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Chapter 12 – Water and the Major Minerals
An. Page(s)/difficulty K = knowledge-level, A = application level
Multiple Choice
Questions for Section 12.1 Water and the Body Fluids
a. 34
b. 65
c. 80
d. 105
a. Fat
b. Water
c. Protein
d. Glucose
a. 1/10
b. 1/3
c. 1/2
d. 3/4
a. Lubricant
b. Source of energy
c. Maintains protein structure
d. Participant in chemical reactions
a. Iron
b. Water
c. Protein
d. Calcium
a. Elderly
b. Children
c. Obese people
d. Female adolescents
a. diuretic fluid.
b. interstitial fluid.
c. edematous fluid.
d. intravascular fluid.
a. thirst.
b. fatigue.
c. weakness.
d. spastic muscles.
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a. Brain stem
b. Cerebellum
c. Optic nerve
d. Hypothalamus
a. Within cells
b. Between cells
c. Within the lungs
d. Within blood vessels
a. Water intoxication is rare but can result in death
b. Water losses from the body are highest through the feces
c. Chronic high intakes increase the risk for bladder cancer
d. Soft water has significant concentrations of magnesium and calcium
performance?
a. 1-2%
b. 3-4%
c. 5-9%
d. 10-15%
a 384(K) 13. What minimum percentage of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and
loss of appetite?
a. 1-2
b. 3-4
c. 5-6
d. 7-8
a. hypertension.
b. hyponatremia.
c. hyperkalemia.
d. water intoxication.
a. Not a vital nutrient
b. Not found in foods
c. Oxidized to yield energy
d. Generated from oxidation of energy nutrients
c 385(K) 16. The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately
a. 0 to 0.5 liters.
b. 0.5 to 1.5 liters.
c. 1.5 to 2.5 liters.
d. 3.0 to 4.0 liters.
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order to carry away the body’s waste products?
a. 100
b. 250
c. 500
d. 1,000
d 385(A) 18. What is the minimum water intake for a 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500
kcalories?
a. 250 mL
b. 650 mL
c. 1,250 mL
d. 2,500 mL
a. 2% of the loaf
b. 5% of the loaf
c. 20% of the loaf
d. 35% of the loaf
is termed
a. life supporting fluid loss.
b. mandatory water fraction.
c. obligatory water excretion.
d. minimum daily water requirement.
a. 5.
b. 15.
c. 30.
d. 45.
a. 100
b. 250
c. 500
d. 750
a. Sodium
b. Calcium
c. Magnesium
d. Phosphorus
a. scurvy.
b. diabetes.
c. hypertension.
d. megaloblastic anemia.
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a. Caffeine inhibits water absorption from the GI tract
b. Caffeine is known to act as a diuretic only when consumed as coffee or tea
c. Regular intake of caffeine promotes an increase in water retention of the interstitial
fluid volume
d. Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when
ingesting noncaffeinated beverages
a. Soft water
b. Hard water
c. Natural water
d. Distilled water
a. Liver
b. Heart
c. Kidneys
d. Skeletal muscle
a. It activates renin
b. It activates angiotension
c. It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
d. It stimulates sodium reabsorption by the kidneys
a. Thyroxine
b. Cortisone
c. Epinephrine
d. Antidiuretic hormone
following except
a. adrenaline.
b. aldosterone.
c. angiotensin.
d. antidiuretic hormone.
a. electrolyte balance.
b. retention of sodium.
c. excretion of calcium.
d. constriction of blood vessels.
of blood pressure?
a. Phytates
b. Angiotensin
c. Aldosterone
d. Carbonic acid
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a. Activates angiotensin
b. Activates antidiuretic hormone
c. Stimulates the thirst mechanism
d. Stimulates water absorption from the GI tract
a. anions.
b. cations.
c. mineralytes.
d. valence ions.
a. Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water
b. Vigorously shake a mixture of corn oil and water
c. Dissolve a pinch of corn starch in a glass of water
d. Vigorously shake a pinch of table sugar in warm water
a. Sodium
b. Lactate
c. Sulfate
d. Chloride
a. Protein
b. Sodium
c. Phosphate
d. Bicarbonate
a. Sodium
b. Sulfate
c. Protein
d. Potassium
a. Sodium
b. Calcium
c. Phosphate
d. Potassium
a. they attract water.
b. they are charged particles.
c. they carry electrical current.
d. they include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles.
concentrations are separated by a membrane?
a. Hypotension
b. Hypertension
c. Osmotic pressure
d. Hypertonic pressure
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a. Buffer action
b. Osmotic pressure
c. Permeable selectivity
d. Electrolyte imbalance
a. A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium into the cell
b. A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell
c. A mechanism present throughout interstitial fluid for draining sodium from the
circulation
d. A mechanism present in the kidneys that exchanges sodium with lactic acid in order
to regulate organic acid concentration
quantity?
a. Sodium and chloride
b. Bicarbonate and sulfate
c. Calcium and magnesium
d. Potassium and phosphate
a. salt.
b. water.
c. sugar.
d. protein.
a. 6.80-7.15.
b. 6.98-7.12.
c. 7.35-7.45.
d. 7.55-8.55.
a. proteins.
b. oxalic acid.
c. bicarbonate.
d. carbonic acid.
a. the liver.
b. the lungs.
c. the kidneys.
d. blood buffers.
a. Skin
b. Liver
c. Kidneys
d. Stomach
d 393(K) 50. What is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body?
a. Activates andiotensin
b. Activates angiotensinogen
c. Helps with gastric digestion
d. Helps maintain acid-base balance
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Questions for Section 12.2 The Minerals—An Overview
a. When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash
b. Absorption efficiency from foods is similar among the minerals
c. Minerals in food can be degraded by certain processing methods
d. Some minerals in food are destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light
a. Sodium
b. Chloride
c. Calcium
d. Potassium
Questions for Section 12.3 Sodium
a. Blood pressure increases as salt intake rises
b. Immune system is activated when salt intake increases
c. Muscle cramps occur when body sodium becomes depleted
d. Thirst response is activated upon consumption of a sodium-rich food
sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt?
a. Equilibrium
b. Slight positive balance
c. Strong positive balance
d. Moderate positive balance
ingested that day?
a. Intake is higher
b. Excretion is higher
c. Intake and excretion are equal
d. Excretion is unrelated to intake
a. High blood sodium
b. High blood pressure
c. Excessive mental stress
d. Excessive muscular contraction
a. Caucasians.
b. African-Americans.
c. people with obesity.
d. people with diabetes.
a. dehydration.
b. constipation.
c. osteoporosis.
d. hypertension.
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2.5 g?
a. 100 mg
b. 125 mg
c. 1,000 mg
d. 2,500 mg
a. 10
b. 25
c. 50
d. 100
adopting the DASH diet plan. Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole
grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg. How
much salt (g) would be allowed under Sam’s restriction?
a. 5
b. 6.5
c. 8
d. 9.5
a. Processed foods
b. Unprocessed foods
c. Natural salt content of foods
d. Salt added during cooking and at the table
sodium?
a. 0
b. 10
c. 50
d. 80
a. Salt sensitivity is generally rare in African-Americans
b. High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion
c. High sodium intake over many years leads to hypertension in most people
d. Sodium alone and sodium in salt have nearly equivalent effects on blood pressure
a. Instant chocolate pudding is a low-sodium food
b. Processed foods contribute less than half of the sodium in our diets
c. Salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis
d. Dairy products and meats represent major sources of sodium in our diets
a 397(A) 66. Why are salt tablets generally not recommended for people engaged in physical activity?
a. They can induce dehydration
b. They suppress the thirst mechanisms
c. They may lead to complete kidney failure
d. They reduce blood glucose concentration
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a. 0.5 teaspoons
b. 1 teaspoon
c. 0.5 tablespoons
d. 1 tablespoon
a. renin.
b. sodium.
c. chloride.
d. aldosterone.
while participating in intense physical activity?
a. Dehydration
b. Hyponatremia
c. Metabolic alkalosis
d. Elevated blood sodium
a. It has no AI because diets rarely lack sodium
b. It has no AI because the kidneys are highly efficient at regulating sodium balance
c. The AI is 3 g, an amount that has been shown to have little or no effect on blood
pressure
d. The AI for young adults is only 1500 mg because the body possesses an unusually
efficient retention mechanism
Questions for Section 12.4 Chloride
greatest amount?
a. Calcium
b. Chloride
c. Potassium
d. Phosphorus
a. Participates in wound healing
b. Helps maintain gastric acidity
c. Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
d. Protects bone structures against degeneration
a. deficiencies are extremely rare.
b. intake is related, in large part, to sodium intake.
c. it is necessary for maintaining electrolyte balance of body fluids.
d. the recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight.
a. Participates in wound healing
b. Helps maintain gastric acidity
c. Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
d. Protects bone structures against degeneration
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Questions for Section 12.5 Potassium
a. It leads to hyperglycemia
b. It leads to higher blood pressure
c. It can be prevented by consumption of potatoes
d. It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources
complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of
blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her
current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders
is she most likely to be at risk?
a. Rickets
b. Arthritis
c. Low blood pressure
d. High blood pressure
a. It is unrelated to blood pressure
b. Liberal intakes may correct hypertension
c. Major dietary sources are processed foods
d. Deficiencies are usually the result of deficient intakes
a. Extreme thirst
b. Muscle weakness
c. Profound sweating
d. Lowered blood pressure
a. Athletes who are body-builders
b. Construction workers in cold climates
c. Those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/vegetables
d. Those who consume insufficient amounts of salted foods
a. processed foods are a major source.
b. high intakes may protect against stroke.
c. per serving size, legumes are a rich source.
d. per serving size, bananas are a rich source.
a. Cheeses
b. Potatoes
c. Fresh fruits
d. Orange juice
a. Can cause toxicity
b. Should always be taken with diuretics
c. Necessary in treatment of low blood pressure
d. Absorption of the mineral decreases markedly as intake increases
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Questions for Section 12.6 Calcium
a. 1
b. 5
c. 15
d. 25
a. provide energy for cells.
b. provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.
c. regulate the transmission of nerve impulses.
d. maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits.
a. Abnormal cellular structures seen in osteoporosis
b. The calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones
c. A calcium regulatory hormone secreted from the trabeculae region of bone
d. A compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits
absorption
calcium?
a. pH regulation
b. Blood clotting
c. Nerve transmission
d. Maintenance of heart beat
a 401(K) 87. What is calmodulin?
a. A calcium-binding protein
b. A drug that treats osteoporosis
c. A calcium supplement with high bioavailability
d. A form of calcium used in fortifying soy products
a. High blood calcium levels correlate with tetany
b. Abnormal dietary calcium intakes promote calcium rigor
c. Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness
d. Efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is similar for children and adults
a. Dietary intake of calcium
b. Glucagon and epinephrine
c. Dietary intake of phosphorus
d. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
of calcium. Which of the following is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium
levels in the normal range?
a. Calcitonin
b. Calmodulin
c. Hydroxyapatite
d. Parathyroid hormone
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level?
a. Diseases of the liver
b. Diseases of the kidney
c. Insufficient dietary intake
d. Altered secretion of parathyroid hormone
termed
a. calcium rigor.
b. calcium tetany.
c. myosinotoxicosis.
d. calmodulin dysfunction.
a. fiber.
b. lactose.
c. phytic acid.
d. oxalic acid.
a. lactose.
b. oxalates.
c. pregnancy.
d. stomach acid.
a. Seeds and nuts
b. Processed cheeses
c. Fermented dairy products
d. Spinach and sweet potatoes
intake of 1,000 mg?
a. 100
b. 300
c. 600
d. 950
except
a. a high-fiber diet.
b. lactose in the diet.
c. phytic acid in the diet.
d. phosphorus in the diet at a level 3 times that of calcium.
a. kidneys.
b. intestines.
c. cortical bone.
d. trabecular bone.