Good key cultural consultants generally end up recording most of the data needed to
write an ethnography.
Sampling and statistical techniques are tools first used by sociologists.
Compared to questionnaires, interview schedules tend to be more indirect and
impersonal.
Religion is a cultural generalitythat is, it is found in most, but not all, societies.
Many “imagined communities” were created by colonialism.
Oversimplified ideas about the characteristics of males and females are known as
gender roles.
Women’s status tends to be high in matrilineal-matrilocal societies.
Acculturation refers to changes that occur when groups come into direct and continuous
contact.
People in the Betsileo village of Ivato (Madagascar) felt that they already had all they
needed because they produced, rather than bought, almost everything they used.
The hypodescent rule is applied to individuals who are racially “pure.”
Focal vocabularies are found only in non-Western societies.
In order to intensify production, agriculturalists frequently build irrigation canals and
terraces.
Nonhuman primate call systems demonstrate linguistic productivity, combining calls to
produce new expressions.
Societies with the same adaptive strategy also tend to have comparable modes of
production.
Although the nuclear family exists in many societies around the world, it is not a
cultural universal.
Higher amounts of melanin in the skin inhibit the body’s ability to manufacture vitamin
D.
Studies investigating differences in the way men and women talk are examples of
sociolinguistics.
After reaching an all-time low in the 1970s, the frequency of nuclear families in North
America has been steadily increasing.
Witch hunts are an example of how religion can be used to limit deviant social behavior
by instilling strong motivations to behave in a certain manner.
In Melanesia, mana was a sacred force that could reside in people, animals, plants, and
objects.
Central to most intervention philosophies is the idea that modernization,
Westernization, and industrialization will bring long-term benefits to local groups.
Multiculturalism is the opposite of assimilationism.
The example of postcolonial development in Madagascar demonstrates that
descent-group organization can be a major obstacle to economic development.
In many societies, minority groups have inferior power and less secure access to
resources than do majority groups.
Racial categories in Japan are more rigid than those in Brazil.
An ethnoecology is any society’s set of environmental practices and perceptions.
Culture is not itself biological, but it rests on certain features of human biology.
The indigenous rights movement has brought about full equality in all Latin American
countries.
Continual expansion is one of the characteristic features of industrial economic
systems.
Cultural colonialism is a process of external assimilation that occurs when a developing
nation-state requests financial support from a First World nation-state.
Cross-culturally, there are only two specific genders.
Anthropology is unique in that it is both holistic and cross-cultural.
Most bands and tribal groups in the world today are isolated from other human
societies.
Many foragers live in mobile bands that may split up during part of the year.
Gender roles are the instinctual behaviors associated with each sex.
By definition, a symbol has an intrinsic and natural link to the thing it signifies.
________ argued that all human languages have a common structural basis and that all
humans have similar linguistic abilities.
A.Edward Sapir
B.Benjamin Lee Whorf
C.William Labov
D.Noam Chomsky
E.Deborah Tannen
Kottak describes his ________ on his arrival in Arembepe, Brazil.
A.culture shock
B.the ethnographic present
C.survey techniques
D.interview schedules
E.bifocality of the local and the outside world
The deliberate physical extinction of a group is
A.ethnocide.
B.genocide.
C.indigenocide.
D.cultural imperialism.
E.acculturation.
________ is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation.
A.Intensive use of land and human labor
B.Irrigation and terracing
C.The use of draft animals
D.Locations in arid areas
E.The slash-and-burn technique
The Romance languages (e.g., French, Spanish) belong to the ________ language
family.
A.Mixe-Zoque
B.Indo-European
C.North Caucasian
D.Dravidian
E.Austro-Asiatic
Minimal pairs are used to identify
A.phonemes.
B.phones.
C.aspiration.
D.allomorphs.
E.bound morphemes.
________ is NOT a characteristic field technique used by ethnographers.
A.The genealogical method
B.Participant observation
C.Conversation
D.The online questionnaire
E.The interview schedule
The term ________ refers to the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a
language.
A.morphemes
B.phonemes
C.syntax
D.grammar
E.diglossia
The study of how sounds combine to form words and their meaningful parts is
A.phonology.
B.syntax.
C.morphology.
D.lexicon.
E.grammar.
The American Anthropological Association’s Code of Ethics is
A.designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field
of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to
society.
B.designed to protect anthropologists who conduct fieldwork in remote places and are
subject to potentially hazardous working conditions.
C.applicable only to research being conducted in the United States.
D.simply disregarded by most researchers.
E.overly general and thus of little use to most anthropologists.
________ refers to the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others,
or its imposition on other cultures.
A.Diasporation
B.Symbolic domination
C.Cultural imperialism
D.Conquest
E.Colonialism
All humans were foragers until approximately
A.10 million years ago.
B.1 million years ago.
C.100,000 years ago.
D.12,000 years ago.
E.1,000 years ago.
Rules of endogamy
A.prove that the incest taboo is not a cultural universal.
B.encourage people to disregard social distinctions in choosing mates.
C.tend to maintain social distinctions between groups.
D.expand a population’s gene pool.
E.result in ever-widening kinship networks.
________ is a cultural universal.
A.Hypodescent
B.Hyperdescent
C.Bifurcate merging kinship terminologies
D.Transhumance
E.Some kind of family
________ involves the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who
once had contact with it.
A.Contagious magic
B.Imitative magic
C.Serial magic
D.Sequential magic
E.Simultaneous magic
Knowledge has commercial value as
A.companies seek to decrease of ecological and technical risks.
B.it acknowledges it is more than increasing temperatures.
C.the process of multinational companies increasingly influence national policies.
D.new ideas are converted into products and services that consumers want.
E.it retains the notion of being native to a place.
________ is/are NOT culturally constructed.
A.Race
B.Gender
C.Kinship
D.Sex
E.Sexual norms
Discrimination that is not legally sanctioned is
A.ethnic discrimination.
B.prejudicial discrimination.
C.de jure discrimination.
D.de facto discrimination.
E.situational discrimination.
Which of these statements about Karl Marx is NOT true?
A.”Marx analyzed 19th– century industrial capitalism.”
B.”Marx viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different
but complementary interests.”
C.”Marx called the owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie.”
D.”Marx called the people who sold their labor the proletariat.”
E.”Marx emphasized class consciousness.”
The media help propel a transnational culture of ________, as they spread information
about products, services, rights, institutions, and lifestyles.
A.conflict
B.tolerance
C.invention
D.electronic communication
E.consumerism
When Kottak began researching among the Betsileo in Madagascar, the children ran
away from him because
A.he was associated with the schoolteachers, whom no one trusted.
B.he was traveling with his wife, and no one would talk to a woman.
C.they were afraid that he was working with the national government to take away their
land.
D.they were afraid that if he took pictures of them, it would capture their souls.
E.they thought he was a vampire.
The Life at Home study based on middle-class families who either owned or were
buying homes found that American life centered on the
A.family room.
B.kitchen.
C.garden or yard.
D.bedroom.
E.living room.
One of Penelope Eckert’s findings about California accents is that when people are and
want to stay involved in their home community, they
A.develop a unique accent.
B.tend to adopt a speech pattern with less of an accent.
C.copy the English they hear on the radio.
D.tend to talk like locals.
E.often develop extended versions of nonverbal communication among peer groups.
________ is the ethnographic present.
A.The dates that the anthropologist was living in the culture
B.The period before Westernization
C.The period that documents cultural change
D.The dates that include cultural contact
E.The date the ethnography was published
________ were NOT traditionally used by the Inuit to handle disputes.
A.Blood feuds
B.Song contests
C.Executions of offenders
D.Courts of law
E.Kin ties
Induction into the U.S. Marine Corps and going through the Native American vision
quest are both examples of
A.revitalization movements.
B.generalized reciprocity.
C.totemism.
D.rites of passage.
E.imitative magic.
The term alienation describes ________ in industrial economies.
A.the peasants’ loss of land
B.an increasing subculture of poverty
C.negative reciprocity
D.the separation of workers from the things they produce
E.the great distances that separate the homes and workplaces of most people
Biological anthropologists study all of the following EXCEPT
A.ancient languages.
B.human biological plasticity.
C.primates.
D.human evolution.
E.human genetics.
The ________ strategy is unique to anthropology.
A.comparison
B.biological perspective
C.ethnography
D.evolutionary perspective
E.skilled respondents
________ refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing
a profit.
A.Stock
B.Proletariat
C.Caste
D.Bourgeoisie
E.Capital
The use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end
is
A.applied anthropology.
B.economic anthropology.
C.conceptual anthropology.
D.sociobiology.
E.participant observation.
A scientist who studies the fossil record of human evolution is a(n)
A.paleoanthropologist.
B.archaeologist.
C.ethnologist.
D.treasure hunter.
E.primatologist.
Name the various kinds of work applied anthropologists pursue. Provide one example
for each subfield. Discuss the aspects of anthropology that make it uniquely valuable in
application to social problems.
Answer:Answers will vary
List some of the major differences between British and French colonial policies.
Answer:Answers will vary
Define the world-system perspective, and explain why it is important in anthropology.
Answer:Answers will vary
Define ethnocentrism and cultural relativism and highlight where they are similar or
different. Identify the problems that can arise from cultural relativism in an
anthropologist’s work.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss what anthropologists mean when they say that nonindustrial economies are
embedded in society.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss strategies that can help ensure that economic development and
environmentalism benefit, rather than endanger, local communities.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss how lobola is insurance against divorce. List what types of cultures may
require this type of marital exchange.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss ways in which kinship and descent help human populations adapt to their
environments.
Answer:Answers will vary
Explain the difference between intersex individuals and self-identified transgender
individuals. Give at least two examples of each.
Answer:Answers will vary
Explain why differences in skin pigmentation exist among human populations around
the world.
Answer:Answers will vary
Describe the ethical obligations of anthropologists working in foreign countries.
Answer:Answers will vary
Describe the relationship between theory and practice in anthropology, and list reasons
why applied anthropology should be or should not be recognized as a separate
subdiscipline. Explain how it is different from the traditional subfields of anthropology.
Answer:Answers will vary
Determine how the Mozambique BaThonga’s practice of giving lobola (substantial gifts
to bride’s family) affects their marriages.
Answer:Answers will vary
List some of the primary differences and similarities between horticultural and foraging
groups.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss whether or not religion is becoming more or less important in contemporary
American society. If you believe that religion is becoming less important, discuss what
is replacing it.
Answer:Answers will vary
Explain what historical linguists study, and discuss how historical linguistics is relevant
to anthropology.
Answer:Answers will vary
Identify some of the arguments for and against the interpretation of mass media as a
form of cultural imperialism.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss two cases in which religion has played an important role in social change.
Answer:Answers will vary
Identify the defining attributes of culture, and provide examples of each attribute.
Answer:Answers will vary