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Chapter 16 – Life Cycle Nutrition: Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence
An. Page(s)/difficulty K = knowledge-level, A = application level
Multiple Choice
Questions for Section 16.1 Nutrition during Infancy
c 529(A) 01. What would be a normal body weight after 1 year for a healthy infant with a birthweight
of 8 lbs?
a. 12 lbs
b. 16 lbs
c. 24 lbs
d. 35 lbs
life?
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
weight?
a. 25
b. 35
c. 75
d. 100
and urea, and fever may be reacting to the nutritional problem of
a. protein overload.
b. milk protein intolerance.
c. carbohydrate intolerance.
d. insufficient protein and energy.
a. Infants fed fat-free milk are at risk for protein overload
b. Most of the energy in breast milk is derived from lactose
c. The brain of an infant uses less glucose than that of an adult
d. Infants require about 25% more energy than adults when expressed per kg body
weight
higher than those of young adults for all of the following nutrients except
a. iron.
b. iodine.
c. vitamin C.
d. vitamin D.
a. Liver
b. Brain
c. Kidney
d. Skeletal muscle
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a. Half as much
b. About the same
c. Three times as much
d. Six times as much
a. the infant’s brain uses about 60% of the daily energy intake.
b. the fat in breast milk provides most of the energy to support rapid growth.
c. the infant’s brain is larger relative to the size of the body and therefore uses more
energy.
d. the protein content in breast milk can be high enough to occasionally induce protein
overload.
a. average amounts present in body tissues of thriving infants.
b. adult RDA scaled down to infants on a per kg body weight basis.
c. older child’s RDA scaled down to the infant on a per kg body weight basis.
d. average amounts ingested by thriving infants breastfed by well-nourished mothers.
a. Breastfed infants in hot, dry climates need supplemental water
b. Bottle-fed infants in hot, dry climates need supplemental water
c. Much of the infant’s body water content is located extracellularly
d. Conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting may be successfully treated with lower
doses of adult medications
a. an early sign of hunger is increased alertness, whereas a late sign is crying.
b. during the first few weeks of life, the infant will demand 8-12 feedings per day.
c. the infant obtains almost one-half the milk during the first 2-3 minutes of sucking.
d. more infrequent and short-duration feedings are preferable to stimulate lactation and
breast-filling.
suckle on each breast for about
a. 1-2 minutes.
b. 5 minutes.
c. 10-15 minutes.
d. 30 minutes.
a. there is no casein in breast milk, unlike in cow’s milk.
b. the carbohydrate is lactose, which enhances calcium absorption.
c. the concentration of protein is slightly higher than for cow’s milk.
d. the proportion of energy contributed by fat is much higher than that recommended
for adults.
breastfeeding of full-term infants is
a. optional.
b. mildly recommended.
c. moderately recommended.
d. strongly recommended.
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formula-fed infants?
a. Breast milk contains less fat
b. Breast milk is digested faster
c. Breast milk is less nutrient dense
d. The amount of milk consumed per feeding is lower in breast-fed infants
preterm infants fed formulas?
a. Formulas enriched with oleic acid led to reduced atherogenic plaque by age five
compared with standard formulas
b. Formulas enriched with omega-3 fatty acids led to increased brain cell number
compared with standard formulas
c. Formulas enriched with docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid resulted in
improved visual acuity compared with standard formulas
d. Formulas enriched with equal amounts of omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty
acids led to lower prevalence of obesity after two years compared with standard
formulas
a. Casein
b. Lactose
c. Albumin
d. Alpha-lactalbumin
satisfactory for all nutrients except
a. sodium.
b. vitamin D.
c. iron and folate.
d. zinc and vitamin A.
a. the sodium content is low.
b. the zinc is highly bioavailable.
c. the iron is highly bioavailable.
d. the vitamin D content meets optimal growth requirements.
breastfed beyond 6 months of age?
a. Iron
b. Fluoride
c. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin E
a. A clot in the bloodstream
b. A major protein in breast milk
c. A hormone that promotes milk production
d. A milk-like substance secreted right after delivery
a. There is no limit to the supply
b. It provides immunological protection
c. The mother can be sure the baby is getting enough milk
d. It is the only way to develop a true loving relationship with the baby
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b 534(K) 24. Which of the following is a feature of infant development and nutrition?
a. It is generally easier to overfeed a breast-fed infant than a formula-fed infant
b. Breast-fed infants obtain iron-binding proteins that inhibit bacterial infections
c. Breast-fed infants are at high risk of iron deficiency for the first 6 months of life
d. For optimal development, infants should be transitioned to formula after one year of
breast-feeding
b 534(K) 25. Which of the following is associated with bifidus factors?
a. Increased iron absorption
b. Increased bacterial growth
c. Decreased allergy protection
d. Decreased hormone production
infant’s intestinal bacteria?
a. Colostrum
b. Lactoferrin
c. Hemoferritin
d. Bifidus factor
a. An iron-binding protein in breast milk
b. A vitamin D-binding protein in breast milk
c. A breast milk protein that inactivates a GI virus that causes diarrhea
d. A protein supplement to infant formulas that simulates the digestibility properties of
alpha-lactalbumin
a Peace Corps group in Zimbabwe. There have been numerous cases of infant diarrhea
within this population over the past several years. Why is breastfeeding especially
important under these circumstances?
a. The emotional bonding enhances the overall health of the infant
b. The lactoferrin protein present in breast milk stimulates T-cell immunity
c. The lactadherin protein present in breast milk attacks diarrhea-causing viruses
d. Breast milk as a source of nutrition limits the feeding of other foods which may be
contaminated
a. the milk is pasteurized.
b. the milk consists of a pool from several lactating mothers.
c. the source of the breast milk is donations from lactating mothers.
d. they accept milk from mothers who smoke cigarettes but not marijuana.
were either breastfed or formula fed?
a. The findings on weight gain of people who were formula fed or breastfed are
inconsistent
b. Adults 21-25 years of age who had been formula fed showed similar BMIs to those
who had been breastfed for at least 6 months
c. The body weight of mothers who breastfed was not a factor in their child’s body
weight, whereas the body weight of mothers who bottle-fed was strongly related
d. The benefits of breast feeding on body weight of infants are observed only for the
first 3 months of feeding, whereas the changes in body weight of infants who are
formula-fed are linear for the first year
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a. Breastfed infants have lower blood pressure as adults compared with formula-fed
peers
b. Breastfed infants have lower blood cholesterol as adults compared with formula-fed
peers
c. Breastfed infants have a lower incidence of allergic reactions compared with
formula-fed infants
d. Breastfed infants born prematurely grow more slowly than formula-fed infants born
prematurely
a 535(A) 32. Compared with cow’s milk, breast milk contains
a. less protein and calcium.
b. less lactose and vitamin C.
c. more fat and less carbohydrate.
d. more energy and less vitamin E.
infant’s diet is to
a. feed.
b. wean.
c. nurse.
d. breastfeed.
a. Egg
b. Soy
c. Barley
d. Powdered cow’s milk
a. They are used in about 1% of the infant population
b. They contain cornstarch and sucrose rather than lactose
c. They are identical to milk-based formulas except for the protein source
d. They are not acceptable to vegan families because the formulas contain omega–3
fatty acids from fish
a. they contain antibodies.
b. they breed bacteria in bottles left at room temperature.
c. they typically contain over twice the amount of iron compared with breast milk.
d. they contain fat and carbohydrate at concentrations resembling those in breast milk.
a. Egg
b. Soy
c. Meat
d. Peanut
a. Maternal passage of lead to fetus
b. Baby bottles made from lead crystal
c. Contaminated water used to make infant formula
d. Preparation of infant formula in galvanized containers
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c 535(A) 39. What is the most realistic advice for reducing lead exposure from the tap water used to
prepare infant formula?
a. Because the lead in hot water pipes settles out overnight, draw the water from this
source first
b. Whenever possible, boil the water to vaporize the lead and thus decrease the amount
remaining in the water
c. Because the first water drawn from the tap each day is highest in lead, let the water
run a few minutes before using it
d. To inhibit lead absorption, add a small amount of citrus juice to the water to provide
citric acid to complex with the lead
a. iron.
b. folate.
c. protein.
d. calcium.
a. iron.
b. folate.
c. vitamin B6.
d. vitamin B12.
contaminated with microorganisms?
a. Soy formula
b. Breast milk
c. Iron-fortified formula
d. Liquid concentrate formula
a. Caries development resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples
b. Bacterial attack of teeth due to severe tooth misalignment from sucking on oversized
bottle nipples
c. Marked tooth decay of an infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich
fluids from a bottle
d. Tooth decay resulting from constant exposure to food due to inability of the infant to
swallow normally
a. two weeks.
b. three months.
c. two years.
d. six years.
exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle?
a. Juice bottle erosion
b. Suckling enamelosis
c. Formula-induced gingivitis
d. Nursing bottle tooth decay
the following except
a. it is too low in iron.
b. it is too low in sodium.
c. it is too high in protein.
d. it is too low in vitamin C.
a. Whole milk
b. Ready-to–feed formula
c. Liquid concentrate formula appropriately diluted
d. Powdered formula or evaporated milk formula appropriately reconstituted
a. 4
b. 12
c. 20
d. 33
a. They should be fed exclusively on breast milk
b. They should be fed on breast milk enriched in a 1 to 1 ratio with cow’s milk
c. They should be fed preterm breast milk, occasionally fortified with specific nutrients
d. They should be fed only on special formulas because the nutrient content of breast
milk is too low
feeding?
a. Oat
b. Rice
c. Corn
d. Wheat
a. An oral rehydration solution
b. A term that describes a type of malnutrition in infants
c. A term that describes any nonmilk food offered to an infant
d. A fermented milk product used as a substitute for breast milk
a. Two weeks
b. Two months
c. Five months
d. One year
a. 3-5 weeks
b. 26-32 weeks
c. 4-6 months
d. 9-12 months
a. It prevents overfeeding
b. Any allergic reactions can be detected
c. Immunological protection hasn’t been developed
d. The swallowing reflex is not under voluntary control
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c 537(K) 55. What should be the first cereal introduced to the infant?
a. Oat
b. Corn
c. Rice
d. Wheat
to begin to introduce solids foods. She read somewhere to introduce one food at a time to
the infant. Which of the following would be the best choice for the first food to introduce
to the baby?
a. Oats
b. Rice
c. Wheat
d. Barley
a. Vitamin C and iron
b. Vitamin A and zinc
c. Vitamin B12 and fluoride
d. Vitamin E and magnesium
a. tin.
b. fiber.
c. sodium.
d. botulinum spores.
a. obesity.
b. botulism.
c. osteopenia.
d. type 1 diabetes.
intentionally omitted?
a. To prevent parents from restricting their infants’ fat intake
b. Infants have a rapid growth rate and will adjust their overall food intake to meet their
needs
c. By law, the fat content is uniformly set at 30% of total energy for all infant foods and
therefore is not required to be listed
d. By law, the fat content must have equivalent amounts of saturated, monounsaturated,
and polyunsaturated fats to provide between 30 and 35% of total energy
they
a. promote diarrhea.
b. promote constipation.
c. increase lead absorption.
d. decrease iron absorption.
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a. infants weaned to vegan diets show significant slowing of growth.
b. the risk for inadequate intakes of vitamins B12 and D is significant.
c. rice milk may substitute for other beverages from the age of 12 months and on.
d. infants and children in vegetarian families should be given iron-fortified foods well
into the second year.
a. Impaired absorption of iron
b. Excessive intake of cow’s milk
c. Low iron content of breast milk
d. Insufficient intake of whole cow’s milk
increased risk for deficiency of
a. iron.
b. folate.
c. vitamin A.
d. vitamin C.
signs of
a. anemia.
b. rickets.
c. hyperkeratosis.
d. ariboflavinosis.
the risk for
a. solute overload.
b. iron deficiency.
c. vitamin A toxicity.
d. vitamin D toxicity.
feed himself?
a. Punish the child
b. Let the child eat with his fingers instead
c. Let the child try to feed himself so that he will learn
d. Gently take the spoon back and feed the child with it
Questions for Section 16.2 Nutrition during Childhood
a. Food intake is remarkably similar from meal to meal
b. Overweight individuals have appetites similar to normal-weight individuals
c. Energy needs per kg body weight increase from 1 year of age to 5 years of age
d. A 1-year-old who needs 800 kcal/day would require only about 1600 kcal at 6 years
of age
a. 500
b. 800
c. 1600
d. 2400
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a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 150%
d. 200%
a. 2 g.
b. 5 g.
c. 25 g.
d. 45 g.
a. The recommended daily fat intake up to age 12 is age plus 20 g
b. There is an RDA for total fat for children beginning at 3 years of age
c. Low-fat diets usually provide sufficient amounts of the micronutrients
d. Fat intakes below 30% of total energy do not impair growth provided that total
energy intake is adequate
Canadian children?
a. Iron
b. Protein
c. Calcium
d. Vitamin C
a. Very few children take nutrient supplements of any kind
b. Total energy requirements are higher for a typical 3-year-old than a 12-year-old
c. Iron-deficiency anemia in children is prevalent in Canada but not the United States
due to fortification
d. Children who fail to consume vitamin D-fortified foods should receive a daily
supplement of 10 micrograms
a. The most popular fruit eaten by children aged 15-18 months is the apple
b. Children 1½ years of age consume more french fries than any other vegetable
c. The MyPyramid for children is designed for 1– to 5-year-olds and is suitable for
assisting in meal planning
d. Approximately 75% of children are able to meet their nutrient needs according to
their MyPyramid plan
a. Children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch
b. The nutrient deficit arising from skipping a breakfast is usually made up over the
following 2 days
c. Children who eat nutritious breakfasts are absent from school less often than their
friends who do not
d. Although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans, their scores on
intelligence tests remain unaffected
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of midmorning snacks for children?
a. It provides an opportunity to learn about nutrition
b. It meets federally mandated school nutrition guidelines
c. It provides carbohydrate for maintenance of blood glucose and brain function
d. It helps decrease the symptoms of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in 5% of
school-age children
breakfast?
a. Breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on IQ tests than those who eat
breakfast
b. Attention spans are similar but a significant number of breakfast-skippers show
hyperglycemia
c. Breakfast-skippers initially show decreased mental performance but with time they
adapt and show almost identical achievements
d. Breakfast-skippers who change to eating breakfast show a temporary improvement
in mental concentration but also a moderate degree of hypoglycemia
She has not been performing as well as her non-vegetarian study friend on math tests and
has been very upset about it. The teacher reports to Jenny’s mom that she does not appear
focused during lessons and can’t seem to concentrate on her school work. Which of the
following may provide a likely explanation?
a. The diet doesn’t provide enough energy for her to stay alert
b. The diet provides insufficient bioavailable iron and she many be anemic
c. The diet contains insufficient calcium and protein, which impairs intellectual
performance
d. The high fiber content of a vegan diet that promotes stool formation increases the
urge to evacuate, which interferes with her ability to concentrate
a. anemia makes children more disruptive.
b. general symptoms of iron deficiency are similar to those of mild lead toxicity.
c. the brain appears to be less sensitive to iron deficiency than the rest of the body.
d. children who had iron-deficiency anemia as infants do not show normal school
performance even after iron status has improved.
a. It affects brain function before anemia sets in
b. It rarely develops in those with high intakes of milk
c. It is the primary factor in tension-fatigue syndrome
d. Mild deficiency enhances mental performance by lowering physical activity level,
thereby leading to increased attention span
a. Iron-deficient children respond better to liquid preparations of Fe+3 than to tablets of
Fe+2
b. Children who had iron-deficiency anemia as infants perform poorly even after iron
status improves
c. Iron supplements can reverse the symptoms and restore normal behavior in children
suffering from mild lead toxicity.
d. The child’s brain is not as responsive to iron as is the adult brain, which accounts for
the more severe effects of deprivation
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a. diarrhea.
b. lethargy.
c. dermatitis.
d. irritability.
a. Absorption of lead is higher on an empty stomach
b. Lead toxicity is most prevalent in children around the time of puberty
c. Lead-induced anemia is similar to the anemia of vitamin B12 deficiency
d. The symptoms of lead toxicity can be reversed by adding iron to the diet
a. 5-10%
b. 15%
c. 20%
d. 25-35%
a. it impairs learning ability.
b. it occurs in approximately 5-10% of young, school-age individuals.
c. it is managed, in part, by prescribing stimulant drugs when necessary.
d. in many cases, it responds favorably to dietary manipulations such as limiting sugar
intake.
a. treatment with medications is used in many cases.
b. excessive amounts of sugar may cause or aggravate hyperactivity.
c. hyperactivity affects around 5-10% of young school-aged children.
d. the attention span is reduced considerably and sleep patterns are adversely affected.
behavior?
a. Food hypersensitivity
b. Fetal alcohol syndrome
c. Caffeine hypersensitivity
d. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
a. food allergy.
b. food intolerance.
c. specific inducible episode.
d. transient immune suppression.
a. food allergy.
b. food intolerance.
c. mild food challenge.
d. transient food episode.
a. It always elicits symptoms in the person
b. It always involves the production of antibodies
c. It always shows up immediately after exposure to the allergic food
d. It is elicited from very small, simple molecules as well as large, complex molecules