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122
Chapter 7 – Metabolism: Transformations and Interactions
An. Page(s)/difficulty K = knowledge-level, A = application level
Multiple Choice
Questions for Section 7.0 Introduction
cells?
a. Digestion
b. Metabolism
c. Absorption
d. Catabolism
synthesize
a. carbohydrates only.
b. fats and carbohydrates only.
c. protein and carbohydrates only.
d. fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Questions for Section 7.1 Chemical Reactions in the Body
a. DNA.
b. ribosomes.
c. mitochondria.
d. electron transport chains.
a. involve release of energy.
b. occur only in mitochondria.
c. involve consumption of energy.
d. occur only during loss of body weight.
complex molecules?
a. Anabolic
b. Catabolic
c. Ergogenic
d. Gluconeogenic
a. nucleus.
b. Golgi bodies.
c. mitochondria.
d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
a. Pyruvate synthesis from glucose
b. Acetyl CoA synthesis from cholesterol
c. Carbon dioxide synthesis from citric acid
d. Cholesterol synthesis from acetyl CoA molecules
123
a. oxidation.
b. glycolysis.
c. anabolism.
d. catabolism.
a. Glucose formation from glycerol
b. Urea formation from an amino acid
c. Albumin formation from amino acids
d. Palmitic acid formation from acetate
a. synthesis of urea.
b. synthesis of glycogen.
c. production of red blood cells.
d. conversion of fructose to glucose.
in the body?
a. 20
b. 50
c. 80
d. 99
a. heat.
b. photons.
c. carbon dioxide.
d. electromagnetic radiation.
a. A unit consisting of an enzyme bound to reactants plus ATP
b. An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme
c. The small, active part of an enzyme that binds to the organic reactants
d. An inactive enzyme that becomes functional upon contact with specific cofactors
compounds is an example of
a. coupled reactions.
b. tandem cleavages.
c. metabolic couplings.
d. high energy processes.
a. ATP gains a phosphate group and becomes ADP
b. ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP
c. ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP
d. ADP releases a phosphate group and becomes ATP
a. ATP
b. Glucose
c. Pyruvate
d. A kcalorie
124
Questions for Section 7.2 Breaking Down Nutrients for Energy
a. glycerol.
b. starches.
c. fatty acids.
d. amino acids.
acids?
a. 1 to 5
b. 10 to 15
c. 25 to 35
d. 50 to 65
a. Glucose
b. Cholesterol
c. Stearic acid
d. Carbon dioxide
a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Lactic acid
d. Linoleic acid
a. glycogen to fat.
b. glycogen to protein.
c. glucose to pyruvate.
d. glucose to glycogen.
a. pyrolysis.
b. glycolysis.
c. beta-oxidation.
d. coupled reaction.
a. It is irreversible
b. It generates ATP
c. It occurs in the absence of oxygen
d. It generates two molecules of pyruvate for each molecule of glucose
of glucose?
a. Cori cycle, TCA cycle, glycolysis
b. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain
c. Electron transport chain, TCA cycle, Cori cycle
d. TCA cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis
125
a. Little or no oxygen is consumed
b. Lactic acid is a major byproduct
c. Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism
d. Pyruvate is converted to glucose by reverse glycolysis to yield a net of 2 ATPs
a. alcohol.
b. oxygen.
c. nitrogen.
d. ammonia.
burning pain during workouts. You explain to Demetrius that the rapid breakdown of
glucose in his muscles produces large amounts of pyruvate, which leads to a fall in pH
within the muscle and that the muscle responds by converting excess pyruvate to
a. lactate.
b. glycerol.
c. acetyl CoA.
d. amino acids.
a. lactate and glucose.
b. glucose and amino acids.
c. pyruvate and citric acids.
d. fatty acids and acetyl CoA.
burning pain in the muscles, the response of the muscles is to synthesize more
a. lactate.
b. glucose.
c. citric acid.
d. fatty acids.
a. Urea
b. Acetyl CoA
c. Amino acids
d. Muscle glycogen
skeletons?
a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Glycogen
d. Fatty acids
a. Degradation to urea
b. Synthesis to glycerol
c. Synthesis to fatty acids
d. Degradation to ammonia
126
a. Glycerol
b. Pyruvate
c. Acetyl CoA
d. Triglycerides
a. ketones.
b. fructose.
c. pyruvate.
d. acetyl CoA.
a. fatty acids only.
b. fatty acids and glucose only.
c. fatty acids and fructose only.
d. fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids.
a. 3
b. 9
c. 54
d. 108
a. Ketones
b. Glucose
c. Acetyl CoA
d. Carbon dioxide
glucose?
a. 70
b. 80
c. 90
d. 95
a. 0
b. 5
c. 50
d. 100
acid?
a. 3
b. 6
c. 9
d. 18
glycogen?
a. Lactose
b. Animal fats
c. Wheat starch
d. Plant protein
127
a. Glucose
b. Glycerol
c. Fatty acids
d. Amino acids
a. glycolysis.
b. the TCA cycle.
c. lactate synthesis.
d. ketone formation.
a. fat.
b. starch.
c. glucose.
d. protein.
a. Stored
b. Reduced
c. Oxidized
d. Deaminated
subjected to
a. removal of its amino group.
b. removal of its carboxyl group.
c. hydrolysis of its peptide bond.
d. condensation of its peptide bond.
a. Oxidation of glucose
b. Oxidation of amino acids
c. Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids
d. Synthesis of protein from amino acids
of fat?
a. Fat only
b. Carbohydrate only
c. Fat and carbohydrate only
d. Fat, carbohydrate, and protein
which of the following can be converted to glucose?
a. Fatty acids
b. Acetyl CoA
c. Amino acids
d. Carbon dioxide
128
excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecules is
a. stored as fat only.
b. excreted in the feces.
c. stored as amino acids only.
d. stored as glycogen and fat.
a. Urea and acetone
b. Fatty acids and glycerol
c. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
d. Water, carbon dioxide, and energy
carbohydrates?
a. Water and carbon dioxide
b. Carbon, hydrogen, and urea
c. Indigestible fiber and nitrogen
d. Monosaccharides and amino acids
chain?
a. Water
b. Energy
c. Ammonia
d. Carbon dioxide
a. At the end
b. At every step
c. At the beginning
d. When ATP is synthesized
a. CO2.
b. urea.
c. water.
d. energy.
with the other energy-yielding nutrients?
a. Fatty acids have a lower percentage of hydrogen-carbon bonds
b. Fatty acids have a greater percentage of hydrogen-carbon bonds
c. Other energy-yielding nutrients have a lower percentage of oxygen-carbon bonds
d. Other energy-yielding nutrients undergo fewer metabolic reactions, thereby lowering
the energy yield
carbohydrate is generally related to the number of atoms of
a. carbon.
b. oxygen.
c. nitrogen.
d. hydrogen.
129
of one molecule of glucose?
a. 4
b. 9
c. 32
d. 130
of a molecule of palmitic acid?
a. 9
b. 27
c. 98
d. 129
Section 7.3 Energy Balance
a. Lactate
b. Glycogen
c. Acetyl CoA
d. Oxaloacetate
efficiency of converting a molecule of corn oil into stored fat compared with a molecule
of sucrose?
a. The enzymes specific for metabolizing absorbed fat have been found to have higher
activities than those metabolizing sucrose
b. The absorbed corn oil is transported to fat cells at a faster rate than the absorbed
sucrose, thereby favoring the uptake of corn oil fat
c. There are fewer metabolic reactions for disassembling the corn oil and re-assembling
the parts into a triglyceride for uptake by the fat cells
d. Because the energy content of corn oil is higher than sucrose, conversion of these
nutrients into stored fat requires a smaller percentage of the energy from the corn oil
approximately how many of the kcalories are stored in the body?
a. 25
b. 50
c. 75
d. 100
approximately what percentage of the kcalories are stored in the body?
a. 25
b. 45
c. 65
d. 95
130
rib-eye steak, black beans, and 5 slices of bacon. He has been eating typical dinners like
this for about a month and has since gained 7 pounds, while exercising only briefly.
When Jake asks why he doesn’t see an increase in his biceps or abs, the proper response
should be
a. dietary protein alone does not contribute to muscle accretion.
b. it takes at least 6 months to document changes in muscle accretion.
c. the weight he has gained can be attributed to a substantial increase in his protein
stores.
d. because muscle accretion only responds to very lean meat choices, he should
eliminate the fatty bacon and steak from his diet to promote muscle gain.
a. The rate of fat oxidation does not change when fat is eaten in excess
b. The rate of protein oxidation does not change when protein is eaten in excess
c. The rate of glucose oxidation does not change when carbohydrate is eaten in excess
d. The conversion of dietary glucose to fat represents the major pathway of
carbohydrate utilization
a. It is efficiently converted to storage fat
b. It spares oxidation of body fat and dietary fat
c. It stimulates glucagon release resulting in inhibition of fatty acid oxidation
d. It stimulates pancreatic lipase secretion, which results in higher dietary fat absorption
of carbohydrate?
a. Catabolism of body fat
b. Catabolism of glycogen
c. Synthesis and storage of glycogen
d. Synthesis and storage of triglycerides
human beings except
a. excess glucose suppresses fat oxidation.
b. excess glucose is oxidized only very slowly.
c. excess glucose is first used to fill glycogen reserves.
d. conversion of excess glucose to fat occurs only to a very limited extent.
a. Excess fat is almost all stored
b. Excess fat promotes increased fat oxidation
c. Excess fat spares breakdown of body proteins
d. Conversion of excess fat to storage fat is inefficient
a. Glycogen
b. Fatty acids
c. Amino acids
d. Triglycerides
131
percentage is used by the brain and nerve cells?
a. 10
b. 30
c. 50
d. 90
used by the brain?
a. 40
b. 100
c. 200
d. 300
needed to fuel the body?
a. Protein
b. Ketones
c. Glycogen
d. Triglycerides
a starving person?
a. Fat
b. Protein
c. Amino acids
d. Carbohydrate
ketosis?
a. Within 3 weeks
b. Less than 2 weeks
c. Between 5 and 6 weeks
d. Between 2 and 3 months
a. occurs from lack of protein in the diet.
b. occurs when fats are partially oxidized.
c. results from excess acetoacetate in the diet.
d. results from excess carbohydrate in the diet.
a. fasting.
b. feasting.
c. lipogenesis.
d. Cori cycling.
a. ketonemia.
b. feasting syndrome.
c. acetyl CoA toxicity.
d. carbohydrate overload.
132
the body has been fasting for a while?
a. Ketones
b. Glycerol
c. Fatty acids
d. Amino acids
her breath smells “fruity.” This is most likely due to
a. her intake of religious wafers.
b. her intake of dilute fruit juices.
c. her body’s shift to a state of ketosis.
d. her body’s switch to a lipogenic state.
a. ketones in the blood.
b. ketones in the urine.
c. alpha-ketoglutarate in the blood.
d. alpha-ketoglutarate in the urine.
a. Condensation of lactic acid molecules
b. Condensation of acetyl CoA molecules
c. Hydrolysis of excess glycerol fragments
d. Hydrolysis of excess pyruvate fragments
a. a decrease in metabolic rate.
b. a decrease in mental alertness.
c. a decrease in immune function.
d. a decrease in body temperature.
a. It may lead to a lowering of blood pH
b. It leads to increased appetite in most individuals
c. It may be alleviated quickly by ingestion of some dietary fat
d. It is a necessary physiological adjustment for maximum weight loss
a. Sorbitol
b. Pyruvate
c. Acetyl CoA
d. Acetoacetate
a. fatigue.
b. nausea.
c. constipation.
d. high blood pressure.
133
Her primary care physician just diagnosed ketosis through a urine sample. Which of the
following symptoms would be another way the physician might have suspected ketosis in
Lillie?
a. Thinning hair
b. Irritable temper
c. Fishy body odor
d. Fruity odor on breath
a. ketosis.
b. alkalosis.
c. transamination.
d. anaerobic breakdown.
a. Low fat
b. Low protein
c. Low carbohydrate
d. High carbohydrate
Questions for Section 7.4 Alcohol and Nutrition
of
a. 21.
b. 35.
c. 55.
d. 65.
a. 1-2 drinks.
b. 4-5 drinks.
c. 6-9 drinks.
d. more than 10 drinks.
average-sized woman?
a. Up to 1 drink
b. Up to 2 drinks
c. Up to 3 drinks
d. Up to 5 drinks
average-sized man?
a. Up to 1 drink
b. Up to 2 drinks
c. Up to 3 drinks
d. Up to 5 drinks
a. 4 carbons and 1 keto acid.
b. 6 carbons and 2 double bonds.
c. 2 carbons and 1 hydroxyl group.
d. 3 carbons and 2 carbonyl groups.
134
a. 1:1.
b. 2:1.
c. 4:1.
d. 8:1.
a. 0.5 ounce.
b. 1 ounce.
c. 1.5 ounces.
d. 2 ounces.
a. 50
b. 100
c. 150
d. 200
a. ½ ounce of rum.
b. ½ quart of wine.
c. 1½ ounces of vodka.
d. 1 quart of wine cooler.
a. 5
b. 30
c. 60
d. 95
women in comparison to men?
a. Women fast more often
b. Women do not eat as much food with the alcohol
c. Women consume more of their alcohol in sweetened drinks
d. Women have lower amounts of stomach alcohol dehydrogenase
a. Colon
b. Stomach
c. Jejunum
d. Duodenum
a. Brain
b. Liver
c. Pancreas
d. Digestive tract
a. Not eating
b. Protein snacks
c. Caffeine drinks
d. Carbohydrate snacks
135
a. liver.
b. brain.
c. stomach.
d. intestines.
a. It is slowed when the stomach is full of food
b. It is increased when high-fat snacks are eaten
c. It is increased when carbohydrate snacks are eaten
d. It is lower in women than in men of the same body weight
the body?
a. Lung respiratory rate
b. Kidney antidiuretic hormone
c. Liver alcohol dehydrogenase
d. Brain acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
a. An intermediate in fatty acid synthesis
b. An intermediate in alcohol metabolism
c. The first product of fatty acid catabolism
d. The TCA compound that combines with acetyl CoA
a. There are gender differences in the rate of breakdown
b. The average person needs about two hours to metabolize two drinks
c. Alcohol is metabolized by muscle and brain cells as well as by the liver
d. The amount of alcohol in the breath is proportional to the amount in the blood
husband, even though their alcohol intake is the same. You respond by saying to your
aunt:
a. “Men have greater amounts of liver acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and so can oxidize
the alcohol at a faster rate.”
b. “Women have less stomach alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme and consequently absorb
more of the alcohol into the bloodstream.”
c. “Men have greater amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase in the brain, resulting in
reduced exposure of brain neurons to alcohol.”
d. “Women have less liver alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and
so more alcohol is released into the systemic circulation.”
the alcohol in a typical drink?
a. 15 minutes
b. 30 minutes
c. 1 hour
d. 2 hours
a. liver fat.
b. liver glucose.
c. ketone bodies.
d. acetyl CoA molecules.
136
alcohol toxicity?
a. Fibrosis, gout, cirrhosis
b. Fibrosis, cirrhosis, fat depletion
c. Cirrhosis, fat accumulation, fibrosis
d. Fat accumulation, fibrosis, cirrhosis
a. An advanced liver disorder
b. A drug that inhibits alcohol absorption
c. A waste product of alcohol metabolism
d. A system of enzymes that oxidizes alcohol and drugs
breath?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 10
d. 25
alcohol?
a. Speech and vision
b. Judgment and reasoning
c. Voluntary muscle control
d. Respiration and heart function
states?
a. 0.10
b. 0.20
c. 0.30
d. 0.40
heart rate?
a. 0.01
b. 0.05
c. 0.10
d. 0.35
a. 0.5%
b. 1%
c. 5%
d. 50%
a. The MEOS is suppressed
b. Homocysteine production is reduced
c. Water content of the blood in increased
d. Antidiuretic hormone production is suppressed
137
from a deficiency of
a. folate.
b. thiamin.
c. antidiuretic hormone.
d. alcohol dehydrogenase.
a. It increases gastric acid output
b. It decreases activity of the MEOS
c. It decreases secretion of gastric histamine
d. It increases secretion of antidiuretic hormone
a. the small intestine recycles more folate.
b. the liver releases more folate into the blood.
c. the kidneys excrete more folate via the urine.
d. the small intestine absorbs less folate from the diet.
vodka or rum?
a. 25
b. 50
c. 100
d. 200
a. 5
b. 25
c. 40
d. 75
a. 1½
b. 3
c. 5
d. 10
a. 1/10
b. 1/5
c. 1/3
d. 2/3
a. Ingestion of alcohol cools the body
b. Alcohol stimulates the appetite for most people
c. Since alcohol is legal, it is not classified as a drug
d. Intake of alcohol along with raw seafood reduces the chances of contracting hepatitis
138
Matching
S 206 01. Example of an anabolic reaction
R 206 02. Example of a catabolic reaction
F 208 03. A protein that accelerates a chemical reaction
J 208 04. A small non-protein organic substance that promotes optimal activity of an enzyme
O 211 05. A product of glycolysis
L 213 06. A product of pyruvate metabolism when oxygen is limited
N 214 07. The oxidation product of pyruvate
K 214 08. A recycling process of converting lactate to glucose
T 214 09. An irreversible reaction
H 215 10. The part of a triglyceride that is convertible to glucose
I 216 11. A product of deamination
P 216 12. Amino acids that are convertible to glucose
B 216 13. The principal nitrogen-containing waste product
D 221 14. Waste product of the electron transport chain
G 224 15. A storage form of carbohydrate
E 226 16. The major energy fuel for the central nervous system
M 227 17. A ketone
Q 232 18. An enzyme with activity levels related to a person’s sex
A 232 19. A coenzyme required for metabolism of alcohol
C 234 20. A system for metabolizing drugs and alcohol
139
Essay
Page(s)
207 01. Compare and contrast the various ways in which the body metabolizes carbohydrate,
fat, and amino acids.
207 02. List four of the liver’s functions in the metabolism of each of these nutrients:
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
210-212 03. What are the major differences between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? Give an
example of an aerobic reaction and an anaerobic reaction.
215-218 04. Explain the roles of protein and fat as nutrients for gluconeogenesis. What are the
circumstances that favor low and high rates of gluconeogenesis?
220-221 06. How does the electron transport chain function in the synthesis of ATP?
222-225 07. Describe interactions among the energy nutrients when each is consumed in excess.
226-227 08. Discuss ways in which the body’s metabolism adapts to conditions of
fasting/starvation. How do these adaptations affect the rate of weight loss when a
person follows a low-kcalorie diet?
226-227 09. What is ketosis and how can it be identified? What conditions typically induce a
state of ketosis? What are the adverse effects of this condition?
227-228 10. How does the body respond to a low-carbohydrate diet?
232 11. Compare and contrast the metabolism of alcohol in men versus women.
232-234 12. Describe the two major pathways for metabolism of alcohol in the liver. How does
the liver adapt when forced to metabolize high quantities of alcohol on a daily basis?
235-237 13. Discuss ways in which alcohol interferes with metabolism of proteins, fats,
carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water.
236 14. Describe the effects of excess alcohol intake on folate utilization.
238 15. Describe specific effects of alcohol on each of the following organs: heart, kidney,
and brain.
238 16. List six common myths concerning alcohol use and discuss ways to dispel them.
