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Chapter 18 – Diet and Health
An. Page(s)/difficulty K = knowledge-level, A = application level
Multiple Choice
Questions for Section 18.1 Nutrition and Infectious Diseases
a. Scavengers of the immune system
b. Specialized antibodies that retain B-cell memory
c. Specialized proteins that activate responses to infection
d. Highly specific cells that attack only one type of antigen
a. spleen.
b. muscle.
c. lymph nodes.
d. thymus gland.
a. 0.01
b. 0.1
c. 1
d. 10
a. T-cells.
b. B-cells.
c. antigens.
d. phagocytes.
a. bactocydosis.
b. phagocytosis.
c. cytotoxicosis.
d. immunoglobinemia.
came across some large dust particles underneath the couch, which caused her to sneeze
and develop a runny nose and a cough. Two weeks later she came across more dust from
the same place. Which of the following aspects of immunity allows Kimmy’s body to
remember how to respond to this dust again?
a. T cells
b. B cells
c. Beta cells
d. Spleen cells
a. antigens.
b. antibodies.
c. synergisms.
d. immunoglobulins.
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a. P-cells.
b. B-cells.
c. T-cells.
d. phagocytes.
a. recognition of antigens.
b. production of antibodies.
c. release of killer chemicals.
d. suppression of the immune response when appropriate.
absorption, which in turn results in inability to synthesize sufficient immune cells and
immune factors, thereby leading to increased susceptibility to another GI infection?
a. Synergistic
b. Antagonistic
c. Enteroimmune recirculation
d. Reinforced negative nutrition spiral
of the following sources except
a. saliva.
b. blood.
c. semen.
d. vaginal secretions.
a. HIV but not AIDS is curable
b. AIDS develops from HIV infection
c. Optimal nutrition can prevent but not cure HIV
d. Since the 1990s, the death rate from HIV and AIDS has increased markedly
a. 100,000
b. 550,000
c. 1.3 million
d. 3.3 million
Questions for Section 18.2 Nutrition and Chronic Diseases
relationship to diet?
a. Cancer
b. Heart disease
c. Diabetes mellitus
d. Pneumonia and influenza
a. cancer.
b. diabetes.
c. tuberculosis.
d. heart disease.
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nutrition?
a. 1
b. 4
c. 7
d. 10
a. AIDS.
b. diabetes.
c. hypertension.
d. atherosclerosis.
diseases except
a. cancer.
b. diabetes.
c. kwashiorkor.
d. hypertension.
development?
a. Cancer
b. Obesity
c. Diabetes
d. Atherosclerosis
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Heredity
d. Low HDL level
Questions for Section 18.3 Cardiovascular Disease
calcium that develop in the artery walls?
a. Plaques
b. Angina streaks
c. Arterial thickening
d. Pre-thromboemboli
a. stroke.
b. atheromatous disease.
c. coronary heart disease.
d. hypertensive aneurism.
a. 30
b. 40
c. 50
d. 60
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a diet high in fat, smokes, and doesn’t exercise much because she typically works 12–
hour days. Beverly visits her doctor because she has recently been having chest pains.
Her doctor suspects she is at risk for a heart attack. Which of the following would be the
most definitive predictor of this suspicion?
a. Platelet count
b. C-reactive protein concentrations
c. LDL cholesterol serum concentrations
d. HDL cholesterol serum concentrations
deterioration is called a(an)
a. aorta.
b. plaque.
c. aneurysm.
d. diverticula.
a. cancer.
b. diabetes.
c. a heart attack.
d. HIV progression.
a. BMI of 26
b. Low LDL-cholesterol levels
c. High HDL-cholesterol levels
d. High C-reactive protein levels
a. T-cells.
b. C-cells.
c. plaques.
d. platelets.
a. Size of the plaque is not as important as composition
b. Stabilization of the plaque occurs with moderate intake of alcohol
c. The amount of C-reactive protein in the plaque is a marker for high risk
d. The rough surface of plaques promotes neutrophil aggregation and antigen formation
of all of the following except
a. CRP.
b. ephedra.
c. Lp-PLA (2).
d. LDL cholesterol.
a. an anginism.
b. an embolism.
c. circulatory hypoxia.
d. a de-plaquing event.
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a. angina.
b. a stroke.
c. a vascular event.
d. metabolic syndrome.
hypertension?
a. 110 over 50
b. 120 over 70
c. 130 over 80
d. 140 over 90
disease?
a. Obesity
b. High sugar intake
c. Glucose intolerance
d. High blood cholesterol
a. Diabetes
b. Lung cancer
c. Breast cancer
d. Coronary heart disease
(CHD)?
a. In men, CHD begins 10-15 years earlier than in women
b. Women who take estrogen to reduce the risk for osteoporosis are at significantly
higher risk for CHD
c. Men with blood cholesterol levels in the borderline-high range account for up to 10%
of all deaths from CHD
d. Women younger than 45 years of age tend to have higher LDL cholesterol than do
men of that age, but this difference disappears after menopause
a. A predictor of stroke risk
b. Slightly high blood pressure
c. A precursor for Syndrome X
d. A component of the metabolic syndrome
a. HDL
b. LDL
c. HDK
d. VLDK
except
a. LDL is more atherogenic than is HDL.
b. excess LDL cholesterol is vulnerable to oxidation.
c. LDL-lowering treatments are designed to stabilize arterial plaques.
d. excess LDL cholesterol in the blood is removed by high-density lipoproteins.
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a. eat fish oil capsules.
b. take lecithin supplements.
c. achieve desirable body weight.
d. lower his/her intake of insoluble fiber.
disease?
a. High triglyceride levels are now designated as a major risk factor
b. Nonfasting triglyceride levels more strongly predict risk than fasting levels
c. High triglyceride levels correlate strongly with high HDL levels, which is a predictor
for low risk
d. Triglyceride concentrations are low in very-low-density lipoproteins, which correlate
with risk for metabolic syndrome
a. smoking damages platelets.
b. smoking increases blood pressure.
c. smoking as a risk factor for CHD is the same for women and men.
d. cessation of smoking begins to lower the risk of CHD after 36 months.
response is said to be
a. polydipsic.
b. insulin resistant.
c. hyperglucagonemic.
d. pancreatic beta-cell deficient.
pressure to develop the metabolic syndrome?
a. Diuretic use
b. Insulin resistance
c. Abdominal obesity
d. High blood triglycerides
a. physical inactivity plays a major role in its development.
b. central obesity is thought to play a greater role than other risk factors.
c. at least 3 of 5 specific diet-related risk factors must be present for diagnosis.
d. the risk factors act synergistically to predict the risk for coronary heart disease.
a. obesity.
b. hypertension.
c. insulin resistance.
d. high sodium intake.
new diagnosis because no one in his family has ever had it and he hasn’t ever heard of it.
His primary care physician refers him to your office for some counseling on his
modifiable risk factors. Which of the following topics will you most likely discuss with
Stefan?
a. Which medications to take
b. How to improve his atherogenic diet
c. How to slow down his aging process
d. How to map out his family tree, identifying all relatives with heart disease
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with measurements taken at least one week apart?
a. The person may not be fasting
b. The reliability of laboratory testing instruments for cholesterol is inexact
c. Blood cholesterol concentrations are known to vary significantly day to day
d. The person may have an infection (e.g. cold) which affects cholesterol concentration
a. Take at least 2 measurements at least 1 week apart
b. Send the patient to 2 different laboratories and average the results
c. Take a fasting and a non-fasting blood sample and average the results
d. Perform a fat tolerance test by having the patient drink a beverage containing 25 g of
vegetable oil and obtain blood samples over the next 4 hours
include all of the following except
a. stress.
b. smoking.
c. heredity.
d. hypertension.
LDL or blood pressure by lifestyle changes?
a. Prescribe medications
b. Consider coronary bypass surgery
c. Obtain regular nutrition counseling
d. Consider gastric surgery to reduce body weight
a. Begin drug treatment
b. Consume a high-protein diet
c. Consume large amounts of fish and fish oils
d. Achieve and maintain appropriate body weight
Questions for Section 18.4 Hypertension
hypertension?
a. 10
b. 30
c. 65
d. 100
a. Blood pressure
b. LDL-cholesterol
c. HDL-cholesterol
d. Trans-fatty acid intake
a. consume 2 servings/week of fish.
b. consume 300 mg or less of cholesterol per day.
c. lower the saturated fat intake to ≤7% total energy.
d. decrease the carbohydrate intake to <50% of total energy.
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except
a. age.
b. race.
c. salt intake.
d. family background.
a. 15
b. 35
c. 50
d. 90
a. the ventricles in the atria.
b. blood flow in the arterioles.
c. the carotid arterial flow in the brain.
d. blood flow in the portal venous system.
a. Most people with hypertension have BMIs <25
b. Most people with hypertension are extremely salt sensitive
c. Three to 4 alcohol drinks per day lowers risk for hypertension
d. African Americans develop high blood pressure earlier in life and their average
blood pressure is higher than whites’
a. cm of silver.
b. cm of depth.
c. mm of plaque.
d. mm of mercury.
reading of 140/80 compared with the optimum blood pressure?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 75%
d. 100%
repeated before confirming a diagnosis of hypertension?
a. The person reacted emotionally to the procedure
b. Blood pressure measuring devices often give inaccurate readings
c. The cuff of the blood pressure measuring device was wrapped too tightly on the arm
d. The cuff of the blood pressure measuring device was wrapped too loosely on the arm
a. It is halved
b. It is doubled
c. It is unchanged
d. It is reduced by 25%
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a. Obesity is associated with altered kidney function and fluid retention leading to
higher blood pressure
b. The excess fat pads surrounding the kidneys impair blood flow to these organs and
lead to higher output of renin
c. Sodium intake in obese people significantly exceeds the recommended intake,
thereby predisposing them to higher blood pressure
d. Higher lipoprotein lipase activity in obese people triggers the angiotensin cascade,
leading to increased peripheral resistance to blood flow
limiting daily alcohol intake to
a. 1 drink for both women and men.
b. 1 drink for women and 2 for men.
c. 2 drinks for both women and men.
d. 2 drinks for women and 4 for men.
a. Three alcohol drinks per day increases the risk for developing high blood pressure
b. Most people are genetically sensitive to sodium and will develop high blood pressure
from excess salt intake
c. Ninety-five percent of people under 50 years of age with high blood pressure
respond favorably to low salt intake
d. Ninety-five percent of people with high blood pressure who restrict salt intake show
a significant decrease in blood pressure
a. cancer.
b. diabetes.
c. hypertension.
d. metabolic syndrome.
a. Dramatic Alternatives to Solving HIV.
b. Diabetes And Sodium Hyperglycemia.
c. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.
d. Disorders-Associated Severe Hyperlipidemias.
blood pressure?
a. Adopting the DASH eating plan
b. Limiting daily alcohol intake to 1-2 drinks
c. Reducing body weight to less than a BMI of 25
d. Performing physical exercise for 30 minutes per day, 5 days a week
pressure?
a. People with chronic kidney disease are less likely to be salt-sensitive
b. Lowering sodium intakes reduces blood pressure only in certain ethnic groups
c. People over 30 years of age with hypertension are most likely to be salt-sensitive
d. Weight loss is often as effective as sodium restriction in lowering blood pressure
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She is willing to try just about anything. Which of the following choices would be most
effective in lowering Crystal’s blood pressure?
a. Eliminating the use of table salt altogether
b. Including 3 servings of skim milk and 10 servings of fruits and vegetables a day
c. Substituting all table salt use throughout the day with Mrs. Dash seasoning product
d. Including 3 servings of skim milk and 10 servings of fruits and vegetables a day plus
restricting sodium to 2 g/day
treat hypertension?
a. Increase fiber intake
b. Eat foods high in potassium
c. If overweight, reduce weight
d. Decrease intake of dairy products to avoid sodium
a. sodium.
b. calcium.
c. potassium.
d. phosphate.
a. increasing fluid loss.
b. decreasing potassium loss.
c. reducing arterial plaque formation.
d. increasing retention of calcium and potassium.
a. Antihypertensive drugs work by lowering blood volume
b. The most frequently prescribed drug therapies are DASH inhibitors
c. Most people with hypertension need only one medicine to reduce blood pressure
d. Major side effects of antihypertensive drugs are depletion of body sodium and
phosphorus
a. It works synergistically with reduction of sodium intake
b. It was originally designed as therapy for atherosclerosis
c. It is effective due to the high intakes of iron and vitamin B12
d. It includes an exercise component and a limitation on trans-fat intake
Questions for Section 18.5 Diabetes Mellitus
glucose concentration of 101 mg/dL. This person would be classified as
a. normal.
b. diabetic.
c. prediabetic.
d. impaired glucose tolerant.
a. cancer.
b. diabetes.
c. hypertension.
d. coronary heart disease.
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a. stroke.
b. cancer.
c. blindness.
d. kidney failure.
a. fat release.
b. glucose uptake.
c. protein synthesis.
d. glycogen synthesis.
a. Defect in insulin sensitivity
b. Excessive body weight gain
c. Defect of the immune system
d. Excessive intake of simple carbohydrates
a. Hyperglycemia
b. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
c. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
d. Adult-onset diabetes mellitus
a. 21.
b. 30.
c. 40.
d. 55.
a. 5-10
b. 10–20
c. 20–35
d. 45–55
a. It is an autoimmune disorder
b. It occurs exclusively in people under 40 years of age
c. It must be treated by daily oral intake of insulin pills
d. It accounts for approximately 50% of all cases of diabetes
a. sarcopenia.
b. osteoporosis.
c. excess body fat.
d. insulin dependency.
constantly drinking sodas and likes to end her dinner every night with a piece of
chocolate cake and ice cream. After going to the doctor, Brooke is diagnosed with
diabetes. Which of the following types of diabetes does Brooke most likely have?
a. Type 1 diabetes
b. Type 2 diabetes
c. Juvenile diabetes
d. Polydypsia diabetes
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a. Hypoglycemia
b. Atherosclerosis
c. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
d. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
a. reduced sensitivity of cells to blood insulin.
b. impaired secretion of insulin by the pancreas.
c. increased destruction of insulin-producing cells.
d. refusal of people with type 1 diabetes to self-inject insulin.
a. type 1 diabetes can occur at any age.
b. type 2 diabetes develops primarily when people reach adulthood.
c. the two major forms are variations of the insulin-dependent type.
d. the most common form is characterized by resistance to insulin by body cells.
a. 10–20
b. 50
c. 75
d. 80–90
a. American whites
b. Asian Americans
c. African Americans
d. Native Americans
diabetes?
a. Caucasians
b. Native Americans
c. African Americans
d. Hispanic Americans
the eye caused by conversion of excess glucose to
a. sugar alcohols.
b. glycated fructose.
c. long-chain ketones.
d. glycated corneal membranes.
a. Blindness
b. Kidney failure
c. Decrease in infections
d. Increase in heart attacks
a. polyuria.
b. polydipsia.
c. polyphagia.
d. polysaccharidosis.
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a. polyuria.
b. polyphagia.
c. polyuresis.
d. pseudodiuresis.
a. hydration.
b. polyuresis.
c. polydipsia.
d. hyperhydration.
a. Insufficient levels of circulating insulin permit the kidneys to lose excess water
b. High levels of blood glucose spill into the urine, drawing water with it by osmosis
c. Excess circulating insulin affects the output of antidiuretic hormone which allows
greater losses of water
d. Large amounts of body fat and glycogen are broken down, resulting in increased
release of cellular water
a. Cancer
b. Diabetes
c. HIV/AIDS
d. Atherosclerosis
a. AIDS.
b. cancer.
c. heart attacks.
d. diverticulosis.
a. cancer.
b. diabetes.
c. pancreatitis.
d. HIV infection.
a. impaired vision.
b. impaired circulation.
c. increased resistance to infections.
d. increased loss of water via the urine.
a. alcohol in moderation.
b. protein intakes representing 15-20% of total kcalories.
c. sugar intake in amounts similar to the general population.
d. total fat intake in amounts similar to the general population.
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a. sugar and sugar-containing foods need not be avoided.
b. the glycemic effect of foods should be a primary consideration.
c. diets should provide a consistent carbohydrate intake spaced throughout the day.
d. the dietary amount of carbohydrate is more important than the source of
carbohydrate.
physical activity is
a. hypoglycemia.
b. hyperglycemia.
c. nausea and vomiting.
d. temporary kidney shutdown.
Questions for Section 18.6 Cancer
a. sarcoma.
b. carcinoma.
c. osteocarcinoma.
d. hematopoietic neoplasm.
a. Cancer-initiating substance
b. Cancer-inhibitory substance
c. Cancer treatment substance
d. Cancer antipromoter substance
said to
a. promote.
b. augment.
c. metastasize.
d. infiltrate downstream.
initiated?
a. Promoters
b. Post-initiators
c. Tumor formatives
d. Tumor directives
a. Benign tumor
b. Promoting tumor
c. Malignant tumor
d. Premalignant tumor
a. carcinogen.
b. antipromoter.
c. DNA-modifier.
d. RNA-modifier.
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mainly from chronic exposure to
a. estrogen.
b. aflatoxin.
c. high-fat diets.
d. sedentary lifestyles.
and neck?
a. Tobacco use
b. Alcohol intake
c. Food additives and pesticides
d. Low intake of vegetables and fruits
carcinogens?
a. Frying
b. Grilling
c. Broiling
d. Marinating before cooking
amounts of carcinogens?
a. Broiling
b. Roasting
c. Marinating before cooking
d. Wrapping the food in foil when cooking
of cancer?
a. Dietary fat appears to be protective against many types of cancer
b. Food additives play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer
c. Food contaminants play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer
d. Dietary protein from animal sources appears to be protective against many types of
cancer
over a direct flame?
a. They are detoxified by the liver
b. They act as initiators for breast cancer
c. They act as promoters for prostate cancer
d. They are subjected to enterohepatic circulation
intestine, thereby decreasing exposure time to carcinogens?
a. Milk
b. Fiber
c. Omega-3 fats
d. Refined starches
types of cancer?
a. Fiber
b. Inositol and biotin
c. Certain saturated fats
d. Protein from animal sources
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a. Type of fat may influence cancer initiation
b. Type of fat may influence cancer promotion
c. Intake of omega-3 fatty acids from fish may protect against some cancers
d. Recent studies have weakened the associated risk of high-fat diets with cancer
that protect against cancers of the esophagus and endometrium?
a. Fermented dairy foods
b. Cruciferous vegetables
c. Allium-rich vegetables
d. Lycopene-rich vegetables
except
a. decreasing alcohol intake.
b. avoiding charbroiled meats.
c. decreasing saturated fat intake.
d. consumption of cruciferous vegetables.
to reduce cancer risks?
a. Limit intake of red meats
b. Moderate, if any, intake of alcohol
c. Increase intake of foods high in iron
d. Eat at least 5 servings a day of vegetables and fruits
Questions for Section 18.7 Recommendations for Chronic Diseases
heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer?
a. Consuming fiber-rich foods
b. Drinking alcohol only in moderation
c. Engaging in regular physical exercise
d. Consuming fat within the range of 20-35% of total energy
a. Diet can influence the time of onset of some chronic diseases
b. Diet is the primary factor affecting the development of chronic diseases
c. Dietary influence in the development of chronic diseases is direct, straightforward,
and well understood
d. Dietary advice for combating heart disease and cancer prevents their development if
instituted early in life
measurable improvement in glucose, blood lipids, and blood pressure?
a. 10–20
b. 40–50
c. 75-100
d. More than 100
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Questions for Section 18.8 Complementary and Alternative Medicine
into a practice called
a. interactive therapy.
b. yin and yang medicine.
c. herbal-assisted healing.
d. complementary medicine.
medicine?
a. It is not taught in medical schools
b. Insurance companies refuse to cover it
c. Safety and effectiveness are not well established
d. It is used primarily by chiropractors and herbalists
a. Radiation therapy
b. Biofield therapeutics
c. Orthomolecular therapy
d. Microwave resonance therapy
therapy for cardiovascular disease?
a. Ozone injections
b. Chelation therapy
c. Biofield therapeutics
d. Hydroexpulsion therapeutics
a. tumor cells.
b. toxic metals.
c. organic toxins.
d. excess fat-soluble vitamins.
a. A system that combines biofeedback with hypnosis
b. An oriental plant that suppresses colon and breast tumor growth
c. A Hindu system for enhancing the body’s ability to prevent illness and to heal itself
d. A variation of standard acupuncture technique that applies electromagnetic impulses
to the needles
protective effects as low dose
a. statins.
b. aspirin.
c. insulin.
d. diuretics.
Pacific yew trees (and now synthesized in the laboratory)?
a. Ephedra
b. Paclitaxal
c. Kombucha
d. Germanium
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a. they are not regulated as drugs by the FDA.
b. they are not evaluated for safety or effectiveness by the FDA.
c. the FDA, and not the manufacturer of the herb, has the burden of proving the product
is unsafe.
d. they are considered appropriate for treatment of certain major health disorders such
as cancer or AIDS.
Matching
A 606 01. Immune cells that produce antibodies
B 606 02. Immune cells that attack antigens
T 606 03. A type of protein that can act as an antibody
O 606 04. Immune cells that practice phagocytosis
P 608 05. The primary cause of death in the United States
Q 610 06. Disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids on the inner arterial walls
E 610 07. A mound of lipid material embedded in arterial walls
H 611 08. A blood clot that has broken loose and circulates in the bloodstream
K 611 09. A blood clot that is attached to arterial plaque
G 611 10. Small, cell-like bodies required for formation of a blood clot
L 611 11. The bulging of an artery commonly caused by elevated blood pressure
C 612 12. Consequence of a clot that stops blood flow to the brain
R 621 13. This type of diabetes is always controlled by insulin injections
S 621 14. This type of diabetes is usually controlled without insulin injections
J 625 15. Term that describes the death of tissue due to deficient blood supply, common in severe
cases of diabetes
M 626 16. When cancers spread to other tissues of the body
D 626 17. An abnormal mass of cells
F 626 18. Substance or event that gives rise to a cancer
I 628 19. Substance that favors cancer development after cellular DNA has been altered
N 628 20. A carcinogen in fried potato products
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Essay
Page(s)
606–607 01. Describe the actions of phagocytes and lymphocytes against foreign substances.
607 02. List ways that malnutrition affects immunity.
607 03. Explain the meaning and significance of the “downward spiral” of malnutrition and
disease.
607 04. Discuss the role of diet in the prevention and treatment of HIV infection and AIDS.
608–609 05. Discuss the role of nutrition and genetics in assessing risks for chronic diseases.
608–610 06. Discuss the role of nutrition in the development and treatment of three common
degenerative diseases.
610–611 07. Explain the processes involved in the development of atherosclerosis.
611 08. List several important markers for inflammation associated with cardiovascular
disease.
612–614 09. Discuss the major risk factors for coronary heart disease.
614 11. Discuss the importance of LDL cholesterol as an independent risk factor for
coronary heart disease.
614 12. Describe the effects of smoking on cardiovascular health.
614 13. What is meant by the term atherogenic diet?
614 14. Discuss the controversy surrounding emerging risk factors for coronary heart
disease.
614–615 15. Explain the defining features and significance of the metabolic syndrome.
615 16. Outline the recommendations for reducing the risk of coronary heart disease.
615 17. Discuss strategies for favorably altering the lipoprotein profiles in men and women.
617 18. For the implementation of a heart-healthy diet, present three recommendations for
each of the following components: breads, cereals, and pasta; fruits and vegetables;
milk products; fats and oils; and spices and seasonings.
618 19. How does hypertension develop? Why does obesity aggravate the hypertensive
state?
619–620 20. Describe the major lifestyle modifications for reducing hypertension risk.
619–620 21. What is the rationale for consuming liberal quantities of fruits, vegetables, nuts, low–
fat milk, and low-fat foods in the prevention and treatment of hypertension?
620–622 22. Explain the metabolic consequences of a relative or absolute lack of insulin on
carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
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621–622 23. Explain the association of type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance and insulin
deficiency.
621-622;624-625 24. Compare and contrast the two major types of diabetes and their recommended
dietary management.
624 25. Explain the role of the glycemic index of individual foods in the management of
dietary carbohydrate intake for people with diabetes.
624 26. Describe the recommendation for carbohydrate intake in people with diabetes.
624–625 27. List the treatment recommendations for people with type 2 diabetes.
625–627 28. Present several theories of cancer development. What is the role of carcinogens?
626–628 29. Discuss the role of promoters, initiators, and antipromoters in the development of
cancer.
636 30. List three defining characteristics of alternative therapies.
627 31. Describe the role of alcohol as a risk factor for certain cancers.
637–639 32. Provide examples of risk vs. benefit when considering alternative therapies.
637–639 33. Explain, through the use of examples, the risk versus benefit relationship of
therapeutic intervention.
628 34. Why is obesity a risk factor for certain types of cancer, especially in women?
628–629 35. List the major recommendations for reducing the risks of cancer.
630–631 36. Explain the difference between recommendations based on the “population
approach” and the “medical approach.”
639–642 37. Give four examples of the reported adverse effects of herbal therapy.
642–643 38. Provide examples of the interactions of herbs with conventional drugs.