Discuss the form of locomotion called braciation. Among which primates is it most
commonly fund? Why are some called “semibrachiators?” Where are the latter found?
Answer:Will vary
Give an overview of the modes of evolutionary change, including both microevolution
and macroevolution. Why does the textbook author indicate that the major differences
between the two seem to be one of scale?
Answer:Will vary
Discuss the capability to conduct MtDNA analyses of fossil skeletal remains. What
contributions to the understanding of what it means to be human will this capability
have in the future?
Male-female bonds, such as consortships, are advantageous to females because they
gain protection from predators.
The various components of hominin biocultural evolution development simultaneously.
The earliest evidence for writing occurs in Egypt.
Colobine monkeys specialize in eating mature leaves, and are referred to as “leaf-eating
monkeys.”
Although excavations at Olduvai Gorge have yielded abundant archaeological traces,
no hominin remains have ever been found there.
The Acheulian biface or “hand axe” is a basic tool of the Acheulian tradition.
A nuchal torus refers to the projection of bone on the top of the cranium which is very
common among Homo erectus.
Neandertals are a fully separate biological species from modern humans and therefore
theoretically incapable of fertilely interbreeding with modern people.
Humans differ from other animals in the extent to which they employ symbolic
communication.
Creationism is considered a science because it has testable hypotheses.
All early civilizations share a basic need to manage an increasingly complex society.
Physical/biological anthropologists are only interested in the human fossil record.
The Dmanisi cranial remains show that the very early European specimens had large
brains.
The Epipaleolithic of the Near East was more dependent on wild nut and seed crops
than the Mesolithic in northern Europe.
Recessive conditions are usually associated with the lack of production of an enzyme.
The Lower Paleolithic is a term used to describe the culture of the earliest hominins.
Compared with foragers, food collectors rely much more on a few seasonally abundant
resources, and their camps often show evidence of specialized processing and storage
technologies.
The first modern Homo sapiens evolved from Western Europe.
All analyses have shown that Homo erectus hominins represent a different hominin than
their more ancient African predecessors.
Genetic drift is the random factor in evolution.
The focus of anthropology is very narrow and has only two subfields.
All researchers agree that Sahelanthropus is a definite hominin.
In the classification of the primates, the lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers would be placed in
the suborder Strepsirhini.
Because organic materials such as sticks and bones are usually well preserved in the
archaeological record, we have good evidence of the earliest stages of hominin cultural
modifications.
Sexual dimorphism refers to reproductive differences among mammal species.
Epochs are categories of geological time; the Cenozoic contains seven.
Evolution is a theory that has considerable support from genetic evidence.
Genetic evidence suggests that Neandertal DNA is remarkably similar to modern
humans.
The mammals achieved rapid evolutionary success because they possessed several
characteristics related to learning and general behavioral flexibility.
The partial replacement models have been bolstered by the sequencing of Neandertal
genome.
Forensic anthropology is an applied subfield which benefits from a background in
physical anthropology.
All cultures share the same worldview.
The Gran Dolina human remains are definitely Homo erectus.
There is evidence of chronological overlap in occupation of the Near East by
Neandertals and modern humans.
Which of the following does not characterize Cercopithecines
a. are one subfamily of Old World monkeys
b. are more generalized than colobines
c. include baboons, guenons, and macaques
d. have cheek pouches for storing food
e. found only in Sri Lanka and Madagascar
Thus far, the earliest specimens of modern Homo sapiens are from which site?
a. Omo Kibish
b. Klasies River Mouth
c. Qafzeh
d. Cro-Magnon
e. Kow Swamp
What is the term for the stone tool technology most often associated with the
Neandertals that extended across Europe and North Africa, into the former Soviet
Union, Israel, Iran, central Asia and possibly China?
a. Mousterian
b. Middle Paleolithic
c. Early Paleolithic
d. Denisovian
e. Oldowan
The eugenics movement
a. formed the basis for notions of racial equality in Nazi Germany
b. was popular throughout the 1970s.
c. is a now discredited view of racial purity
d. was begun by Charles Darwin
e. is supported in biological data
Studies of nonhuman primate behavior
a. have no relevance for understanding human behavior
b. may provide valuable insights into human behavioral evolution
c. has not been shaped by genetic and environmental factors
d. offer familiar examples of individual and social behaviors but are not helpful in
identifying the interactions between a number of environmental and physiological
variables
e. are indicative of how humans were once monkeys
Developmental acclimatization occurs in those individuals who
a. have recently moved to a high altitude environment
b. have spent their adult life at high altitude
c. were born in a high altitude environment, but who grew up in a low altitude
environment
d. grow up in high altitude environments
e. live at high altitude and are lactose intolerant
Anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils from Africa have been dated to about
_____ years ago.
a. 100,000-70,000
b. 200,000-100,000
c. 195,000-80,000
d. 35,000
e. 65,000
The current evidence indicates that hominins possessed all the major structural changes
necessary for bipedalism by
4 million years ago
a. 5 to 7 million years ago
b. 8 to 10 million years ago
c. 3 to 4 million years ago
Sexual dimorphism
a. refers to differences between adults and adolescents with regard to sexual behavior
b. is particularly pronounced in all primate species
c. refers to differences between the sexes with regard to features such as body size
d. is more common in arboreal species
e. has not been observed in any monkey
Supposed grave goods found in Neandertal burials
a. have been cited as evidence for Neandertal symbolic behavior
b. include bone and stone tools, along with animal bones
c. are found less consistently and in less concentrations than earlier hominin sites
d. suggest the presence of language
e. are not significant as evidence of intentional behavior.
What is greatest contribution of Olduvai research?
a. establishment of a well documented sequence of hominin occupation
b. identification of the earliest stone tools
c. contributed to understanding of the origins of bipedalism
d. identification of the earliest hominins
e. discovery of the first anatomically modern human
What factor contributed to the concentration of wealth and the emergence of social
hierarchies during the Longshan period?
a. control of irrigation technology
b. the circulation of luxury products
c. trade with the Indus Valley civilization
d. population nucleation associated with climate shifts
e. the establishment of a standing military
Approximately 3.7 million years ago, two or three hominins left their footprints across
the savanna of modern day Tanzania, clear evidence that
a. Apes were present in Tanzania
b. hominins walked bipedally
c. modern day Tanzania continues to be a savanna environment
d. hominins traveled in small groups
e. Tanzania is 3.7 million years old
Where are chimpanzees found?
a. across forested equatorial Africa as far east as Lake Tanganyika
b. in Africa and India
c. in open savanna areas of Kenya ONLY
d. in the mountainous areas of central Africa ONLY
e. in Africa, India and southeast Asia
Agriculture is defined as:
a. the propagation and exploitation of plants and animals by humans
b. the process of teaching animals to be tame
c. the presence of genetic changes that render plants and animals dependent on humans
d. the intensive use of plants and animals by humans
e. the process of intentionally growing plants
The seemingly sudden appearance of fully domesticated sheep, goats, wheat, and barley
in southeastern Europe, along with a host of specific Near Eastern cultural traits is
evidence for
a. the influence of eastern Asia on the development of agriculture in Europe
b. both the migration of farmers and diffusion of the idea of agriculture from the Near
East
c. the independent development of agriculture in this region
d. the presence of single, Near Eastern point of origin for domestication and agriculture
e. interaction between indigenous hunter-gatherers and colonizing farmers
Social stratification accompanies the earliest states, which means there is archaeological
evidence of
a. no real social classes
b. most people performed essential specialized tasks of craft production, military
service, trade, and religion
c. lack of the presence of a hereditary ruling class
d. few elite individuals who controlled access to goods and services produced by others
e. no real way to levy and collect taxes
The earliest artifact sites are from the Gona and Bouri areas, dating to
a. 7 mya
b. 2.6 mya
c. 500,000 years ago
d. 1.5 mya
e. 5 mya
Small groups who are highly mobile and typically move to seasonally available
resources are known as:
a. collectors
b. foragers
c. hunter-gatherers
d. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers
e. seasonal extractors
Which of the following are Strepsirhini?
a. New World monkeys
b. lorises
c. Old World monkeys
d. humans
e. chimpanzees
Gregor Mendel is known for which of the following?
a. He developed theories of evolutionary change.
b. He discovered the structure of the DNA molecule.
c. He studied characteristics that are influenced by several genetic loci.
d. He discovered the fundamental principles of how traits are inherited.
e. He developed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
What have researchers concluded from the fossil remains of hominin feet from South
Africa?
a. They indicate obligate quadrupedalism.
b. They indicate many forms of hominins spent considerable time in trees.
c. They were adapted for quadrupedalism.
d. They indicate the big toe could NOT have aided the foot in grasping.
e. Remains from hominin feet have not been found in South Africa
The principle of uniformitarianism
a. stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the
present
b. was a problem for the development of evolutionary theories
c. proposed that the earth was only a few thousand years old
d. was the same as the theory of catastrophism
e. was first proposed by Georges Cuvier
In _________, the young are born in an extremely immature state and complete
development in their mother’s external pouch.
a. placental mammals
b. monotremes
c. marsupials
d. reptiles
e. adaptive radiation
Which of the following sites in western Europe may offer evidence for genetic
continuity between Neandertals and modern humans?
a. Abrigo do Lagar Velho
b. Tabun and Qafzeh
c. Qafzeh and Skhūl
d. Border Cave and Vindija
e. Cromagnon
Which of the following Mesoamerican cities was the Aztec capital?
a. Teotihuacn
b. Tula
c. Tenochtitln
d. Monte Alban
e. Chichn Itz
The oldest possible hominin found to date has been given which genus name?
a. Australopithecus
b. Sahelanthropus
c. Zinjanthropus
d. Ardipithecus
e. Orrorin
According to the compete replacement model, the transition from premodern to modern
Homo sapiens
a. occurred in several regions of the Old World simultaneously
b. occurred first in Europe
c. only occurred once, in Africa
d. began about 10,000 years ago in Indonesia
e. began about 100,000 years ago in Asia
Humans and New World monkeys both have a 2.1.2.3 dental formula.
The principle of superposition is a key component of what relative dating technique?
a. biostratigraphy
b. cross-dating
c. seriation
d. paleomagnetism
e. stratigraphy
Bergmann’s rule
a. states that a linear body with long arms and legs is optimal for cold climates
b. concerns the relationship between climate and shape and size of appendages
c. states that bodies with increased mass or volume to surface area are optimal for cold
climates
d. is based upon the principle that as arms increase in length, there is a corresponding
increase in surface area
e. is based on the principle that heat is retained at the body surface
What is the term for traits that reflect specific evolutionary lineages and can be
informative of evolutionary relationships?
a. ancestral (primitive)
b. acquired
c. derived (modified)
d. convergent characters
e. analogies
Lascaux and Altamira
a. are well known Neandertal sites
b. are 20,000 year-old campsites
c. contain evidence of butchered mammoths
d. are famous for their numerous cave bear skulls
e. are famous for their elaborate cave paintings
Which two primary schools of classification are discussed in the text?
a. generalized and specialized
b. organic and inorganic
c. evolutionary systematics and cladistics
d. cladistics and non-cladistics
e. ancestral and derived (modified)
Some researchers argue that human population growth initiated the agricultural
response at the end of the last Ice Age; others see it happening the other way around.
But there’s no question that
a. population size and density both tended to decrease as farming produced smaller and
less predictable yields.
b. population size and density both tended to increase as farming produced larger and
more predictable yields.
c. population size tended to increase and density decrease as farming produced larger
and more predictable yields.
d. population size tended to decrease and density increase as farming produced larger
and more predictable yields.
e. population size and density both tended to increase as farming produced larger but
less predictable yields.
Compare and contrast the Clovis, Folsom, Dalton and Plano Archaeological complexes
and detail the importance of each to the lifestyles of the people who used them.
Answer:Will vary
Define vasodilation and describe its role in the human physiological response to heat.
Answer:Will vary
Explain the concepts of dominance, co-dominance, and recessiveness as used in modern
genetics.
Answer:Will vary
There is some variation among the different geographical groups of the highly
successful hominins, but anthropologists debate on how to classify them. Why? What
are some of the causes of debate?
Answer:Will vary
Discuss the combinations of anatomical characteristics found in Sahelanthropus,
Ororrin, and Ardipithecus. Based on these characteristics, should these genera be
considered hominins?
Answer:Will vary
What is the effect of genetic bottlenecks on human and nonhuman species?
Answer:Will vary
How do human cultural patterns change at the beginning of the Holocene? What is the
role of the environment in this shift? Compare and contrast these developments in
Europe, North America, and the Near East.
Answer:Will vary
What characteristics do successfully domesticated animal species tend to share?
Answer:Will vary
Describe the products of New World farmers.
Answer:Will vary
What are chronometric dating techniques? Provide an example.
Answer:Will vary
Define the difference between relative and absolute measures of age. Give examples of
each.
Answer:Will vary
Explain Mendel’s principle of independent assortment.
Answer:Will vary
Define the term biocultural evolution.
Answer:Will vary
Although Zhoukoudian is the most famous Homo erectus site in China, there are other
sites. Name two of these sites, give their dates and significance to paleoanthropological
research.
Answer:Will vary
What general conclusions can be drawn regarding the Miocene hominoids?
Answer:Will vary
Discuss the factors that influence primate social structure. What similarities and
differences can be drawn between nonhuman and human primate social structures?
Answer:Will vary
Who are the Leakeys, and what is their claim to paloeanthropological fame?
Answer:Will vary
What features define an environmental theory of domestication? Provide an example to
illustrate your answer.
Answer:Will vary