“Multicultural Training Intervention to Address American Indian Stereotypes,”
Jesse A. Steinfeldt and Matthew Clint Steinfeldt
This article approaches the topic of American Indian stereotypes, specifically in the
realm of sports, from a counseling and training perspective. Beginning with an
illustration of the topic: applying stereotypes of other races, religions, and ethnicities
into a sports context, the authors present their program for increasing sensitivity and
awareness to this growing issue. The process begins with multicultural awareness into
multicultural knowledge, in which the reasons why American Indian imagery is
problematic compared to others. Using the Minnesota Vikings as a point of comparison,
the difference is shown to be that the Vikings do not represent a currently existing group
(unlike American Indian tribes), and that other stereotypes do not fully represent an
ethnicity, unlike the broad application of American Indian stereotypes. Finally, ways to
develop skills in social justice and understanding these situations in other contexts are
provided.
In the training program presented by Steinfeldt and Steinfeldt, what is the first portion?
a. presenting how it would sound to caricature other racial and ethnic groups
b. a vignette of what a Native American student would experience on a daily basis
c. examples of how other culturally stereotyped groups (such as Vikings) are portrayed
much more often as Norwegians, rather than Vikings
d. an overview of activist programs seeking to change this problem
Keep Your “N” in Check: African American Women and the Interactive Effects of
Etiquette and Emotional Labor”, Marlese Durr and Adia M. Harvey Wingfield
Durr and Harvey Wingfield first begin with an examination of negative perceptions of
Michelle Obama, and how the stereotype of the “angry Black woman” reinforces a lack
of femininity and self worth. This is then extrapolated to experiences of Black women
in the modern office workplace, and the role they have been forced into as a side effect
of affirmative action policies. The authors discuss the need for a specific form of
presentation, titled emotional labor, as a way in which they must present specifically in
a largely passive manner. The focus then is to appear as quiet and non-intrusive as
possible, leaving them without any identity of their own and undermining the
superficial push for diversity that many organizations are highly focused upon.
Most of the Black women interviewed about their workplace reported that they were
discouraged from
a. Speaking their mind
b. Avoiding conversations
c. Not participating in meetings
d. all of these choices are correct
“There’s No Business Like the Nail Business,” Miliann Kang
Kang takes a double pronged approach to her article, examining both why the beauty
industry, specifically related to manicures and pedicures, has shifted from something
done within the home to something performed professionally. She also examines the
prevalence of Korean women within this industry. Kang claims the expansion of the
industry is the factor of these two events coming together: women looking to reinforce
their femininity as part of an overall “commercialization of intimate life” that appeal to
emotions and bodies in a form of escapism. With the increase of immigrants, largely
female and Asian, who perform the work, the prices are kept low enough and the
availability of services have done nothing but increase the popularity of this industry.
According to findings in 2004, the nail salon revenue in the United States was about
a. $80 Million
b. $183 Million
c. $679 Million
d. $6 Billion
“Seeing in 3D,” Margaret L. Andersen
Margaret L. Andersen argues that the economy is not a neutral force, as it is portrayed
in the media. Economic downturns do not hit all citizens equally. Specific groups
experience economic change in different ways. Asking, “what would we see differently
were we to view the economic recession with women and people of color in mind,”
Andersen demonstrates the varying effects on economic standing influenced by the
intersections of race, class and gender.
According to Andersen, headlines incorrectly suggest that the economy is a
_______________ force.
a. negative
b. neutral
c. positive
d. gendered
“Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the
Color Line in Post Race America,” Charles A. Gallagher
Gallagher argues that a new form of racist thinking, an ideology called color-blind
racism, has become dominant among whites in America. Media and popular culture
have created an illusion of equality by reducing race to cultural symbols that are
marketed to everyone. Symbols of racial equality are embodied in the images of
successful personalities in politics and sports, as well as in commodities as diverse as
music, clothing, condiments, and cars. This focus on race as merely symbolic allows a
majority of whites to believe that racial harmony prevails, institutional racism has been
eliminated, and race no longer shapes life chances. This myth buttresses the deeply held
belief that America is a meritocracy and that therefore any advantages that whites have
now relative to racial minorities are earned advantages, achieved through individual
effort. White privilege is thus rendered invisible, and support for programs that address
problems caused by institutional racism is undermined.
A social system that awards socio-economic success solely based on the effort of
individuals
is called a(n):
a. class hierarchy
b. meritocracy
c. racial hierarchy
d. ideology
“Exploring the Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Class on Maternity Leave
Decisions: Implications for Public Policy,” Tiffany Manuel and Ruth Enid
Zambrana
Manuel and Zambrana examine the accessibility of maternity leave in the United States.
They point out the fact that of most similar industrialized nations have significantly
more security regarding maternity leave, wage replacement, and even paternity leave.
Major federal legislation, including the Equal Pay Act, the Civil Rights Act, and
Pregnancy Discrimination act are outlined. Greater focus is placed on the Family
Medical Leave Act of 1993, which mandates that large employers must provide eligible
employees 12 weeks of unpaid, job protected maternity leave (or other health related
needs). Turning their focus to low-income mothers, it was found that they took shorter
periods of maternity leave than other groups. Race, ethnicity, and social class are found
to be heavily related to amount of maternity leave taken, and that flexible leave benefits
are best, as they can be better shaped to fit a heterogeneous population.
Why is it theorized by Manuel and Zambrana that family leave policies have grown in
the past 30 years?
a. Economic prosperity
b. Liberal corporate executives
c. Gender shift in the workforce
d. Policies have changed little in the past thirty years
“Globalization and Its (Mal)econtents: The Gendered Moral and Political
Economy of Terrorism,” Michael S. Kimmel
This article by Michael S. Kimmel examines the heavily gendered nature of terrorist
groups of varying locations and ideologies. The role of globalization and its associated
egalitarianism is cited as a major motivator for American right wing extremist groups
such as White Aryan Resistance. Leaders create and spread propaganda to target
disenfranchised young males who feel their opportunities have been restricted by the
growth of immigration and women entering the workforce. According to them, this is
perpetrated both by the feminist emasculation of men, and the control of the Jews. This
emphasis on anti-Semitism and masculinity is seen in Scandinavian extremist groups as
well, with the addition of a fear of homosexuality growing to undermine masculinity.
The attention shifts to Al Qaida and the Taliban, Islamic extremists who recruit
significantly amongst young men who have dwindling career opportunities. The rigid
gender politics of the Taliban are theorized to be the result of women entering the
workforce and to counteract they use a literal interpretation of the Quran to
remasculinize men (hence the mandatory growth of beards), and the refeminization of
women (removing them from the public sphere). The so-called “mastermind” of the
9/11 hijackings, Mohammad Atta, is presented as a man who failed at attaining
employment, which was more disturbing to him next to his sisters, one of whom is a
professor and the other a doctor, and thus attracted to this fundamentalism as a way to
counteract his shortcomings.
Which of the following groups are seen as having the most rigid of gender politics?
a. Taliban
b. White Aryan Resistance
c. Al Qaeda
d. National Front
“Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?” Mary C. Waters
Mary Waters explores the difference in ethnic identities experienced by White and
non-White ethnic and racial groups. Waters asserts that White ethnics are able to decide
if, and what part of, their ethnic ancestry they want to claim. For White ethnics, theirs is
a symbolic ethnicity, one which is individually designed and only serves to benefit
White ethnics. Non-White groups do not have the same choice regarding their ethnic
identities because the physical distinctions of these groups denies the choice. As a
result, Waters argues, non-White ethnic group members are unable to avoid the negative
experiences associated with being a member of an ethnic/racial minority group.
Because White ethnics view their own ethnicities as voluntarily acquired and since
those aspects of their ethnicity which are not beneficial to them are ignored, White
ethnics do not recognize the involuntary nature of non-White ethnicities, nor do they
identify with the racial oppression experienced by these groups. Waters points out that
this understanding results in problematic race relations which can be seen on college
campuses around the country. Waters argues that a cultural pluralistic society can only
be achieved once the dynamics and consequences of ethnic identity are recognized by
individuals and within social institutions.
According to “Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?,” social scientists consider
ethnicity primarily a:
a. belief in a common ancestry.
b. social phenomenon.
c. biological phenomenon.
d. matrilineal phenomenon.
“There’s No Business Like the Nail Business,” Miliann Kang
Kang takes a double pronged approach to her article, examining both why the beauty
industry, specifically related to manicures and pedicures, has shifted from something
done within the home to something performed professionally. She also examines the
prevalence of Korean women within this industry. Kang claims the expansion of the
industry is the factor of these two events coming together: women looking to reinforce
their femininity as part of an overall “commercialization of intimate life” that appeal to
emotions and bodies in a form of escapism. With the increase of immigrants, largely
female and Asian, who perform the work, the prices are kept low enough and the
availability of services have done nothing but increase the popularity of this industry.
Kang’s study examines the significant number of ________ involved in the American
beauty industry?
a. Korean women
b. Japanese women
c. Korean men
d. Taiwanese women
“A Dream Deferred: Undocumented Students at CUNY,” Carolina Bank Munoz
Carolina Bank Munoz argues that contemporary immigration policy ignores structural
conditions that force people to migrate to the United States. These policies, she argues,
seek individual solutions to structural problems, thereby unfairly denying college
education to undocumented students. Many undocumented students came here as
children with parents who obtained visas that eventually expired. Under current policies
it is difficult for these students to obtain documentation. The author advocates for
passage of the Dream Act, which would make it easier for students to obtain
documentation. Documentation would not only increase the life chances of the students,
but would also assure that this country does not lose “a generation of extraordinarily
bright and talented students…”
Undocumented college students have _____________________ access to federal and
state student aid, work study programs, and many scholarships.
a. little
b. greater than average
c. no
d. easy
“From the Achievement Gap to the Education Debt: Understanding Achievement
in U.S. Schools,” Gloria Ladson-Billings
Ladson-Billings addresses the “achievement gap”, a catchphrase to describe the
difference in academic performance between White, minority, and lower
socio-economic status students. This gap has been found to be most significantly
affected by race and ethnicity, with a brief review of some of the potential causes.
Ladson-Billings suggests avoiding too much focus on the gap, because most of the
solutions are short-term in nature, and instead to look at the longer standing
“educational debt” akin to the financial national debt. This debt is seen as the
underlying cause of much of our national problems with regard to achievement, and
that addressing it is necessary to truly have desegregated schools, as well as to come
closer to fully realizing equality in the United States.
The primary reason we should be addressing the educational debt is
a. the impact it has on present education progress
b. the value of understanding the debt and its connection to previous research findings
on education
c. the potential for creating a better educational future
d. all of these choices are correct
“What White Supremacists Taught a Jewish Scholar about Identity,”Abby L.
Ferber
Abby L. Ferber examines the interdependence of systems of oppression. Her research
on white supremacy reveals the connection white supremacists groups make between
anti-Semitism and racism in their efforts to maintain the dominant position of Whites in
society. Ferber asserts that the changing racial classification of Jews, as revealed in their
history, demonstrates the social construction of race. Ferber contrasts her own
experience as a Jewish woman, who racially identifies herself as White, with that of her
ancestors who experienced discrimination based on their designation as an inferior,
non-White race. The variability of racial classifications directly challenges the white
supremacists view of innate, and undeniable, White supremacy. Ferber contends that in
order to maintain their position of racial superiority, white supremacists target Jews in
an attempt to deny their evolved racial classification, thereby denying the relativeness
and ambiguity of race.
According to Ferber, Caucasian Jews today are a:
a. small group in the United States.
b. strong group in the United States.
c. privileged group in the United States.
d. fiction, because “Caucasians’ are one race and “Jews’ are another.
“White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack,” Peggy McIntosh
Peggy McIntosh explores the invisibility of racial privilege. She argues that Whites tend
to be unaware of the privilege they have as members of the dominant group. To
illustrate this point she compares her own experiences with denied male privilege to her
own limited perception of the privilege she enjoys because she is White. In an effort to
challenge this lack of awareness, she lists forty-six examples of the invisible privilege
she experiences in her everyday life that people of color do not. She points out that
these daily benefits of being white make her life easier. For example, the ability to shop
without being followed, to count on her skin color not causing suspicion of her financial
reliability, or even the ability to find blemish cover to match her skin tone reflects her
white privilege. She argues that for Whites these occurrences are largely taken for
granted. They are expected, assumed to be the normal experiences of everyday life. For
people of color, however, they are constant reminders of the struggle involved in all
aspects of life when one’s position in society is reflected as outside of the norm.
McIntosh identifies positive and negative aspects of privilege; unearned advantage and
conferred dominance. The advantage experienced by the privileged group can be
unearned, merely as a consequence of their position, or it can be created through
dominance yielded because of their position. Both aspects challenge the notion that
one’s experience in society is based solely on one’s merit, and recognizing this
challenges the denial surrounding systems of privilege and oppression. McIntosh
contends that once the privileged can no longer deny the benefits intrinsic to their
position, they must then decide to either destroy or maintain the system from which
they benefit.
McIntosh defines as an invisible package of unearned assets.
a. White privilege
b. Black privilege
c. class
d. being a woman
“Racism in Toyland,” Christine Williams
Williams examines the social organization of shopping and uncovers labor, advertising
and other practices that perpetuate racial (as well as gender and class) injustice and
inequality. She identifies problems in retail policies such as selective advertising;
opposition to public bus service to malls; job segregation; and racial profiling by clerks
and security guards. Williams views the raising of awareness as a first step in creating a
better alternative.
According to Williams, middle-class Whites do not recognize the privileges they get
while shopping because:
a. it rarely happens
b. any privileges barely cancel out all the disadvantages
c. it is so customary
d. they are too busy to notice
“White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack,” Peggy McIntosh
Peggy McIntosh explores the invisibility of racial privilege. She argues that Whites tend
to be unaware of the privilege they have as members of the dominant group. To
illustrate this point she compares her own experiences with denied male privilege to her
own limited perception of the privilege she enjoys because she is White. In an effort to
challenge this lack of awareness, she lists forty-six examples of the invisible privilege
she experiences in her everyday life that people of color do not. She points out that
these daily benefits of being white make her life easier. For example, the ability to shop
without being followed, to count on her skin color not causing suspicion of her financial
reliability, or even the ability to find blemish cover to match her skin tone reflects her
white privilege. She argues that for Whites these occurrences are largely taken for
granted. They are expected, assumed to be the normal experiences of everyday life. For
people of color, however, they are constant reminders of the struggle involved in all
aspects of life when one’s position in society is reflected as outside of the norm.
McIntosh identifies positive and negative aspects of privilege; unearned advantage and
conferred dominance. The advantage experienced by the privileged group can be
unearned, merely as a consequence of their position, or it can be created through
dominance yielded because of their position. Both aspects challenge the notion that
one’s experience in society is based solely on one’s merit, and recognizing this
challenges the denial surrounding systems of privilege and oppression. McIntosh
contends that once the privileged can no longer deny the benefits intrinsic to their
position, they must then decide to either destroy or maintain the system from which
they benefit.
Peggy McIntosh argues that recognizing White privilege challenges:
a. the notion that an individual’s experience is based solely on his or her own merit.
b. the notion that an individual’s experience is based on unearned advantage.
c. the notion that an individual’s experience is based on entitlement.
d. the idea that racism is still a problem in the U.S.
“Sustainable Food and Privilege: Why is Green Always White (and Male and
Upper Class)” Janani Balasubramanian
Food justice, Janani Balasubramanian argues, is fundamentally a race and class issue,
and food activists are not speaking about it as such. The emphasis on local food
economy fails to recognize the importance of United States support of agriculture in
other parts of the world. Activists of color who do admirable work in their communities
are often ignored by White activist writers and film makers. Thus we do not hear the
“variety of voices’ that needs to be heard if universal food reform is to be achieved.
According to Balasubramanian, the major voices in food activism are not talking
about______________ as often as they should:
a. vegetarianism
b. buying local
c. the meat-packing industry
d. race and class
“Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?” Mary C. Waters
Mary Waters explores the difference in ethnic identities experienced by White and
non-White ethnic and racial groups. Waters asserts that White ethnics are able to decide
if, and what part of, their ethnic ancestry they want to claim. For White ethnics, theirs is
a symbolic ethnicity, one which is individually designed and only serves to benefit
White ethnics. Non-White groups do not have the same choice regarding their ethnic
identities because the physical distinctions of these groups denies the choice. As a
result, Waters argues, non-White ethnic group members are unable to avoid the negative
experiences associated with being a member of an ethnic/racial minority group.
Because White ethnics view their own ethnicities as voluntarily acquired and since
those aspects of their ethnicity which are not beneficial to them are ignored, White
ethnics do not recognize the involuntary nature of non-White ethnicities, nor do they
identify with the racial oppression experienced by these groups. Waters points out that
this understanding results in problematic race relations which can be seen on college
campuses around the country. Waters argues that a cultural pluralistic society can only
be achieved once the dynamics and consequences of ethnic identity are recognized by
individuals and within social institutions.
As explained in “Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?” symbolic ethnicity refers to
an:
a. ethnicity that is individualistic in nature and without real social cost for
the individual.
b. ethnicity that is socially determined and without real social cost for the individual.
c. ethnicity that is biological in nature and without real social cost for the individual.
d. ethnicity that is socially determined with real social cost for the individual.
“The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then,” Abby
L. Ferber
Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist
system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past
slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an
animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based
upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber
presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with
their presentation as strong “bad boys”, but largely under the control of White
quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as
a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming
shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black
culture.
Stereotypes of Black men and women were previously attributed to biology but now are
attributed to
a. Black culture
b. psychology
c. social conditions
d. educational attainment
“Seeing in 3D,” Margaret L. Andersen
Margaret L. Andersen argues that the economy is not a neutral force, as it is portrayed
in the media. Economic downturns do not hit all citizens equally. Specific groups
experience economic change in different ways. Asking, “what would we see differently
were we to view the economic recession with women and people of color in mind,”
Andersen demonstrates the varying effects on economic standing influenced by the
intersections of race, class and gender.
The passage of the Lily Ledbetter act protects women against:
a. subprime mortgages
b. unemployment
c. sexual harassment
d. discrimination
“Globalization and Its (Mal)econtents: The Gendered Moral and Political
Economy of Terrorism,” Michael S. Kimmel
This article by Michael S. Kimmel examines the heavily gendered nature of terrorist
groups of varying locations and ideologies. The role of globalization and its associated
egalitarianism is cited as a major motivator for American right wing extremist groups
such as White Aryan Resistance. Leaders create and spread propaganda to target
disenfranchised young males who feel their opportunities have been restricted by the
growth of immigration and women entering the workforce. According to them, this is
perpetrated both by the feminist emasculation of men, and the control of the Jews. This
emphasis on anti-Semitism and masculinity is seen in Scandinavian extremist groups as
well, with the addition of a fear of homosexuality growing to undermine masculinity.
The attention shifts to Al Qaida and the Taliban, Islamic extremists who recruit
significantly amongst young men who have dwindling career opportunities. The rigid
gender politics of the Taliban are theorized to be the result of women entering the
workforce and to counteract they use a literal interpretation of the Quran to
remasculinize men (hence the mandatory growth of beards), and the refeminization of
women (removing them from the public sphere). The so-called “mastermind” of the
9/11 hijackings, Mohammad Atta, is presented as a man who failed at attaining
employment, which was more disturbing to him next to his sisters, one of whom is a
professor and the other a doctor, and thus attracted to this fundamentalism as a way to
counteract his shortcomings.
Extremist groups utilize masculinity in all but which of the following ways
a. as a rhetorical device to problematize those they are opposed to
b. to attract females who are disenfranchised to join
c. to understand and explicate their plight
d. as a recruitment tool to attract young men in similar situations
“The Invention of Heterosexuality,” Jonathan Ned Katz
The author documents the history and invention of the term heterosexuality as a means
of categorizing sexual relationships. The author emphasizes how sexuality has been
closely linked to structural power and the means of production within a society
throughout history. He argues that an ahistorical approach to studying sexuality
continues to privilege “normal” and “natural” sexual expression.
During the Early Victorian True Love era (1820-1860), the human body was thought of
as a means for:
a. pleasure
b. sensuality
c. procreation
d. consumption
“What White Supremacists Taught a Jewish Scholar about Identity,”Abby L.
Ferber
Abby L. Ferber examines the interdependence of systems of oppression. Her research
on white supremacy reveals the connection white supremacists groups make between
anti-Semitism and racism in their efforts to maintain the dominant position of Whites in
society. Ferber asserts that the changing racial classification of Jews, as revealed in their
history, demonstrates the social construction of race. Ferber contrasts her own
experience as a Jewish woman, who racially identifies herself as White, with that of her
ancestors who experienced discrimination based on their designation as an inferior,
non-White race. The variability of racial classifications directly challenges the white
supremacists view of innate, and undeniable, White supremacy. Ferber contends that in
order to maintain their position of racial superiority, white supremacists target Jews in
an attempt to deny their evolved racial classification, thereby denying the relativeness
and ambiguity of race.
Ferber points out the identity of white supremacists, and the white racial purity they
espouse requires the:
a. maintenance of secure boundaries.
b. maintenance of open boundaries.
c. maintenance of closed boundaries.
d. maintenance of protected.
“The Great Divergence: Growing Income Inequality Could Destabilize the U.S. So
Why Isn”t Anyone Talking about It?” Timothy Noah
Examining the historical status of income inequality in the United States, Timothy Noah
paints a picture that shows just how much worse economic disparity has become. In
1915, Willford I. King was troubled by the fact that the top 1% of earners possessed
15-18% of American wealth. Today, that figure is closer to 24%. Income equality was
more consistent following the Second World War and into the 1950s and 1960s, but the
following decades saw the separation begin to grow dramatically. Noah argues that
income inequality is ignored by most of the population due to a long-standing belief in
social mobility, and that hard work and intelligence can allow anyone to move to a
higher income bracket. He also illustrates the point how with the “Great Divergence”,
American economic inequality is more significant than in Latin American nations
where it is always assumed to be a long-standing problem.
According to Noah, one that that continues to allow drastic economic disparity in the
U.S. is
a. social programs
b. prejudice
c. geographic distance
d. none of these choices are correct
“Rape, Racism and the Law” Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system’s treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women’s sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
Courts applied “special doctrinal rules” to Black defendants accused of the rape or
attempted
rape of White women. The “social conditions and customs founded upon racial
differences” which the jury was to consider:
a. included the assumption that Black men always and only want to rape White women
b. included that a White woman would never consent to sex with a Black man
c. were not applied where both persons were of color
d. all of these answers are correct
“Representations of Latina/o Sexuality in Popular Culture,” Deborah R. Vargas
This article examines the way in which Latinos and Latinas are portrayed in popular
culture, with an emphasis on how their sexuality is exaggerated or diminished as being
“different” than that associated with the prevalent White culture. Latino men portrayed
as “Latin lovers” has been a stereotype used for much of the past century, and actors
who took on those roles found themselves unable to escape that single personality. An
emphasis on hypermasculinity to the point of parody has also been used too often.
Latinas, however, are often presented in a dichotomous way as either the virgin or
mother, or the prostitute, with little in between. The suggestion is rather
straightforward: to present Latinos and Latinas in a more realistic, diverse manner in
popular culture rather than relying on old clichs.
One of the most visible stages in presenting Latino hypermasculinity has been
a. Hollywood films
b. boxing
c. soccer
d. baseball
“A Dream Deferred: Undocumented Students at CUNY,” Carolina Bank Munoz
Carolina Bank Munoz argues that contemporary immigration policy ignores structural
conditions that force people to migrate to the United States. These policies, she argues,
seek individual solutions to structural problems, thereby unfairly denying college
education to undocumented students. Many undocumented students came here as
children with parents who obtained visas that eventually expired. Under current policies
it is difficult for these students to obtain documentation. The author advocates for
passage of the Dream Act, which would make it easier for students to obtain
documentation. Documentation would not only increase the life chances of the students,
but would also assure that this country does not lose “a generation of extraordinarily
bright and talented students…”
Our immigration system has its roots in:
a. a shared belief in equal opportunity for all
b. institutionalized racism
c. family law
d. the historical open-door policy
“Exploring the Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Class on Maternity Leave
Decisions: Implications for Public Policy,” Tiffany Manuel and Ruth Enid
Zambrana
Manuel and Zambrana examine the accessibility of maternity leave in the United States.
They point out the fact that of most similar industrialized nations have significantly
more security regarding maternity leave, wage replacement, and even paternity leave.
Major federal legislation, including the Equal Pay Act, the Civil Rights Act, and
Pregnancy Discrimination act are outlined. Greater focus is placed on the Family
Medical Leave Act of 1993, which mandates that large employers must provide eligible
employees 12 weeks of unpaid, job protected maternity leave (or other health related
needs). Turning their focus to low-income mothers, it was found that they took shorter
periods of maternity leave than other groups. Race, ethnicity, and social class are found
to be heavily related to amount of maternity leave taken, and that flexible leave benefits
are best, as they can be better shaped to fit a heterogeneous population.
What law made it unlawful for employers to terminate women because they were
pregnant?
a. Equal Pay Act (1963)
b. Civil Rights Act (1964)
c. Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978)
d. Family and Medical Leave Act (1993)
“Globalization and Its (Mal)econtents: The Gendered Moral and Political
Economy of Terrorism,” Michael S. Kimmel
This article by Michael S. Kimmel examines the heavily gendered nature of terrorist
groups of varying locations and ideologies. The role of globalization and its associated
egalitarianism is cited as a major motivator for American right wing extremist groups
such as White Aryan Resistance. Leaders create and spread propaganda to target
disenfranchised young males who feel their opportunities have been restricted by the
growth of immigration and women entering the workforce. According to them, this is
perpetrated both by the feminist emasculation of men, and the control of the Jews. This
emphasis on anti-Semitism and masculinity is seen in Scandinavian extremist groups as
well, with the addition of a fear of homosexuality growing to undermine masculinity.
The attention shifts to Al Qaida and the Taliban, Islamic extremists who recruit
significantly amongst young men who have dwindling career opportunities. The rigid
gender politics of the Taliban are theorized to be the result of women entering the
workforce and to counteract they use a literal interpretation of the Quran to
remasculinize men (hence the mandatory growth of beards), and the refeminization of
women (removing them from the public sphere). The so-called “mastermind” of the
9/11 hijackings, Mohammad Atta, is presented as a man who failed at attaining
employment, which was more disturbing to him next to his sisters, one of whom is a
professor and the other a doctor, and thus attracted to this fundamentalism as a way to
counteract his shortcomings.
What similarities have been observed between members of Al Qaeda and the White
hate groups in both the United States and Scandinavia?
a. age of members
b. social standing of members
c. availability of social mobility for members
d. all of these choices are correct
“Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment,” Jessie Daniels
Jessie Daniels outlines the concept of cyberfeminism, a multifaceted interaction
between technology and gender. Two major areas are discussed, the first being the
globalization of feminism that the Internet allows, and the second is the ability to
engage in “identity tourism” in an online capacity. For the first, access to the Internet
may be heavily affected by the ability to access technology based upon socioeconomic
status, but beyond that it is able to cross racial and ethnic lines. It also allows for a safe
space for women who may be experiencing a multitude of oppression based on their
gender, and the ability to interact with others they would never be able to meet
otherwise. Identity tourism, on the other hand, is the ability for people on the Internet to
adopt a different gender or identity overall. Research shows, however, that people are
less likely to adopt a different identity when online, but instead use the resources and
interactions as a way to affirm and strengthen their own “real world” identity.
Lisa Nakamura’s term for how people can experience the descriptors of another race or
gender is
a. cybertourism
b. identity tourism
c. identity policing
d. cyberpresentation
“Selling Sex for Visas: Sex Tourism as a Stepping-stone to International
Migration,” Denise Brennan
Addressing the myth that sex workers around the globe are simply victims of
exploitation and domination, Denise Brennan considers the case of women sex workers
in Sosua, Dominican Republic. These women – predominantly poor, single mothers
with limited educations – see sex work not as a survival strategy, but as an advancement
strategy. They have meager job opportunities and can make more money more quickly
selling sex than in any other job available to them. Ultimately many hope to obtain
marriage proposals from wealthy sex tourists, and with them visas to places with
greater economic opportunities. Brennan sites these strategies as examples of the
“savviness and resourcefulness of the so-called powerless.”
Working in export-processing zones or in domestic work pays on average
approximately $100 per month. How much does a sex worker usually earn during a
single encounter with a foreign client?
a. $10 (100 peso)
b. $100 (1,000 pesos)
c. $500 (5,000 pesos)
d. $50 (500 pesos)