A proposition that can be tested by researchers to determine if it is valid is a:
a. hypothesis.
b. scientific method.
c. theory.
d. correlation.
Discuss the difference between juvenile delinquents and status offenders.
a)Juvenile delinquency is behavior that is illegal under federal or state law that has
The is the chief law officer of a state and also the chief law officer of the nation.
a. attorney general
b. court justice
c. judge
d. public prosecutor
The criticism that intermediate sanctions designed to divert offenders from prison
actually increase the number of citizens who are under the control and surveillance of
the American corrections system is known as what?
a. diversion
b. reintegration
c. scared straight
d. widening the net
Criminal jurisdiction is determined by legislation.
a. True
b. False
Children of convicts are at a higher risk than their peers for antisocial behavior and
mental health problems.
a. True
b. False
Trait theorists believe that crime is best addressed by punishing criminal offenders.
a. True
b. False
A youth gang is viewed as a group of or more persons who self-identify themselves as
an entity separate from the community by special clothing, vocabulary, hand signals,
and name, and engage in criminal activity.
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
The ruling in ____________ (1970)8 required the government to prove “beyond a
reasonable doubt” that a juvenile had committed an act of delinquency, raising the
burden of proof from a “preponderance of the evidence.”
a. InreGault
b. Kentv.UnitedStates
c. InreWinship
d. Breedv.Jones
A situation in which the length of a sentence appears to be influenced by a defendant’s
race, gender, economic
status, or other factor not directly related to the crime he or she committed is:
a. sentencing disparity.
b. sentencing discrimination.
c. sentencing bias.
d. sentencing equity.
Case 1-3
Chief Thomas is proud that the crime rates in his city have declined over the past year.
Violent, property, and juvenile crimes have decreased. The community feels safer and
the city commission wants to authorize more money to go into the crime-fighting
measures of the police department.
While most crime rates have declined, Chief Thomas notices that the arrest rates for
illegal drug possession and use have increased. He especially notices an increase in the
use of illegal psychoactive drugs. He wants to create some type of information
pamphlet on illegal psychoactive drugs to distribute to schools and community centers.
Which of the following would not be discussed in this pamphlet on illegal psychoactive
drugs?
a. alcohol
b. cocaine
c. heroin
d. marijuana
In the twentieth century, crime declined most between:
a. 1930 and 1940.
b. 1990 and 2000.
c. 1950 and 1960
d. 1970 and 1980.
Case 11-2
The state of Florida, like many other states is facing extreme financial problems. The
legislature was called into an emergency session to pass a budget. One of the major
areas of discussion is the state prison system. After hours of debate and discussion, the
lawmakers are not reaching a consensus on how to cut the corrections budget.
One lawmaker believes that the best way to reduce correctional costs is to privatize the
prison system. He makes several arguments as to how privatization of prisons will
reduce the overall budget. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons the
lawmaker would give to prove his point?
a. competitive bidding
b. fewer programs to inmates
c. labor costs
d. less red tape
Probationers who commit technical violations are very likely to have their probation
revoked.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is NOT one of the designations of being “mentally defective”?
a. is a danger of herself or himself to others
b. lacks the mental capacity to manage his or her own affairs
c. has been found insane or incompetent to stand trial by a criminal or military court
d. has a history of hurting animals
Mr. Johnson was hired by the head of the department of corrections to run the new
prison that was being constructed. It is designed to hold up to 3000 inmates. Mr.
Johnson was given the authority to develop a prison system that he feels will be most
effective in dealing with the inmate population. His annual budget will be $90 million.
Mr. Johnson is a firm believer that the classification process is the most important part
of the correctional system. This will ensure that each inmate is appropriately assigned to
the correctional facility that will be the best fit for him or her. Which of the following is
NOT one of the common criteria used for classification purposes?
a. the seriousness of the crime committed
b. the risk of future criminal or violent conduct
c. the size and physical strength of the inmate
d. the need for treatment and rehabilitation programs
A fine is a direct payment to the victim or victims of a crime.
a. True
b. False
The Court has established that the does not require police to obtain a warrant to search
automobiles or other movable vehicles when they have probable cause to believe that a
vehicle contains contraband or evidence of criminal activity.
a. Second Amendment
b. Fourth Amendment
c. Fifth Amendment
d. Sixth Amendment
Which of these counts as a public order crime?
a. murder
b. prostitution
c. larceny
d. battery
An area that is concentrated with high criminal activity to which there is a directed
police response is a:
a. depressed spot.
b. heavy spot.
c. hot spot.
d. crime spot.
What type of sentencing occurs when a judge determines the minimum and maximum
terms of imprisonment?
a. determinate sentencing
b. indeterminate sentencing
c. mandatory sentencing
d. truth-in sentencing
If a suspect indicates that he or she does not wish to be questioned by police, thereby
refusing to waive his or her
Mirandarights, the officers should:
a. send another officer in to continue questioning the suspect.
b. attempt to convince the suspect to waive his or her Miranda rights.
c. stop questioning the suspect immediately.
d. continue questioning the suspect, but only until his or her attorney arrives.
Which crime is investigated most thoroughly and thus results in the highest clearance
rates?
a. burglary
b. computer theft
c. murder
d. stolen vehicle
“John reportedly used the stolen money to fuel his cocaine and gambling habits. While
in prison, he can receive treatment and training to address these problems.” This would
be an explanation for which sentencing philosophy?
a. deterrence
b. incapacitation
c. rehabilitation
d. retribution
In the highly regulated, oppressive environment of the prison, correctional officers must
use the threat of violence, if not actual violence, to instill discipline and keep order.
a. True
b. False
The first step of the revocation process is the arraignment.
a. True
b. False
Officer-initiated activities account for the most amount of patrol time.
a. True
b. False
Which category of murder occurs when the victim provoked the offender to act
violently?
a. first degree murder
b. second degree murder
c. voluntary manslaughter
d. involuntary manslaughter
Which of the following sentencing philosophies is viewed as the most humane?
a. deterrence
b. incapacitation
c. just deserts
d. rehabilitation
Case 12-1
Matthew is the newest inmate to a maximum-security institution. He was sentenced to
serve 20 years for the crime of armed robbery and attempted manslaughter. Matthew is
anxious about going to prison. This is the first time he will serve time in prison. In the
past he has only served short jail terms.
Six months into his prison sentence Matthew begins to feel frustrated because he has no
freedom and he misses the items he was used to when he was out of prison, like his cell
phone and his iPod. What theory would explain this inmate aggression?
a. consensus model
b. conflict model
c. deprivation model
d. integration model
About of all American households possess at least one gun.
a. 75%
b. 50%
c. 30%
d. 10%
The recognized standard for a “reasonable expectation of privacy” was established by
which of the following court cases?
a. Katzv.UnitedStates
b. Mappv.Ohio
c. Terryv.Ohio
d. UnitedStatesv.Cortez
Most probationers are repeat offenders who have committed nonviolent crimes.
a. True
b. False
Who is responsible for the organization and operation of state corrections systems?
a. governors
b. sheriffs
c. law enforcement
d. state prison authorities
Describe botnets, worms, and viruses.
In the role of , the judge is responsible for seeing that the trial unfolds according to the
dictates of the law and that the participants in the trial do not overstep any legal or
ethical bounds.
The two levels of the dual court system are the and .
A -security prison allows inmates to have a great deal of freedom of movement and
contact with the outside world.
___________ court judgesincluding the justices of the Supreme Courtare appointed by
the president of the
United States, and are subject to the approval of the Senate.
The power to ‘speak the law” refers to ___________________________.
Corruption was rampant during the era of policing.
Statutes that require lengthy prison sentences for those who have been convicted of
multiple felonies are
_____________________.
The power designated to an agent of the law over a person who has broken the law is
_________________________.
List the requirements of a duress defense.
A is the smallest stretch that a police officer or group of police officers regularly patrol.
An investigation of a person’s history to determine whether that person should be
allowed a certain privilege, such as the ability to possess a firearm is called a .
Time spent in jail prior to trial is often credited towards an offender’s sentence as .
List and describe the essential elements of the corrections system.
In shock incarceration, the offender is first sentenced to a prison or jail term and then
released and resentenced to
____________________.
A(n) is the release of an inmate from prison at the end of his or her sentence without
any further correctional supervision.
Only within the past 20 years have many police departments actively tried to recruit .