Discretion by police officers occurs during the first four stages of the criminal justice
process. In order, what are those stages?
a. Initial contact, arrest, charging, custody
b. Initial contact, investigation, arrest, charging
c. Initial contact, investigation, arrest, custody
d. Initial contact, arrest, investigation, charging
About ________ percent of the jail population is European Americans.
a. 25
b. 33
c. 50
d. 65
Which policing style utilizes the least amount of discretion?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman
The average police officer can expect to make between 10 and 15 arrests per month for
serious crimes.
a. True
b. False
One of the largest and fastest growing problems is the disposal of many tons of obsolete
high-tech electronics.
a. True
b. False
Which view of crime suggests that individuals are born “good” and become “bad” as
they mature?
a.Social reaction theory
b. Social control theory
c.Social structure theory
d. Social learning theory
What procedure is often used as an alternative to the grand jury?
a. The initial hearing
b. The arraignment
c. The preliminary hearing
d. The criminal trial
The ratio of minority custody to white custody in the juvenile system is 2.6 to 1.
a. True
b. False
Bail is forfeited if the defendant misses the trial date.
a. True
b. False
Jeff Johnson is the newest judge to take the bench in the fifth district of Virginia. He
spent 25 years as a prosecutor before being elected to the court. He is known for his
lenient views on drugs and his extreme conservative views on crimes of violence. Judge
Johnson is about to sentence a drug offender who has been convicted for the third time.
Rebecca is a 37-year old black woman standing in front of Judge Johnson in absolute
disbelief that she has not received a life sentence for killing her husband while he slept.
She was in an abusive marriage. Instead, she received a 5-year sentence. How can you
best explain Judge Johnson’s decision?
a. Judge Johnson is also black and therefore has more sympathy.
b. Older offenders get sentenced to lesser punishments than the young.
c. Minorities are sentenced to more prison time than whites.
d. Women are more likely to be treated leniently.
Juvenile custody rates are ____ times greater for African”American youths than for
white youths.
a. two
b. three
c. four
d. five
What was one of August Vollmer’s greatest contributions to police professionalism?
a. Instituted university training for young officers
b. Established the first formal police academy in the United States
c. Was the first president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
d. Created the first special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team
One form of legal representation of indigents is where private attorneys or private law
firms provide their services for free.
a. True
b. False
An information is the charging document filed by the prosecution in a preliminary
hearing.
a. True
b. False
Who determines the actual length of incarceration in an indeterminate sentence?
a. Judge
b. Prosecutor and the defense attorney
c. State legislature
d. Correctional agency and the judge
Jaime has just pled guilty to cocaine possession. At first she claimed that the drugs
weren”t hers but figured the judge might be lenient if he knew that she had fought with
cocaine addiction since she was 14 years old. Her parents are in the public spotlight and
the publicity was just too much for her to handle so she left home when she was 16,
certain that she could make it on her own. After living on the streets addicted to
anything she could get her hands on, she finally went back home to seek help from her
parents who put her in rehab about 6 months ago.
Even though she is going to get help, Jamie feels like her sentence is a waste of time.
Her probation officer asks a lot of questions when they meet. He asks questions about
her family, her living situation, her relationships with others, and of course her triggers
for using drugs. What is he doing?
a. Post-sentence report
b. Risk classification
c. Intake
d. Motivational interviewing
Abraham is an American citizen born to Saudi Arabian parents. His father used to know
people that had ties to Al Qaeda, but he doesn”t speak with them anymore. Recently,
Abraham’s father seems to do a lot of business on the computer and telephone at night,
but his uncle has just arrived for a visit so they are probably just catching up with old
friends. One day as Abraham is driving to school, he notices two men in a nondescript
car that seems to be following him. The next week, he notices some kind of tracking
device hanging from the underside of the car bumper.
Abraham knows the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is tailing him, but he doesn”t
know why and believes it is illegal. What recourse does he have as an American
citizen?
a. He can file a petition that his Fourth Amendment rights have been violated.
b. None. Conducting surveillance of “lone wolves” is legal under the USAPA.
c. Confront the FBI. USAPA is only allowed to monitor computers and phones.
d. File a complaint with the police and get a restraining order.
Death penalty researchers do not all agree that the threat of capital punishment serves as
an effective general deterrent to murder.
a. True
b. False
A probationer’s home may be searched without a warrant by a probation officer if the
officer suspects criminal activity.
a. True
b. False
The Batson doctrine holds that:
a. peremptory challenges based on race by the defense are unconstitutional
b. prosecutorial peremptory challenges based on race are unconstitutional
c. the use of “content” questions is unconstitutional
d. peremptory challenges may not be limited to less than five by state statute
The watchman style of policing is characterized by officers devoted to the profession of
police work and who are most likely to aspire to achieve prestige, status, and rank.
a. True
b. False
The future of structured sentencing guidelines is unclear because they may violate a
defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between criminal justice and
the media?
a. The media routinely features stories exposing brutal cops and violent prisons.
b. Most criminal defendants receive a lengthy trial by jury in media representations of
cases.
c. The media leads many individuals to false impressions and unrealized expectations
about criminal justice.
d. All of the above statements are true regarding the relationship between criminal
justice and the media.
After police processing, a juvenile goes straight to a juvenile detention facility.
a. True
b. False
The USAPA expands the use of racial and ethnic profiling in transportation hubs such
as airports and train stations.
a. True
b. False
In re Gault forced the courts to process juvenile offenders within the framework of
appropriate constitutional procedures.
a. True
b. False
Congress has struggled to create legislation that will restrict objectionable use of
Internet pornography without violating _____ Amendment freedoms.
a. First
b. Fifth
c. Sixth
d. Eighth
Once good time is earned by inmates, it cannot be revoked even if the inmates break
rules or get into fights.
a. True
b. False
A defendant’s options for a plea are guilty, not guilty, or nolo contendere.
a. True
b. False
What is Operation Ceasefire?
a. A problem-oriented policing program in Boston to get guns off the street.
b. A community-oriented policing program in Chicago aimed at auto theft.
c. A crime-mapping program in Dallas designed to plot gun crimes.
d. A civilian review board initiative in New York.
A defendant’s due process rights are not violated when a prosecutor threatens to reindict
the accused on more serious charges if the defendant does not plead guilty to a lesser
offense.
a. True
b. False
Which is not a common form of inmate vocational program in use today?
a. Work release
b. Private prison enterprise
c. Furlough programs
d. Convict-leasing
Federal courts have not found it necessary to rule on the issue of a juvenile’s
constitutional right to bail.
a. True
b. False
Domestic violence courts are an example of specialized courts.
a. True
b. False
____________________ relies on a fixed term of incarceration set in law by the
legislature.
The Durham Rule is associated with the ____________________ defense.
Discuss the major functions performed by probation officers.
Discuss the rationale behind specialty courts and how such courts fit into the larger
structure of the state court system.
Gathering of evidence occurs in this stage, which follows initial contact, __________.
_________ ______ is management of an individual’s behavior by social and
institutional forces in society.
Discuss the factors that are believed to be significant in police use of discretion
regarding juvenile offenders.
____________________ is the result of decision of a judge ordering an adjudicated and
sentenced juvenile to be placed in a correctional facility.
The number of offenders being sent to prison today is __________ than a decade ago.
Detail the various forms of indigent defense systems used in the United States.
Discuss globalization and how it has increased transnational crime.
A culture of poverty is discussed as an element of ___________ theory.
According to ____________________ theory, disruptions in life’s major transitions can
be destructive and ultimately can promote criminality.
Discuss the Delinquency in a Birth Cohort study and how its findings have shaped
justice policy.
If an officer uses his or her position of trust/power to commit the very crimes they are
entrusted with controlling, he or she is engaged in ______.