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a. Calcium tetany
b. Atrophic gastritis
c. Vitamin D deficiency
d. Kidney stone formation
a. Fruits
b. Breads
c. Enriched grains
d. Certain green vegetables
a. Kale
b. Spinach
c. Broccoli
d. Mustard greens
a. Meats
b. Fruits
c. Breads
d. Vegetables
a. Milk
b. Spinach
c. Broccoli
d. Pinto beans
a. spinach.
b. almonds.
c. corn tortillas.
d. sesame seeds.
densest bone?
a. 15
b. 28
c. 35
d. 46
a. 30-40 yrs
b. 40-50 yrs
c. 50-60 yrs
d. 60-70 yrs
a. 500,000
b. 5 million
c. 25 million
d. 50 million
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presence of
a. low calcium content.
b. low vitamin D content.
c. naturally occurring binders.
d. high magnesium content, which lowers calcium absorption.
a. It is most common in men over 45 years of age
b. It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels
c. It results from short-term deprivation of dietary calcium
d. It causes significant alterations in the blood levels of parathormone and calcitonin
a. 500 mg
b. 800 mg
c. 1000 mg
d. 1500 mg
Questions for Section 12.7 Phosphorus
a. high dietary intakes have no adverse effects.
b. about 85% of the body’s phosphorus is located in bones and teeth.
c. the phosphoric acid in cola drinks has little effect on bone content.
d. the ratio of phosphorus to calcium in the diet is important for bone maintenance.
a. Involved in energy exchange
b. Activates fat-soluble vitamins
c. Ranks lowest among the minerals in amount present in the body
d. Ranks highest among the minerals in amount present in the body
a. Dietary sources include fresh vegetables
b. Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
c. Absorption is known to be reduced by soft drink consumption
d. Its participation in bone synthesis requires equivalent intake of dietary calcium
body’s lymph and blood systems?
a. Iron
b. Sodium
c. Calcium
d. Phosphorus
a. Iron
b. Calcium
c. Chromium
d. Phosphorus
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Questions for Section 12.8 Magnesium
a. both are involved in blood clotting.
b. both are involved in bone formation.
c. both are found in abundance in dairy products.
d. both may result in tetany when blood levels become abnormally low.
a 407(K) 117. Where is the majority of the body’s magnesium found?
a. Bones
b. Teeth
c. Fatty tissue
d. Cells of soft tissue
a. Transport of oxygen
b. Prevention of anemia
c. Catalyst in energy metabolism
d. Production of thyroid hormone
You explain that
a. magnesium does not play a role in ATP synthesis.
b. it is not magnesium but manganese that plays the role in ATP synthesis.
c. magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to ATP.
d. there are three magnesium groups within the ATP structure that help it do its work.
a. Iron
b. Copper
c. Sodium
d. Magnesium
a. The average body contains about 100 g
b. Blood is a major reservoir of the mineral
c. Deficiency is associated with hypertension
d. Dietary intake data are the sum of the amounts from food and water
a. Toxicity is common in people taking diuretics
b. High intakes interfere with stability of tooth enamel
c. The amounts present in hard water are poorly utilized
d. Average intakes from food are below recommendations
a. 5%.
b. 25%.
c. 50%.
d. 90%.
a. blood clotting.
b. muscle contraction.
c. prevention of dental caries.
d. production of red blood cells.
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Questions for Section 12.9 Sulfate
a. vitamins.
b. proteins.
c. fatty acids.
d. carbohydrates.
a. sulfur.
b. calcium.
c. chloride.
d. magnesium.
a. Fats
b. Protein
c. Mineral salts
d. Carbohydrates
a. skin.
b. hair.
c. teeth.
d. nails.
Questions for Section 12.10 Osteoporosis and Calcium
a. cortical bone.
b. dolomitic bone.
c. trabecular bone.
d. hydroxyl bone.
a. efficiency of absorption is poor.
b. they are usually sold as a very pure product.
c. they contain both calcium and magnesium.
d. they are commonly extracted from limestone.
a. Synthesis of vitamin D
b. Synthesis of calcitonin
c. Storage site for calcium
d. Storage site for vitamin D
a. 2%
b. 6%
c. 14%
d. 25%
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a. Fourth
b. Fifth
c. Sixth
d. Seventh
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 6
a 414(K) 135. The most common fracture sites of osteoporosis type I are
a. spine and wrist.
b. hip and femur.
c. neck and shoulder.
d. elbow and knee.
a. Bone density
b. Severity of bone microfractures
c. Bioavailability of calcium supplements
d. Calcium absorption and excretion balance
a. It shows onset after 70 years of age
b. It can be prevented by taking estrogen
c. It leads to formation of the “dowager‘s hump”
d. Its prevalence is similar between males and females
a. 40–50
b. 60–75
c. 80–90
d. 100
except
a. being thin.
b. being female.
c. having anorexia nervosa.
d. consuming a high-protein diet.
a. obesity.
b. female gender.
c. moderate alcohol intake.
d. having African American heritage.
a. sex.
b. age.
c. calcium intake.
d. blood estrogen level.
234
appearance of osteoporosis in women?
a. 3 years later
b. 10 years later
c. About the same
d. 4 years earlier
a. 18.
b. 30.
c. 55.
d. 70.
a. 20
b. 40
c. 60
d. 80
a. Sex
b. Tobacco use
c. Calcium intake
d. Physical activity level
a. stimulating parathormone release.
b. inhibiting kidney excretion of calcium.
c. stimulating intestinal calcium absorption.
d. inhibiting the activities of the bone-degrading cells.
a. stimulating estrogen release.
b. enhancing osteoblast activity.
c. stimulating calcium absorption.
d. reducing renal calcium excretion.
a. cancer.
b. heart disease.
c. hypertension.
d. diverticulosis.
a. High BMI
b. Alcohol abuse
c. Corticosteroid use
d. Low testosterone levels
is related to
a. greater kidney retention of calcium.
b. the presence of bioavailable calcium.
c. more stable hydroxyapatite crystal formation.
d. the estrogen-like activity of soy phytochemicals.
235
health?
a. Fiber
b. Protein
c. Calcium
d. Phytochemicals
a. Japanese
b. Caucasian
c. African-American
d. South American Hispanic
Caucasian women?
a. Same
b. One-half as much
c. Twice as much
d. Three times as much
a. Dancing is not an effective activity for helping maintain bone density
b. Weight training improves bone density in young but not older women
c. Working the muscles places stress on bones which promotes bone density
d. Weight-bearing activities are effective in maintaining bone mass in adults but not in
adolescents
fractures than do Caucasians and Hispanic people?
a. They have denser bones
b. They have small, compact, hips
c. They have higher calcium intakes
d. They use less tobacco and alcohol
a. Weight loss adversely affects bone density
b. Negative energy balance typically reduces calcium absorption
c. A low-calcium diet promotes similar bone loss in normal and overweight people
d. People with BMIs over 30 have denser bones than their counterparts with BMIs
around 25
a. bone density appears to recover in former smokers.
b. older smokers have less dense bones than older nonsmokers.
c. sedentary smokers have less dense bones than sedentary nonsmokers.
d. smokers adapt by increasing their calcium absorption and reducing their bone
resorption rate.
a. The recommended intake is higher for girls than boys
b. The recommended intake is 800-1,000 mg for this population group
c. The intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they eat more food
d. The dietary intakes of calcium are similar for girls and boys of this population group
236
a. Common antacids are used as a source of calcium
b. The bioavailability of calcium from most supplements is significantly lower than
from milk
c. There are large differences in the efficiency of calcium absorption from various
supplements
d. The calcium in supplements made from oyster shell and bone meal is more
absorbable than the calcium in calcium citrate and calcium lactate
toxic minerals?
a. Oyster shells
b. Calcium lactate
c. Calcium citrate
d. Calcium carbonate
a. Alcohol intake promotes urinary calcium loss
b. Even moderate alcohol intake reduces bone density
c. Bone breakdown is enhanced from excess alcohol consumption
d. Hormones involved in bone maintenance are adversely affected by alcohol intake
a. Taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium
b. Taking them with iron supplements enhances absorption of iron
c. Supplements of calcium carbonate show higher bioavailability than calcium citrate
d. Small pills containing a large amount of calcium salt show faster dissolution in the
stomach
in doses up to
a. 100 mg.
b. 200 mg.
c. 500 mg.
d. 800 mg.
a. Calcium citrate
b. Calcium lactate
c. Calcium carbonate
d. Calcium gluconate
following except
a. constipation.
b. excessive gas.
c. intestinal bloating.
d. increased iron absorption.
calcium?
a. Calcium citrate
b. Calcium lactate
c. Calcium carbonate
d. Calcium gluconate
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a. 100
b. 200
c. 350
d. 500
of
a. 500 mg.
b. 1,000 mg.
c. 2,500 mg.
d. 5,000 mg.
taken simultaneously?
a. Absorption of iron is reduced
b. Absorption of iron is improved
c. Excretion of iron in the urine is reduced
d. Excretion of iron in the urine is enhanced
Matching
D 385 01. Typical amount (in mL) of water lost from lungs every day
G 385 02. Recommended water intake (in mL) for infant expending 1,000 kcalories
H 388 03. Enzyme released by kidneys
O 388 04. Stimulates retention of sodium by kidneys
R 388 05. Stimulates retention of water by kidneys
S 389 06. A cation
T 389 07. An anion
C 392 08. Number of times more acidic a substance with pH of 4 is versus a substance with pH of 2
J 394 09. Most prevalent major mineral in the body
L 394 10. Least prevalent major mineral in the body
Q 400 11. Crystalline structure of bone
P 401 12. Hormone that helps regulate calcium balance
A 402 13. Percentage of dietary calcium absorbed by average adult
F 402 14. Calcium Adequate Intake for college-age students (mg)
B 402 15. Percentage of dietary calcium absorbed by growing children
N 402 16. Substance that inhibits absorption of calcium
E 403 17. Amount of calcium, in mg, in 2 cups of milk
M 406 18. The protein in milk is a good source of this mineral
K 407 19. Substance that enhances absorption of calcium
I 409 20. Mineral that accounts for the structure of many proteins
238
Essay
Page(s)
383–384 01. List 6 different functions for water in the body.
383–384 02. Discuss the advantages of a liberal daily intake of water.
384 03. Explain the meaning and significance of water intoxication.
384 04. List the signs of dehydration as loss of body water progresses from slight to severe.
385 05. List the sources of water intake and loss and the approximate amounts associated
with each.
386 06. Compare and contrast the following types of water: distilled, filtered, mineral,
public, purified, and spring.
386 07. Compare and contrast the effects of consuming hard water and soft water.
387–389 08. Explain the roles of hormones in helping to regulate the body’s water balance.
387–389 09. In what ways do the GI tract and the kidney function to help maintain fluid and
electrolyte balance? How does the body defend itself when faced with conditions
that induce excessive water and mineral losses (e.g. sweating; diarrhea)?
390 10. What is meant by the expression: “water follows electrolytes”?
392 11. Under what circumstances and for what reasons would a health-care worker
recommend the use of oral rehydration therapy?
392–393 12. Describe the role of the kidneys in regulating acid–base balance.
393 13. Explain the interaction of blood bicarbonate and carbonic acid in the regulation of
body pH.
393–394 14. Contrast the properties of minerals with those of vitamins.
393–394 15. Identify some of the common substances found in foods that combine with minerals
to form complexes the body cannot absorb. In what foods are they found and what
minerals are affected?
394;399;401;409 16. Explain the relationship between dietary sodium and hypertension. What are the
roles of calcium, magnesium, and potassium in regulating blood pressure?
396 17. What are the major sources of sodium in the diet of the U.S. population? Describe
ways in which consumers can lower intakes of salt in their diets.
400–402 18. Explain the functions of parathormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D in the regulation of
calcium metabolism.
401–402 19. Define calcium rigor and calcium tetany. What role does dietary intake of calcium
play in these disorders?
403–404 20. List 5 nonmilk sources of calcium.
406 21. Discuss the relationship of the dietary calcium–to-phosphorus ratio to bone health.
413–414 22. Explain the differences between type I and type II osteoporosis.
413–415 23. Compare and contrast trabecular bone and cortical bone formation and function.
413–415 24. Discuss the contributions of cortical bone and trabecular bone to the development of
osteoporosis.
413–418 25. Discuss major risk factors in the development of osteoporosis. What population
groups are most at risk? What dietary measures are advocated for high-risk groups?
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415–417 26. What dietary and metabolic factors are associated with poor calcium balance in older
adults?
416–417 27. Discuss the choices of diet and drugs for the treatment and prevention of
osteoporosis in women.
416–417 28. Discuss the role of male and female hormones in calcium balance and bone loss.
417-418 29. Discuss the role of physical activity in reducing the risk for osteoporosis.
417–418 30. Explain the association of leptin and bone health.
418 31. Outline the adverse effects and mechanisms of alcohol intake and of smoking on
bone health.
418 32. Discuss the role of nutrients other than calcium in the support of bone health.
418–419 33. A. Discuss bioavailability of the various calcium supplements.
B. How can you easily test a supplement pill’s ability to dissolve?
418–419 34. Explain the risks associated with taking calcium supplements.