43. ___________ is the prejudgment or superficial judgment about a particular group of people.
a. Discrimination
b. Prejudice
c. Realistic conflict theory
d. Social learning
44. Bonnie’s mother keeps trying to fix her up with Carlton, an engineer at her architectural
firm. Bonnie replies, “Mom, why would I ever go out with an engineer? They are geeky,
wear white shirts, and have pocket protectors. Fix him up with someone else.” Judging
Carlton based on these stereotypes is an example of
a. discrimination.
b. prejudice.
c. realistic conflict theory.
d. social learning.
45. The main difference between a stereotype and prejudice is that a stereotype is a(n) ________
and prejudice is a(n)
a. attitude; cognitive process.
b. cognitive process; attitude.
c. negative; positive.
d. positive; neutral.
46. One societal factor that increases prejudice of one group against another is when the
dominant group of the country feels threatened by
a. the loss of a large group of emigrants from another country.
b. changes in expectations for the population.
c. the influx of a large group of immigrants from another country.
d. government intervention associated with economic changes.
47. In the United States, it appears that some prejudices have ______________ over the last 50
years.
a. dramatically increased
b. mildly decreased
c. remained the same
d. dramatically decreased
48. As one reflection of hidden racism, surveys of African American, Asian American, and
Mexican American college students indicated
a. they felt accepted on college campuses.
b. they felt equally comfortable in classes on college campuses.
c. more frequent disturbances in dorm life.
d. they felt socially isolated up to nine times more often than did students of European
American descent.
49. According to ______________ theory, people become prejudiced against others with whom
they must compete for limited resources.
a. group identity
b. realistic group conflict
c. social learning
d. relative deprivation
50. With so few jobs in the small town of Concord, Idaho, residents are becoming increasingly
concerned with the influx of Hispanic immigrants and the scarcity of jobs, money, and
status. These concerns are most consistent with _________ theory.
a. group identity
b. realistic group conflict
c. social learning
d. relative deprivation
51. The ________________ theory was demonstrated in a landmark study by Muzifer Sherif
called the Robbers’ Cave study (1966).
a. realistic group conflict
b. group identity
c. social learning
d. relative deprivation
52. In the Robbers’ Cave study (Sherif, 1966), 22 well-adjusted boys were assigned to one of
two groups, the __________ or the
a. Garter Snakes; Blue Jays.
b. Eagles; Rattlers.
c. good boys; bad boys.
d. baseball team; basketball team.
53. During phase one of the 1966 Robbers’ Cave study, the separate groups developed group
membership and solidarity. During phase two,
a. the boys began a series of cooperative events across the groups.
b. the boys began a series of competitive events between the groups.
c. hostility between the two groups of boys decreased.
d. the groups failed to illustrate the ingroup-outgroup bias expected by Sherif.
54. In the case of the1966 Robbers’ Cave study, how long did it take to increase competition for
resources and subsequent prejudice between the groups?
a. One day
b. A few days
c. Two weeks
d. A month
55. _______________ theory suggests we may learn our prejudicial behaviors and attitudes
from role models in our environment.
a. Realistic group conflict
b. Group identity
c. Social learning
d. Relative deprivation
56. Jessica handed her mom a list of kids she wanted to invite to her birthday party. After the
invitations were mailed, she realized her mom neglected to send the invitations to her
African American friends. According to ____________ theory, Jessica may learn prejudicial
attitudes from her mother.
a. realistic group conflict
b. group identity
c. social learning
d. relative deprivation
57. Sometimes, prejudice is related to the perception that others have more wealth,
opportunities, status, etc., than you. This is known as
a. realistic group conflict.
b. group identity.
c. social learning.
d. relative deprivation.
58. Lorie was excited about her upcoming raise at work until she heard that one of the other
technicians received a larger raise than she. This perception that her coworker has more
wealth or opportunities than she is also known as
a. relative deprivation.
b. group identity.
c. social learning.
d. realistic group conflict.
59. Relative deprivation leads to prejudice because the target of the frustration associated with
the perceived inequality becomes a(n)
a. scapegoat.
b. ingroup.
c. catalyst.
d. stereotype.
60. ____________ is the unfair treatment of a person or group solely on the basis of their group
membership.
a. Stereotyping
b. Prejudice
c. Discrimination
d. Alienation
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61. The manager of the new shoe store at the mall refused to hire any teenagers just because of
their age. This is an example of
a. stereotyping.
b. prejudice.
c. preferential treatment of teens.
d. discrimination.
62. One way discrimination can be unrelated to prejudice is if
a. we hire individuals based on laws prohibiting discriminatory behavior even if we are
prejudiced.
b. we knowingly hire from just one type of people.
c. we offer preferential treatment to individuals protected by discrimination laws.
d. we fail to hire based on credentials and hire employees based on race.
63. In a study by Crocker and colleagues (Crocker, Joekl, Testa & Major, 1991), African
American college students completed a questionnaire about themselves and were told that a
Caucasian student would evaluate their information either with knowledge about the
participant’s race or with no knowledge. When participants thought their race was unknown
to the evaluator,
a. they disregarded all feedback information and instead asked the experimenter for
feedback.
b. only negative feedback was influential, and positive feedback was ignored.
c. both positive and negative feedback influenced participants’ self-esteem in predictable
ways (i.e., positive feedback increased self-esteem and negative feedback decreased
self-esteem).
d. positive feedback and negative feedback influenced participants’ self-esteem in
unpredictable ways (i.e., positive feedback decreased self-esteem and negative feedback
was disregarded).
64. In a study by Crocker and colleagues (Crocker, Joekl, Testa & Major, 1991), African
American college students completed a questionnaire about themselves and were told that a
Caucasian student would evaluate their information either with knowledge about the
participant’s race or with no knowledge. When participants thought their race was known to
the evaluator,
a. they disregarded all feedback information and instead asked the experimenter for
feedback.
b. only negative feedback was influential, and positive feedback was ignored.
c. both positive and negative feedback influenced participants’ self-esteem in predictable
ways (i.e., positive feedback increased self-esteem and negative feedback decreased
self-esteem).
d. positive feedback and negative feedback influenced participants’ self-esteem in
unpredictable ways (i.e., positive feedback decreased self-esteem and negative feedback
was disregarded).
65. Compared to those who do not believe they are discriminated against, people who perceive
themselves to be the target of discrimination feel _________ personal control over their
lives (Ruggiero & Taylor, 1997).
a. the same
b. no
c. greater
d. less
66. Although many women acknowledge that gender bias and a wage differential in the United
States exist, those same women report they have experienced personal discrimination at a
_____________ rate to the national average (Crosby, Pufall, Snyder, O’Connell, & Whalen,
1989).
a. similar
b. lesser
c. greater
d. increasing
67. ___________ occurs when an individual’s identity is heavily based on a characteristic for
which there are strong stereotypes, and as a result, he or she has a heightened awareness of
that stereotype, as well as the possibility of it occurring.
a. Realistic group conflict
b. Social learning
c. Sereotypification
d. Stereotype threat
68. Maria is keenly aware that others stereotype Italians from New York as too loud and
boisterous. As a result, she monitors her behavior closely in public situations. Her fear that
others may perceive her as a stereotypical Italian is also known as
a. realistic group conflict.
b. social learning.
c. stereotypification.
d. stereotype threat.
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69. In Steele’s 1997 study on race and academic performance, he administered a difficult
academic test to black and white students. Some students were told it was a lab test, while
others were told it was a test of academic ability. Which of the following best describes the
outcome of this study?
a. Individuals in both conditions performed poorly regardless of their race.
b. White students performed better than black students regardless of which testing
condition they were assigned.
c. Black students performed better than white students regardless of which testing
condition they were assigned.
d. When told the test was a lab test, there were no racial differences in performance; when
told it was a test of academic ability, there were racial differences in performance.
70. In a study examining stereotype threat prevention (Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999),
researchers administered a difficult math test to both men and women. Some students were
told that males and females performed equally well on this test, and others were told that
there were gender differences in scores on the test. Which of the following best describes the
outcome of this study?
a. Individuals in both conditions performed poorly regardless of their sex.
b. Female students performed similar to males in the no gender difference condition and
performed more poorly than males in the gender difference condition.
c. Males and female performed well regardless of experimental condition.
d. The stereotype threat actually decreased in the gender difference condition, rather than
the no gender difference conditions.
71. One way to overcome prejudice is the use of a(n) _____________ goal or a goal shared by
conflicting groups that can only be attained if the groups work together.
a. pentultimate
b. superordinate
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c. overwhelming
d. social contact
72. In Sherif’s Robbers’ Cave study, after intergroup hostility had been firmly established, the
researchers began introducing goals that could only be accomplished when both groups
worked together. Examples included renting a film and pulling a truck out of the ditch.
These tasks are also known as _____________ goals.
a. pentultimate
b. superordinate
c. overwhelming
d. social contact
73. Aronson (1978) developed the ________ classroom where students work together to learn
rather than complete against each other for academic success.
a. jigsaw
b. superordinate
c. interactive
d. social contact
74. Jeff and Sergio are working on an in-class project with other students in their science class.
Both Jeff and Sergio were in the original experts group and are now sharing what they know
with other groups. At the end of the assignment, all students will have learned the complete
lesson. This is an example of a(n) _________ group.
a. social contact
b. superordinate
c. interactive
d. jigsaw
75. Devine suggests we can change our prejudices by ____________ when we come in contact
with an object of our prejudice.
a. remaining in contact with the person
b. consciously activating our stereotype and challenging it
c. overlooking differences
d. finding similarities