race, thus yielding different outcomes
for different women. She argues that discrimination based on sex alone does not explain
the variation in women's experiences.
She concludes that discriminatory work atmospheres are maintained in multiple and
complex ways, contributing to the persistence of "a web of intersecting and relational
inequalities."
Uma Jean Minor noted that her Wal-Mart wages were not sufficient to:
a. purchase a home
b. pay for higher education
c. lift her out of poverty
d. pay her legal fees
"A Dream Deferred: Undocumented Students at CUNY," Carolina Bank Munoz
Carolina Bank Munoz argues that contemporary immigration policy ignores structural
conditions that force people to migrate to the United States. These policies, she argues,
seek individual solutions to structural problems, thereby unfairly denying college
education to undocumented students. Many undocumented students came here as
children with parents who obtained visas that eventually expired. Under current policies
it is difficult for these students to obtain documentation. The author advocates for
passage of the Dream Act, which would make it easier for students to obtain
documentation. Documentation would not only increase the life chances of the students,
but would also assure that this country does not lose "a generation of extraordinarily
bright and talented students..."
Undocumented college students have _____________________ access to federal and
state student aid, work study programs, and many scholarships.
a. little
b. greater than average
c. no
d. easy
"Our Mothers' Grief: Racial-Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families,"
Bonnie Thornton Dill
Bonnie Thornton Dill broadens the dominant perspective of American families through
this historical analysis of racial-ethnic women and their families. She demonstrates how
the establishment of the "modern American family" ideal and expectations of racial and
ethnic groups as sources of cheap labor created distinct familial experiences among
women of various racial-ethnic groups in early America
According to Dill, which of the following is true with regard to African American
families of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
a. Slave owners controlled the cohesion of slave families.
b. After emancipation, African American women were expected to take their position
within the private sphere of the home.
c. Slave labor mirrored labor divisions among White men and women.
d. all of these answers are correct
"The Prison and the Closet," Patricia Hill Collins
Patricia Hill Collins considers the intersecting relationship between racism and
heterosexism. She argues that the assumption that these two hegemonic ideologies
represent separate systems of oppression obscures the fact that racism and sexism rely
upon each other for meaning. Without sacrificing the acknowledgement of differences
in the way that racism and heterosexism manifest, the author shows that the two
systems converge and that both systems affect the everyday lives of all people.
West claims that LGBT people carry the stigma of ____________________.
a. asexuality
b. AIDS
c. rejecting heterosexuality
d. childlessness
"Lifting as We Climb: Women of Color, Wealth, and America's Future," Center
for Community Economic Development
This article addresses the significant gap in wealth owned by diverse groups of women
of color compared to men who are their racial counterparts and to white women. Both
structural and cultural factors that contribute to the gap are discussed, along with policy
solutions. Because women of color "are some of the most resilient, resourceful, and
relied-upon people in our society" programs aimed at increasing economic security for
these women are essential to the future economic health of the nation as a whole.
The median income for women is ____________________ the median income for men.
a. one half
b. three quarters
c. one third
d. one quarter
"Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference," Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new
framework of the study of gender. The "prism of difference" they describe broadens the
traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than
gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective
encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white
women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a
global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a "prism,"
instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc.,
the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to
expand our understanding of gender.
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner believe the study
of women in society offered:
a. a new approach.
b. a balanced approach.
c. new ways of seeing the world.
d. new masculine ways of seeing the world.
"How the New Working Class Can Transform Urban America" Robin Kelley
Kelley explains how the pervasive imagery that exists about the urban "underclass"
undermines our understanding of a contemporary urban working class. The urban
working class, many of whom are Latino and women, can be found in many different
industries today including hospitals, universities, nursing homes, food services and
retail establishments. He also discusses why organizing the new immigrant labor force
is a challenge for the labor movement. He highlights Justice for Janitors, one of the
most significant labor-based social justice movements, of which Black and Latino
women make up the majority of its membership. He highlights a second broad-based
radical movement " the Labor/Community Strategy Center based in Los Angeles, CA.
The Center's most important campaign has been the Bus Riders Union, since public
transportation is one of the few issues that impacts the lives of many urban working
people. This campaign argued that the public transportation system's policies violate
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Justice for Janitors is made up primarily of workers who have been ignored,
particularly:
a. blue-collar White men
b. Black and Latino men
c. poor White women
d. poor women of color
"Are Emily and Greg More Employable Thank Lakisha and Jamal? Marianne
Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan
Recognizing that all measures of economic success show racial inequalities in the
United States labor market, these authors designed and conducted a study to determine
whether perceptions of race connected with an applicant's name might influence
whether the applicant got called for an interview. They created fictitious job applicants
and assigned names suggestive of different races to identical resumes This article
reports their findings.
Bertrand and Mullainathan experimentally manipulated the perception of race by the
_______________ of the applicant.
a. resume quality
b. name
c. education
d. occupation
"Whosoever" Is Welcome Here: An Interview with Reverend Edwin C. Sanders
II" Gary David Comstock
Gary David Comstock discusses how an urban-based minister is making a difference in
the lives of lesbian/bisexual/gay/transgendered people by welcoming them to the
church he pastors and encouraging them to participate in the life of the church. As a
result, his efforts have paid off in creating a compassionate and caring community of
worshipers that evolve from diverse cultural, racial and sexual backgrounds. Because of
this approach, the Reverend Edwin C. Sanders II and his congregation are involved in
various community causes such as an HIV/AIDS ministry and a prison ministry that
benefit the membership as well the community.
Reverend Sanders informed Gary David Comstock that more than 35 percent of his
congregation is being treated for:
a. poor health and drinking
b. theft and vagrancy
c. alcohol and drug use
d. abuse and mistreatment
"Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the
Color Line in Post Race America,"
Gallagher argues that a new form of racist thinking, an ideology called color-blind
racism, has become dominant among whites in America. Media and popular culture
have created an illusion of equality by reducing race to cultural symbols that are
marketed to everyone. Symbols of racial equality are embodied in the images of
successful personalities in politics and sports, as well as in commodities as diverse as
music, clothing, condiments, and cars. This focus on race as merely symbolic allows a
majority of whites to believe that racial harmony prevails, institutional racism has been
eliminated, and race no longer shapes life chances. This myth buttresses the deeply held
belief that America is a meritocracy and that therefore any advantages that whites have
now relative to racial minorities are earned advantages, achieved through individual
effort. White privilege is thus rendered invisible, and support for programs that address
problems caused by institutional racism is undermined.
A social system that awards socio-economic success solely based on the effort of
individuals is called a(n):
a. class hierarchy
b. meritocracy
c. racial hierarchy
d. ideology
"Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the US has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
Based on data from national surveys of rape victims, the profile of the most frequent
rape victim is:
a. a young woman
b. divorced or separated
c. Black and poverty stricken
d. all of these answers are correct
"Navigating Interracial Borders: Black-White Couples and their Social Worlds,"
Erica Chito Childs
Erica Chito Childs examines the experiences and challenges that Black/White couples
face within their families and communities. Although interracial relationships and
marriages are often viewed as a sign of improving race relations, she argues that these
relationships are often met with opposition from both White and Black communities.
She examines the discourse that families use when discussing their feelings and beliefs
about interracial relationships. She finds, for example, that White families often pose
their opposition to Black/White marriage in non-racial terms and stress that they are
"concerned" for how difficult society would make life for the child who is involved
interracially. In contrast to White families, Black families emphasize the importance of
"marrying Black" to their children and explicitly identify race as an issue. Her
conclusion is that because interracial couples exist in, what she terms, a "borderland"
between Black and White, her examination of interracial couples offers much to our
understanding contemporary race relations. The beliefs expressed by the both the Black
and White families illustrate the centrality of race in constructing families and identities
and, particularly, the social construction of race.
When Childs asked White respondents why their families would oppose them being
involved
in an interracial relationship, many of the participants cited _______________ as the
reason why they and/or their family personally would prefer that their family not
become involved interracially.
a. "opposition of the larger society"
b. "personal prejudices"
c. "previous personal experience"
d. "mistrust"
"I Hate It When People Treat Me Like a Fxxx-up," Jeanne Theoharis
Jeanne Theoharis responds to the commonly held belief that urban minority students
fail to value education by studying attitudes of African American and Latino high
school students who attend an intensely segregated Los Angeles school. The writings of
these students debunk the myth that they do not value an education, and indicate to the
contrary, "how profoundly students value education, how deeply they wish to succeed
academically, and how much they hope to make their families proud." Theoharis
analyzes the schooling these students receive, identifying structural explanations for
why these highly motivated students sometimes claim that "school sucks."
At Fremont, for every hundred students who start freshman year,
_______________finish four years later.
a. 89
b. 32
c. 45
d. 16
"Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Gregory Mantsios
Gregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an
illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities.
Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the
middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the
poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper
class inflicts on society.
According to Gregory Mantsios, among all the industrialized nations in the
world,______________ is the most stratified.
a. Canada
b. Sweden
c. The United States
d. New Mexico
"Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference," Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner
Maxine Baca Zinn, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, and Michael Messner present a new
framework of the study of gender. The "prism of difference" they describe broadens the
traditional view of gender by recognizing the influences of social locations other than
gender, and hierarchical systems other than patriarchy. This new perspective
encompasses the experiences of all women, not just those defined as middle class white
women, new views on men and masculinity, and the consideration of gender within a
global perspective. The authors argue that by looking at gender through a "prism,"
instead of a patchwork of other factors, such as class, race, national identity, age, etc.,
the differences and inequalities recognized among both women and men will serve to
expand our understanding of gender.
The authors of "Gender Through the Prism of Difference," argue that traditional
women'sstudies ignored the experiences of women who:
a. were homemakers.
b. were married.
c. were not white and from the middle class.
d. were middle class and educated.
"Crimes Against Humanity," Ward Churchill
Churchill makes a case for seeing the use of American Indian names and degrading and
dehumanizing symbols by sports teams as a violation of the Geneva Convention and a
crime against humanity. The use of these names and images creates barriers to authentic
communication about the realities of history and contemporary life for American
Indians. Churchill challenges several myths, including that the use of these symbols is
just good clean fun; that this usage "honors' American Indians; and that if some find the
practice offensive it doesn"t matter because there are too few left to defend themselves.
The purpose of Indian removal was to facilitate a U.S. governmental policy to being
about _______________ or _______________ of indigenous societies.
a. adjustment/assimilation
b. peace/construction
c. assimilation/dissolution
d. adjustment/construction
"The First Americans: Americans Indians," Matthew Snipp
Matthew Snipp presents a historical summary of the United States' treatment of
American Indians: removal, assimilation, the Indian New Deal, termination and
relocation, and self determination. In the early 1800s removal of American Indians was
the goal of the United States. Increased population and newly acquired land encouraged
the push of American Indians westward, first through negotiated treaties and ultimately
through forced removal. These actions resulted in severe hardship for American Indians
physically and culturally. At the end of the 1800s the government policy regarding
American Indians shifted to assimilation, or rather "humane extinction." The goal of the
government, Snipp points out was to "civilize" American Indians through religion,
education, ownership of property, and agricultural careers. The effect of assimilation on
American Indians was the loss and disorganization of land, the impact of which is still
being felt today.
In the early 1930s the government encompassed American Indians in the New Deal
programs. This shift in treatment demonstrated a new respect for American Indian
culture and land. Economic and infrastructure support was granted to American Indian
reservations, and tribal governance was allowed. American Indian policy took a
different shift after WWII with the goals of termination and relocation. The United
States government sought to terminate their dealing with American Indians and relocate
American Indians to urban areas. In the era of the Civil Rights movement, yet another
shift in United States and American Indian relations occurred. "Self-determination," the
goal of American Indian autonomy, became the focus resulting in greater control of
tribal governments and the end to termination policies. Snipp concludes with a
discussion of the current status of American Indians. Population growth among
American Indians has increased on reservations and in Urban areas. Snipp points out
that both of these segments of the American Indian population face economic hardship.
Urban American Indians also face the struggle of maintaining their culture away from
reservations. Pan-Indianism has served to unite American Indian tribes in their fight for
survival.
Matthew Snipp notes in "The First Americans: Americans Indians," that American
Indians living in urban areas have been helped by:
a. the government.
b. reservations.
c. pan-Indianism.
d. altruism.
"Seeing in 3D," Margaret L. Andersen
Margaret L. Andersen argues that the economy is not a neutral force, as it is portrayed
in the media. Economic downturns do not hit all citizens equally. Specific groups
experience economic change in different ways. Asking, "what would we see differently
were we to view the economic recession with women and people of color in mind,"
Andersen demonstrates the varying effects on economic standing influenced by the
intersections of race, class and gender.
The passage of the Lily Ledbetter act protects women against:
a. subprime mortgages
b. unemployment
c. sexual harassment
d. discrimination
"Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the US has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
After the Civil War, allegations of rape involving Black offenders and White victims
were treated with heightened virulence. One of the ways in which this heightened
virulence manifested was through _______________, which peaked near the end of the
19th century.
a. special doctrinal rules
b. lynching
c. common-law barriers
d. statutory penalties
"A Dream Deferred: Undocumented Students at CUNY," Carolina Bank Munoz
Carolina Bank Munoz argues that contemporary immigration policy ignores structural
conditions that force people to migrate to the United States. These policies, she argues,
seek individual solutions to structural problems, thereby unfairly denying college
education to undocumented students. Many undocumented students came here as
children with parents who obtained visas that eventually expired. Under current policies
it is difficult for these students to obtain documentation. The author advocates for
passage of the Dream Act, which would make it easier for students to obtain
documentation. Documentation would not only increase the life chances of the students,
but would also assure that this country does not lose "a generation of extraordinarily
bright and talented students..."
The Dream Act would:
a. permit undocumented students to stay in school.
b. permit undocumented students to obtain school loans.
c. make it easier for some immigrant students to obtain temporary legal status and
become
eligible under certain conditions for permanent legal status.
d. punish undocumented parents for not obtaining legal status for their children.
"Selling Sex for Visas: Sex Tourism as a Stepping-stone to International
Migration," Denise Brennan
Addressing the myth that sex workers around the globe are simply victims of
exploitation and domination, Denise Brennan considers the case of women sex workers
in Sosua, Dominican Republic. These women - predominantly poor, single mothers
with limited educations - see sex work not as a survival strategy, but as an advancement
strategy. They have meager job opportunities and can make more money more quickly
selling sex than in any other job available to them. Ultimately many hope to obtain
marriage proposals from wealthy sex tourists, and with them visas to places with
greater economic opportunities. Brennan sites these strategies as examples of the
"savviness and resourcefulness of the so-called powerless."
The most decisive factor pushing women into the sex trade in Sosua is:
a. single motherhood
b. their abusive families
c. sex slave traders
d. drugs
"Health and Wealth: Our Appalling Health Inequality Reflects and Reinforces
Society's Other Gaps," Lawrence R. Jacobs and James A. Morone
Jacobs and Morone address the relatively low ranking of the United States relative to
other countries on issues influencing life chances, particularly those relevant to health
and longevity. They note disparities within the United States based on wealth, and
identify three causes of health woes including poverty, inequality, and the organization
of the health care system. They conclude that while other countries have followed
"three paths to good health" the United States has supported public policies that
compromise the health of most of its citizens.
Which of the following is NOT included by Jacobs and Morone as one of the "three
paths to good health" followed by other industrial countries?
a. universal health care
b. investment in education
c. tax cuts
d. maintaining taxes, instead of cutting taxes
"The Culture of Black Femininity and School Success," Carla O"Connor, R.
L"Heureux Lewis, and Jennifer Mueller
Previous studies have found that Black girls are raised to be assertive and independent
with relatively high self-esteem and work oriented aspirations. However, these same
studies have indicated that these qualities of Black femininity have undermined girls in
their educational pursuits. O"Connor, Lewis and Mueller conducted a study of three age
cohorts and found that the culture of Black femininity has changed over time, and that
Black women's socialization toward voice and power can be " and often has been "
productive in relation to securing an education. The authors conclude that a just society
is dependent upon schools and educators learning to build upon rather than attempt to
suppress "the socially productive nature of Black femininity."
Family members of the women studied often established an explicit link between
________ and the receipt of a higher education.
a. finding a suitable husband
b. religious practice
c. the voice and power of Black women
d. submissive acceptance of school rules
