186
in the blood?
a. Folate
b. Biotin
c. Niacin
d. Vitamin K
of supplements of
a. folate.
b. niacin.
c. vitamin C.
d. vitamin B6.
tract cells?
a. Folate
b. Niacin
c. Thiamin
d. Riboflavin
a. Insulin
b. Calcium supplements
c. Regular use of antacids
d. Vitamin B12 supplements
a. Good sources are dairy products and meats
b. Poor sources are fruit juices and vegetable juices
c. Much of the vitamin is lost due to heat and oxidation
d. Only about 10% of the amount in foods is bioavailable
a. Sedentary lifestyle
b. Some anticancer drugs
c. Excess protein intake
d. Insufficient fiber intake
particularly to increase the risk of deficiency for
a. biotin.
b. folate.
c. riboflavin.
d. pantothenic acid.
a. Hemolysis
b. Hypoxemia
c. Hemolytic anemia
d. Macrocytic anemia
187
a. soy milk.
b. goat’s milk.
c. chicken liver.
d. infant formula.
drugs?
a. Folate
b. Niacin
c. Vitamin B6
d. Vitamin B12
a. 180 μg
b. 220 μg
c. 242 μg
d. 400 μg
a. 100
b. 200
c. 400
d. 800
a. Meats
b. Starches
c. Dairy products
d. Green, leafy vegetables
Questions for Section 10.2.8 Vitamin B12
a. Bile
b. Lipase
c. Intrinsic factor
d. Carboxypeptidase
a. It catalyzes release of the vitamin from its protein-bound form
b. It attaches to the vitamin, thereby allowing absorption from the intestines
c. It acts as a storage protein for the vitamin within the intestinal epithelial cells
d. It acts as a cofactor for mucosal enzymes involved in absorption of the vitamin
a. pepsin.
b. intrinsic factor.
c. hydrochloric acid.
d. mucosal cobalaminase.
a. Inadequate intake
b. Increased excretion
c. Inadequate absorption
d. Increased losses in food preparation
188
a. folate.
b. selenium.
c. vitamin B12.
d. iron and copper.
a. folate.
b. vitamin B1.
c. vitamin C.
d. vitamin B12.
atrophic gastritis?
a. Choline
b. Vitamin C
c. Vitamin B12
d. Pantothenic acid
a. It is efficiently recycled by the body
b. It is necessary for protection from pinpoint hemorrhages
c. It requires attachment to fatty acids for transport in the circulation
d. It is absorbed from the stomach with the aid of a special binding protein
a. riboflavin or niacin.
b. vitamin B12 or folate.
c. thiamin or riboflavin.
d. vitamin B6 or vitamin B12.
inadequate absorption?
a. Injection of cobalamin
b. Topical administration of liver extract
c. Oral supplements of B-vitamin complex
d. A diet high in liver and green, leafy vegetables
symptoms would appear last for
a. folate.
b. vitamin C.
c. vitamin B1.
d. vitamin B12.
secondary deficiency from occurring until after about
a. 3 days.
b. 3 weeks.
c. 3 months.
d. 3 years.
189
time could elapse before deficiency signs develop?
a. One month
b. Six months
c. One year
d. Three years
a. ariboflavonosis.
b. lack of hydrochloric acid.
c. lack of pancreatic vitaminases.
d. pharmacologic intakes of folate.
gastritis?
a. Age over 50 yrs
b. Iron deficiency
c. Helicobacter pylori infection
d. Avoidance of leafy vegetables
a 331-332(K) 132. Which of the following is a feature of vitamin B12 bioavailability?
a. Synthetic B12 in supplement form is highly utilizable
b. Fermented soy products are optimal sources of the vitamin
c. Yeast consumed by vegans is a good source of the vitamin
d. Sea algae such as spirulina contain about 50% available vitamin B12
be seen for
a. biotin.
b. thiamin.
c. vitamin C.
d. vitamin B12.
a. Vegetarian diets inhibit absorption of the vitamin
b. Vegetarian diets provide insufficient amounts of the vitamin
c. The fiber content of vegetarian diets causes decreased storage by the liver
d. The fiber content of vegetarian diets causes increased excretion of the vitamin
a. Pecans
b. Hot dog
c. Cauliflower
d. Whole-grain bread
a. Toxicity symptoms are serious and irreversible
b. Units in food are expressed as cobalamin equivalents
c. It is inactivated when the food is heated in a microwave
d. Bioavailable amounts are found in fermented soy products
a. 0.5.
b. 1.25.
c. 2.4.
d. 4.0.
190
a. Biotin
b. Choline
c. Cobalamin
d. Pantothenic acid
Questions for Section 10.2.9 Vitamin-Like Compounds
a. Carnitine
b. Orotic acid
c. Methoxantin
d. Pangamic acid
a. Folic acid
b. Lipoic acid
c. Ascorbic acid
d. Pantothenic acid
a. PABA
b. Choline
c. Inositol
d. Ubiquinone
a. Choline
b. Inositol
c. Lipoic acid
d. Pangamic acid
a. Cobalamin
b. Ubiquinone
c. Pyridoxine
d. Pantothenic acid
Questions for Section 10.3 The B Vitamins—In Concert
a. Bones
b. Tongue
c. Eyesight
d. Hair and nails
a. Anemia
b. Smooth tongue
c. Abnormal liver function
d. Abnormal heart function
191
Questions for Section 10.4 Vitamin C
a. Required for glycolysis
b. Consumption prevents anemia
c. Required in microgram quantities
d. Found in citrus products and legumes
a. An inactive vitamin
b. An unphosphorylated vitamin
c. A molecule of unbound cobalamins
d. A molecule with at least one unpaired electron
d 338(K) 148. Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C?
a. Antiviral agent
b. Antifungal agent
c. Anticancer agent
d. Antioxidant agent
a. Coenzyme for energy release
b. Cofactor in collagen formation
c. Cofactor with calcium in blood coagulation
d. Coenzyme in the formation of red blood cells
a. keratin.
b. albumin.
c. collagen.
d. hydroxyproline.
supplementation on the resistance to, and recovery from, colds?
a. There was a reduction in the duration of colds by 50% on the average
b. There was only a minor effect on reducing the number and severity of colds
c. There was a significant reduction in the duration of colds in people who consumed at
least one gram a day
d. There was a significant reduction in the number of colds only in people who
consumed more than three grams per day
a. They deactivate histamine
b. They reduce episodes of diarrhea
c. They destroy intestinal pathogens
d. They alter hypothalamic control of body temperature
causes nasal congestion?
a. Niacin
b. Vitamin E
c. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin B12
192
scorbutic symptoms in human beings?
a. 10 mg
b. 30 mg
c. 50 mg
d. 60 mg
maximum?
a. 10 mg
b. 75 mg
c. 125 mg
d. 200 mg
a. Bleeding gums
b. Pernicious anemia
c. Appearance of a cold
d. Hysteria and depression
a. 10-20 mg
b. 50-60 mg
c. 75-90 mg
d. 100-135 mg
a. 5 mg.
b. 35 mg.
c. 100 mg.
d. 200 mg.
a. Hair loss
b. Muscle spasms
c. Bilateral symmetrical dermatitis
d. Subcutaneous pinpoint hemorrhages
supplements of
a. niacin.
b. retinol.
c. cobalamin.
d. ascorbic acid.
a. Milk group
b. Meat group
c. Fruit group
d. Bread-cereal group
193
you have mononucleosis when in reality you do not?
a. True positive
b. True negative
c. False positive
d. False negative
not have an infection when in reality you do?
a. True positive
b. True negative
c. False positive
d. False negative
strong dislike for all citrus fruits. Which of the following shopping lists would you
recommend?
a. Liver, yogurt, milk
b. Brussels sprouts, broccoli, strawberries
c. Banana, peanut butter, canned tuna fish
d. Whole grains, pork, fortified corn flakes
a. Tofu
b. Yogurt
c. Legumes
d. Broccoli
a. Roast beef, carrots, noodles, and tea
b. Hot dog, cabbage, french fries, and milk
c. Roast beef, broccoli, noodles, and coffee
d. Spaghetti with tomato sauce, meatball, garlic bread, and red wine
vegetarian?
a. Milk
b. Eggs
c. Broccoli
d. Whole-grain bread
a. they frequently cause diarrhea.
b. they appear safe at levels up to 2000 mg/day.
c. they enhance the action of anticlotting medications.
d. they interfere with laboratory urine tests for the diagnosis of diabetes.
C?
a. Potatoes
b. Brown rice
c. Low-fat milk
d. Whole-wheat bread
194
despite the modest vitamin C concentration?
a. Potatoes
b. Organ meats
c. Breaded fish
d. Whole-grain cereals
a. Liver
b. Potatoes
c. Whole grains
d. Cruciferous vegetables
Questions for Section 10.5 Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
a. 50% of the Daily Value.
b. equal to the UL.
c. up to 200% of the Daily Value.
d. 100% or more of the Daily Value.
regularly?
a. 5
b. 33
c. 50
d. 80
a. vitamin toxicity.
b. the taker may ignore warning signs of a disease.
c. the taker may feel a false sense of security and consume a poor diet.
d. pathogenic bacterial overgrowth of the large intestines leading to increased risk of
infection.
practices?
a. Most people who take supplements consume a poor diet
b. Most people should take supplements daily because of the great difficulty in
obtaining the needed amounts from food
c. People who have low energy intakes or are pregnant are at risk for developing
deficiencies and may benefit from supplementation
d. People should take supplements daily because nutrition surveys in the U.S. and
Canada have detected deficiencies in some population groups
a supplement of
a. vitamin A.
b. vitamin B6.
c. vitamin C.
d. vitamin D.
195
may benefit from taking vitamin supplements include all of the following except
a. vegans
b. food faddists
c. athletes who are engaged in intense competitive events
d. people with low energy intakes, such as habitual dieters and the elderly
a. nausea.
b. GI distress.
c. black tongue.
d. black diarrhea.
Matching
J 315 01. Name of thiamin deficiency disease
A 316 02. A food unusually rich in thiamin
S 318 03. Exposure to this leads to destruction of riboflavin
C 318 04. A food source that supplies a substantial amount of people’s riboflavin intake
L 319 05. Deficiency of this vitamin leads to cracks and redness at corners of the mouth
O 320 06. Used for synthesis of niacin
B 320 07. Overconsumption of this food has resulted in pellagra
F 321 08. High doses are known to lower LDL cholesterol
E 322 09. Deficiency of this vitamin is induced by feeding raw egg whites
T 323 10. This vitamin is a component of acetyl-CoA
M 325 11. Toxicity from this vitamin is known to cause nerve damage and inability to walk
D 327 12. Prevention of neural tube defects is related to increased intake of this substance by
pregnant women
H 328 13. One of the first symptoms of folate deficiency
N 330 14. Required to maintain nerve fiber sheath
R 330 15. Required for absorption of vitamin B12
G 333 16. A conditionally essential nutrient
Q 338 17. The antiscorbutic factor
I 338 18. Vitamin C is required for the synthesis of this substance
P 341 19. Excess intake of vitamin C may aggravate this disorder
K 341 20. A concentrated source of vitamin C
196
Essay
Page(s)
312 01. What steps should be taken by consumers to minimize the loss of vitamins from
foods?
312;317;319;321; 02. Discuss the effects of heat and ultraviolet light on vitamin stability.
323;324;329;343
313 03. Discuss the meaning and significance of the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for the
water-soluble vitamins.
314 04. Compare and contrast the water-soluble vitamin group with the fat-soluble vitamin
group with respect to absorption, transport, storage, excretion, toxicity, and
requirements.
315–317 05. Discuss thiamin nutrition including functions, risk factors for deficiency, symptoms
of deficiency, food sources, and stability.
320–321 06. Describe the type of diet associated with pellagra in the U.S. in the early 1900s.
321 07. Why was pellagra once believed to be caused by a pathogen instead of a vitamin
deficiency?
321 08. Explain the medicinal uses for niacin supplements. What conditions make people
more susceptible to the side effects from niacin supplements?
322–323 09. For biotin and pantothenic acid, discuss their essentiality, deficiency symptoms, and
major food sources.
324 10. What factors are associated with vitamin B12 inadequacy other than low intake?
326 11. Explain the absorption mechanisms for folate from foods. How does the body
dispose of excess folate?
326–327 12. Why is the bioavailability of folate from food almost always lower than from the
synthetic form?
326;328-329 13. Explain the role of folate in red blood cell synthesis and maintenance of cells lining
the GI tract.
327–328 14. Discuss through the use of examples the importance of folate in development of the
neural tube during the early weeks of pregnancy.
327–329 15. Discuss the expected benefits of folate fortification of grain products. What are the
possible adverse effects of this practice?
328 16. Explain the association between folate deficiency and homocysteine metabolism.
What are observations from the folate fortification program and risk for
cardiovascular disease and death?
328–329 17. Provide explanations for the development of a primary and a secondary deficiency of
folate.
330–331 18. Discuss the interrelationships of folate and vitamin B12 in the diagnosis and treatment
of large-cell type anemia.
330–331 19. Define intrinsic factor and discuss its relationship to vitamin B12 absorption. What
other factors are associated with vitamin B12 absorption? What is the most common
cause of vitamin B12 deficiency and how is vitamin B12 deficiency treated under this
condition?
197
331–332 20. Why might vegans develop a vitamin B12 deficiency? Why might they have a normal
vitamin B12 status? Why are the amounts of B12 listed on labels of certain plant and
yeast food products inaccurate and misleading?
331 21. What is meant by the following: Folate “cures” the blood symptoms of a vitamin B12
deficiency, but cannot stop the nerve symptoms from progressing.
331 22. Discuss the association between marginal vitamin B12 deficiency and cognitive
function.
333 23. Discuss the essentiality of choline, including chief functions and major food sources.
334–337 24. Discuss the roles of the B vitamins in energy metabolism.
334–335 25. Diagram the metabolic pathways that involve participation of B vitamins.
335–337 26. Discuss how B-vitamin deficiencies rarely present as single-vitamin deficiencies.
335–337 27. Discuss similarities in the deficiency symptoms of the B vitamins.
337;341; 347-348 28. Under what circumstances can water-soluble vitamins be toxic? Cite several
examples.
337–339 29. Explain the modes of action of vitamin C.
339 30. In what ways have vitamin C supplements been shown to affect nasal congestion?
339–340 31. Under what conditions and for what reasons would intakes of vitamin C above the
RDA be desirable?
341 32. Describe the potential hazards of excessive vitamin C intake.
341 33. What is meant by false positive and false negative medical tests? How might these
tests be influenced by vitamin supplements?
343 34. Choose 4 water-soluble vitamins and list their chief functions, deficiency and
toxicity symptoms, and major food sources.
346–349 35. List several arguments for and against the regular use of vitamin supplements.
347 36. List population groups that have a physiological need for vitamin/mineral
supplements.
351 37. Explain the major aspects of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of
1994.