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110
a. liver.
b. spleen.
c. kidney.
d. intestinal tract.
Questions for Section 6.4 Protein in Foods
following population groups except
a. infants.
b. preschool aged children.
c. adolescents.
d. elderly.
a. 25-45
b. 50-65
c. 70-90
d. 95-99
a. 50-65
b. 70-75
c. 80-85
d. 90-99
the human body?
a. Egg
b. Rice
c. Corn
d. Gelatin
a. Essential amino acid balance
b. Nonessential amino acid balance
c. Total amino acids per gram of food
d. Quantity of nonessential amino acids that can be converted to glucose
a. Fat content
b. Essential amino acid content
c. Complex carbohydrate content
d. Nonessential amino acid content
from a given amount of protein consumed?
a. Digestibility
b. Completeness
c. Complementary Index
d. Comparative Equivalence
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nutrition?
a. Soy
b. Egg
c. Corn
d. Fish
c 187(K) 110. Which of the following animal-derived proteins is classified as a poor-quality protein?
a. Fish
b. Cheese
c. Gelatin
d. Turkey
a. A nonessential amino acid present in high amounts, which inhibits protein synthesis
b. An amino acid of the wrong structure to be utilized for protein synthesis efficiently
c. An essential amino acid present in insufficient quantity for body protein synthesis to
take place
d. An amino acid that limits the absorption of other essential amino acids by competing
with them for transport sites within the GI tract
a. Body cells will synthesize it
b. Protein synthesis will be limited
c. Health will not be affected as long as other nutrients are adequate
d. Proteins will be made but they will lack that particular amino acid
a. Lysine
b. Glycine
c. Threonine
d. Tryptophan
advice after reading some material online by the Meat Promoters of America
organization. One of their statements is: “. . . vegetarians are at risk for protein deficiency
because they cannot consume all of the essential amino acids necessary for healthy
individuals.” How should Alberta be advised?
a. She should consume dairy and egg products at every meal to protect herself against
protein deficiency
b. She should avoid the “limiting” amino acids because they are limiting her ability to
maintain proper protein status
c. Because the statement is basically true, she should consider eating small quantities of
meat every day in order to avoid protein deficiency
d. Although many foods don’t provide all the essential amino acids individually, she
could consume complementary proteins throughout the day, which would provide all
the essential amino acids she needs
a. Vegetarians in general must practice complementary protein nutrition
b. Most vegetarians should consume gelatin to ensure adequate tryptophan intake
c. Healthy vegetarians typically consume protein sources of very high digestibility
d. Most vegetarians eating a variety of foods need not balance essential amino acid
intake at each meal
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a. 25 g
b. 50 g
c. 75 g
d. 100 g
a. A dietary program that involves eating vegetable and animal proteins on alternating
days
b. A strategy that combines plant proteins in the same day to improve the balance of
essential amino acids
c. A technique developed specifically for the elderly that involves optimizing the ratio
of protein intake to energy intake
d. A body process that involves synthesis of crucial proteins from amino acids made
available by the breakdown of storage proteins
plant protein rich in
a. lysine.
b. tryptophan.
c. phenylalanine.
d. glutamic acid.
plant protein rich in
a. lysine.
b. tyrosine.
c. methionine.
d. glutamic acid.
amounts in proteins of legumes?
a. Alanine
b. Isoleucine
c. Tryptophan
d. Glutamic acid
Questions for Section 6.5 Health Effects and Recommended Intakes of Protein
a. 1
b. 5
c. 25
d. 50
a. hyperactivity.
b. shrunken liver.
c. low weight for height.
d. short height for weight.
a. hyperactivity.
b. shrunken liver.
c. short height for age.
d. low weight for height.
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a. it is found in hospitalized adults.
b. it is found in elderly living alone.
c. it almost always exhibits overt signs.
d. it is common in people with anorexia nervosa.
a. 1-5 months.
b. 6-18 months.
c. 1½-3 years.
d. 4-10 years.
traveled to the largest city in India and is reporting on an illness present in a 15-month-
old boy. The researcher described the child as extremely thin and bony, with wrinkled
skin and enlarged fatty liver. For the past year, this child has subsisted almost entirely on
diluted cereal drink. Your first thought is that all of these observations are characteristic
of marasmus except for the
a. wrinkled skin.
b. food intake pattern.
c. enlarged fatty liver.
d. extremely thin, bony appearance.
a. Edema
b. Dysentery
c. Increased infection rate
d. Increased physical activity
c 189-190(A) 128. Which of the following is associated with the presence of tissue edema in kwashiorkor?
a. Inadequate intake of water
b. Excessive intake of dietary protein
c. Low concentration of blood protein
d. High concentration of blood protein
a. Results in a low resistance to disease
b. Affects brain development only minimally
c. Occurs most commonly in children aged 6 to 18 months
d. Results in little or no fat under the skin to insulate against cold
a. Dysentery is common and leads to diarrhea and nutrient depletion
b. Intestinal villi grow slightly larger to provide additional absorptive surfaces for
nutrients
c. Digestive enzyme production increases in order to extract as much of the ingested
nutrients as possible
d. Infections are uncommon due to insufficient availability of nutrients in the body to
support growth of bacteria and viruses
114
you to clarify how the rapid onset of protein-energy malnutrition occurs in kwashiorkor.
How should you respond?
a. It is the result of an inborn error of metabolism
b. It is usually synchronized with the drought season in each respective country
c. It is typically seen in patients who are 2-5 years old due to the sudden change in diet
arising from their dislike for breast milk as they grow older
d. It is typically seen in patients who are 1-3 years old due to the sudden change in diet
arising from their being weaned from breast milk after the birth of a sibling
a. Marasmus
b. Kwashiorkor
c. Psychomalnutrition
d. Postbirth malnutrition
a. Excessive use of certain drugs, which causes high excretion of water and amino
acids
b. Above-normal concentration of blood proteins, which causes fluid to leak from the
blood vessels
c. Diminished concentration of blood proteins and hormones, which causes fluid to
leak from the blood vessels
d. Excessive protein in the diet leading to increased retention of fluid, especially in the
extravascular spaces
a. birth-6 months.
b. 6-12 months.
c. 18-24 months.
d. 2½-5 years.
a. inadequate intake of tyrosine.
b. elevated levels of blood homocysteine.
c. excessive exposure to the sun’s UV rays.
d. being nursed by a poorly-nourished mother.
growth?
a. Iron
b. Iodine
c. Arsenic
d. Calcium
deficiency?
a. Increased uptake of circulating fats
b. Increased absorption of dietary fats
c. Inability of adipose tissue to remove circulating fats
d. Inability of the liver to synthesize lipoproteins for fat export
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d 190(K) 138. Which of the following is a feature of kwashiorkor?
a. It makes the child appear grossly dehydrated
b. It usually occurs prior to the onset of marasmus
c. It is usually found in communities where marasmus is present
d. It is typically precipitated in the undernourished child who has an infection
d 191(A) 139. What is the usual initial therapy for the treatment of kwashiorkor?
a. Fat replacement
b. Energy replacement
c. Protein replacement
d. Fluid balance restoration
a. cancer.
b. diabetes.
c. heart disease.
d. protein-energy malnutrition.
and reduce homocysteine levels?
a. Arginine
b. Cysteine
c. Tryptophan
d. Phenylalanine
a. alcohol intake.
b. cigarette smoking.
c. coffee consumption.
d. excess arginine intake.
a. Low protein
b. High protein
c. Liberal quantities of lactose-free powdered milk until growth rate is restored
d. High energy until normal body mass index is achieved, then moderate energy
thereafter
a. It is found only in animal foods
b. It is a risk factor for osteoporosis
c. It is increased in the blood of coffee drinkers
d. It is increased in the blood of vitamin C-deficient people
disease?
a. Substituting soy protein for animal protein raises blood cholesterol levels
b. High blood levels of the amino acid arginine are a risk factor for atherosclerosis
c. High levels of homocysteine in food promote elevation of blood low-density
lipoproteins
d. Elevated blood homocysteine levels are associated with smoking cigarettes and
drinking alcohol
116
health?
a. 2:1
b. 9:1
c. 20:1
d. 45:1
function?
a. Low-protein diets increase the risk for kidney stone formation
b. Restricting protein intake may slow the progression of kidney disease
c. High protein intakes over the long term represent a risk factor for kidney disease
d. Liberal protein intakes result in high urea production, which increases the long-term
efficiency of the kidneys
the highest safe level of protein intake for a 60-kg adult ingesting 2500 kcalories?
a. 48 g
b. 96 g
c. 120 g
d. 219 g
metabolism?
a. Calcium excretion falls with increasing intake of animal-derived proteins
b. Calcium excretion rises with increasing intake of animal-derived proteins
c. Calcium absorption declines with higher intakes of plant-derived proteins
d. Calcium absorption increases with higher intakes of animal-derived proteins
a. 24 g
b. 34 g
c. 38 g
d. 40 g
a. 3:1
b. 9:1
c. 15:1
d. 21:1
a. Variety
b. Moderation
c. Nutrient density
d. kCalorie control
a. The recommendations are generous
b. It is highest proportionately for adult males
c. It is established at 8 grams per kilogram of ideal body weight
d. An assumption is made that dietary protein is from animal sources only
117
describes the requirements of infants?
a. Less than adults
b. Similar to adults
c. Greater than adults
d. Less than adolescents
a. 0.8-1.1
b. 1.2-1.7
c. 1.8-2.4
d. 2.5-3.0
should she consume each day?
a. 0.8 g/kg
b. up to 1.0 g/kg
c. 1.2-1.7 g/kg
d. 2.5-2.9 g/kg
protein?
a. Dietary protein is of high quality only
b. Dietary protein is of animal origin only
c. Dietary carbohydrate and fat intakes are adequate
d. Dietary protein should represent 12% of total energy
protein except
a. adequate kcalories will be consumed.
b. protein eaten will be of mixed quality.
c. the fat content of the diet will be high.
d. other nutrients in the diet will be adequate.
a. Protein in body tissues is preserved fairly well on low-energy diets
b. The protein RDA assumes that dietary protein is from a mix of low- and high-quality
sources
c. Many people in the United States and Canada consume somewhat less protein than is
needed
d. Athletes in training benefit from increasing their protein energy intake to 45-50% of
total daily energy
of protein and 2000 kcalories?
a. 2.5
b. 5
c. 10
d. 20
approximately what percentage of energy would be derived from protein?
a. 7
b. 10
c. 14
d. 20
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a. 5
b. 12
c. 25
d. 32
a. It is a high-priced protein supplement
b. It is chemically extracted from gelatin
c. It is a waste product of cheese production
d. Regular consumption by athletes enhances performance
How would you advise him?
a. As long as he keeps the dose under 10 g/day, the benefits outweigh the costs
b. Since he plays baseball, he should consider taking alanine supplements instead
c. Since he plays baseball, he should consider taking tryptophan supplements instead
d. Since single amino acids do not occur naturally in foods, they offer no benefit to the
body and may even be harmful
a. They are all dispensable amino acids
b. Large doses may suppress ammonia production
c. They represent the major energy source for muscle tissue
d. They may be helpful in treatment of advanced liver failure
eosinophilia myalgia in people who took it as a supplement?
a. Glycine
b. Arginine
c. Tryptophan
d. Phenylalanine
infections?
a. Lysine
b. Arginine
c. Tryptophan
d. Phenylalanine
Questions for Section 6.6 Nutritional Genomics
a. lactose.
b. omega-3 fats.
c. soy polysaccharides.
d. a certain amino acid.
a. nutritional genomics.
b. chromosomals.
c. nucleotide expression.
d. mutagenic expression.
119
altering the DNA is known as
a. epigenetics.
b. nucleotide sequencing.
c. microarray technology.
d. epidemiological consequences.
person?
a. 20
b. 50
c. 75
d. 99.9
a. Glycine
b. Tyrosine
c. Arginine
d. Glutamine
a. 15,000 births.
b. 100,000 births.
c. 500,000 births.
d. 1,000,000 births.
a. it is a single-gene disorder.
b. it leads to a dietary requirement for tyrosine.
c. it is treated by total elimination of dietary phenylalanine.
d. it results in mental retardation unless treatment is started in infancy.
treatment for people born with the disorder
a. DNA.
b. ALC.
c. NLM.
d. PKU.
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Matching
F 174 01. A dietary nonessential amino acid
I 175 02. A conditionally essential amino acid
G 176 03. A small protein
Q 176 04. A large protein that carries oxygen
R 176 05. Substances repelled by water
K 176 06. Describes protein exposed to severe heat
C 177 07. An active protease
L 180 08. A cell structure where protein synthesis takes place
J 181 09. A connective tissue protein
M 181 10. A protein catalyst
P 182 11. Fluid situated between cells
T 182 12. Fluid within blood vessels
O 184 13. A condition that favors positive nitrogen balance
H 184 14. A condition that favors negative nitrogen balance
B 186 15. A product of amino acid breakdown
E 187 16. A dietary protein lacking tryptophan
A 187 17. A good quality protein source
D 188 18. A typical limiting amino acid
N 190 19. A condition of protein malnutrition
S 191 20. An amino acid associated with heart disease
Essay
Page(s)
174-175 01. Explain the differences among amino acids that are classified as essential,
nonessential, or conditionally essential.
176-178 02. Explain the processes of protein digestion and absorption.
178-180 03. Explain the manner in which a gene becomes expressed to direct the synthesis of a
protein.
178-180;184-185;192 04. Describe the processes involved in cellular protein synthesis. How would synthesis
be affected by intake of an otherwise adequate diet which is very low in glycine or
low in tryptophan? How would synthesis be affected by a diet that is low in energy?
184 05. What is meant by nitrogen balance? How does it differ among infants, adults, and
those who are injured or on weight-loss diets?
187 06. Explain the rationale for the selection of a reference protein for the comparison of
protein quality. Why is this reference protein considered to be superior to egg
protein?
187 07. What is a limiting amino acid? What are the four amino acids most likely to be
limiting in protein nutrition?
121
189-191 08. Compare and contrast the nutritional deficiencies of kwashiorkor and marasmus.
189-191 09. Compare and contrast the features of kwashiorkor and marasmus.
188-191 10. Discuss the characteristics of protein-energy malnutrition, including risk factors,
signs and symptoms, prevention, and treatment.
190 11. Why are infections so common in people with protein-energy malnutrition?
191 12. Explain the proposed relationships between:
A. Body homocysteine levels and heart disease.
B. Protein intake and calcium metabolism.
192 13. Explain the association between adult bone loss and protein intake.
194-195 14. What are the possible consequences of consuming too much protein? What are the
hazards of consuming amino acid supplements?
194 15. List population groups for which amino acid dietary supplements are especially
inappropriate.
195 16. Discuss the use and misuse of protein and amino acid supplements in athletes and in
the general population.
200 17. Provide several examples of beneficial and adverse consequences of activating or
silencing gene expression.
201 18. Describe the signs and symptoms of phenylketonuria. What is the cause and what is
the treatment?
201 19. What is meant by a “predisposition” to a disease?
201-202 20. Compare and contrast the features of a single-gene disorder and a multigene
disorder.
202 21. Explain how SNPs are involved in gene expression, especially in relation to a
person’s blood lipid profile.
202 22. Discuss the contributory roles of genes and environment on prevention and treatment
of disease.
