Chapter 7
Prejudice: Foundations, Causes, Effects, and Remedies
Test Bank
1. According to cross-cultural research on the key factors that contribute to prejudice, although
some factors are probably unavoidable, others can be
a. examined.
b. demonstrated.
c. overcome.
d. inevitable.
2. ____________ is the idea that we develop a bias favoring our own group over other groups
in order to maintain positive self-esteem.
a. Esteem enhancement
b. Social identity theory
c. Group membership inflation
d. Solidarity
3. Morgan perceives her cheerleading group as significantly better at stunts, even though their
team came in second in the championships. Morgan’s bias for her own team illustrates the
concept of
a. esteem enhancement.
b. social identity theory.
c. group membership inflation.
d. solidarity.
4. According to social identity theory, liking our own group more than other groups contributes
to higher
a. IQ scores.
b. levels of individualism.
c. levels of personal denial.
d. self-esteem.
5. In Tajfel’s (1971) research on nominal groups, being labeled as “underestimators” and
“overestimators” was enough to establish
a. intragroup conflict.
b. individualism.
c. ingroup bias.
d. plagiarism.
6. Favoring others with whom we identify over those whom we perceive as different is also
known as
a. group preference.
b. ingroup bias.
c. outgroup stereotype.
d. group bond.
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7. Shannon had the choice to room with a seventh-grade girl at camp who had the same interest
in horseback riding as she or another girl whose interest was in canoeing. Shannon’s choice
of the girl who liked horseback riding is an example of
a. group preference.
b. ingroup bias.
c. outgroup stereotype.
d. group bond.
8. In Tajfel’s (1971) research, individuals labeled as “underestimators” and “overestimators”
responded to other “underestimator” and “overestimator” participants by
a. awarding more points to individuals with the same group label as themselves.
b. awarding more points to individuals with a different group label than themselves.
c. awarding points equally across other participating groups.
d. awarding points based on criteria other than the group label.
9. Ingroup bias becomes stronger when our group affiliation is based on factors which are
meaningful to our
a. group membership.
b. situation.
c. families.
d. self-concept.
10. Outgroup bias involves
a. kicking individuals out of current groups.
b. downgrading others who are different or not a part of your group.
c. remembering more information about members of other groups than members of your
own group.
d. caring more about members of other groups as compared to members of your own.
11. Ingroup and outgroup bias is beneficial from an evolutionary perspective because they
promote
a. conflict among groups.
b. bonds among people in the same group.
c. diversity within groups.
d. prejudice and discrimination.
12. Individuals who identify with multiple and diverse groups exhibit ______, whereas people
with social identities connected to fewer and more similar groups exhibit
a. less ethnocentrism; more ethnocentrism.
b. more individualism; more collectivism.
c. more outgroup bias; less outgroup bias.
d. less outgroup bias; more outgroup bias.
13. _____________ is our tendency to see the world through the lenses of our own culture.
a. Egocentrism
b. Evaluation
c. Ostracism
d. Ethnocentrism
14. John has a difficult time trying new foods and is especially resistant to trying foods from
other countries. “It doesn’t taste the same as our food. They use different spices, ingredients,
you know.” John’s perspective toward food from other countries is an example of
a. egocentrism.
b. evaluation.
c. ostracism.
d. ethnocentrism.
15. According to Matsumoto, there are two types of ethnocentrism: _____________ and
a. temporary; permanent.
b. childhood onset; adult onset.
c. specific; universal.
d. flexible; inflexible.
16. ____________ ethnocentrism involves judging others as wrong simply because they are
different.
a. Temporary
b. Flexible
c. Specific
d. Inflexible
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17. ____________ ethnocentrism involves recognizing our tendency toward ethnocentrism and
trying to understand and/or empathize with the norms of different cultures.
a. Temporary
b. Flexible
c. Specific
d. Inflexible
18. Al’s refusal to try sushi because all fish should be cooked “just like Americans do” is an
example of ___________ ethnocentrism.
a. temporary
b. flexible
c. specific
d. inflexible
19. ____________ ethnocentrism was at work when Avery surprised her husband by cooking
traditional recipes from his Indian heritage.
a. Temporary
b. Flexible
c. Specific
d. Inflexible
20. According to Matsumoto, ethnocentrism is a byproduct of our upbringing because
a. it is genetic.
b. as we grow up in society, we learn the expected behaviors, beliefs, and values that are
typical within that society.
c. we are always unaware of its presence.
d. it prevents us from “getting caught up” in the rules of another culture and forsaking our
own culture.
21. The key to avoiding inflexible ethnocentrism lies in our ___________ our own
ethnocentrism.
a. acceptance of
b. resistance to
c. awareness of
d. willingness to ignore
22. In contrast to an American woman showing her hair, the custom for Muslim women is to
wear a ________ or scarf to cover their hair.
a. fedora
b. veil
c. baseball cap
d. hijab
23. Which of the following is the best specific way to develop flexible ethnocentrism?
a. Accept your own culture.
b. Resist learning about other cultures.
c. Ignore differences in others.
d. Spend time with someone who seems different from you.
24. A generalization about a group of people that assumes the members of the group share
common characteristics is a(n)
a. prototype.
b. stereotype.
c. assessment.
d. value.
25. Beth was surprised to hear the John was in a fraternity. “I thought fraternity guys spent
every night drinking beer and chasing women. You are a 4.0 student, not a party boy.”
Beth’s difficulty in believing John’s fraternity membership stems from her ____________
about fraternity members.
a. prototype
b. ingroup bias
c. assessment
d. stereotype
26. When asked about stereotypes related to groups to which we belong, we tend to remember
___________ stereotypes.
a. positive
b. negative
c. neutral
d. rare
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27. When asked about stereotypes related to college professors, Dr. Long chose the following
descriptions: smart, bookish, helpful, and busy. Because this is a group to which she
belongs, she tends to list ___________ stereotypes.
a. positive
b. negative
c. neutral
d. rare
28. One reason individuals engage in stereotyping is because it is a(n) __________ part of the
thinking process.
a. overgeneralized
b. negative
c. natural
d. rare
29. Because we have a tendency to quickly categorize and classify things, stereotypes serve as
a. schemas.
b. mental shortcuts.
c. specific impressions.
d. time intensive evaluations.
30. Individuals from __________ cultures value relationships over time efficiency.
a. polychronic
b. individualistic
c. high power distance
d. masculine
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31. The _______________ occurs when a person begins to act in a manner consistent with the
expectations placed upon him by others.
a. behavioristic expectation
b. individualistic expectation
c. power distance
d. self-fulfilling prophecy
32. Because Joseph was perceived by other students as the class clown, he began disrupting
class more and more to get laughs from his peers. The other students’ expectations for his
behavior created a(n)
a. self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. individualistic expectation.
c. power distance.
d. behavioristic expectation.
33. Although Samantha studied hard, she had trouble earning grades higher than a C. Her father,
frustrated by her lackluster performance, remarked she would never succeed at this rate.
Samantha soon gave up trying, and her grades slipped from Cs to Ds and Fs. Her behavior is
an example of
a. self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. individualistic expectation.
c. power distance.
d. behavioristic expectation.
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34. Stereotypes persist because we tend to pay more attention to information consistent with our
views rather than contrary to our views. This is also known as a
a. self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. confirmation bias.
c. schematic direction.
d. behavioristic expectation.
35. One example of the confirmation bias is the type of information remembered about ingroup
and outgroup members. Which of the following statements best describes this relationship?
a. We are less likely to remember positive acts conducted by members of our ingroup and
more likely to remember positive acts performed by those in the outgroup.
b. We are equally likely to remember positive and negative acts regardless of ingroup-
outgroup status.
c. We are more likely to remember negative acts conducted by members of our ingroup
and positive acts performed by those in the outgroup.
d. We are more likely to remember positive acts conducted by members of our ingroup
and more likely to remember negative acts performed by those in the outgroup.
36. Sometimes, we assume members of the outgroup are more alike than members of the
ingroup. This is called
a. need for structure.
b. categorizing.
c. outgroup homogeneity effect.
d. outgroup heterogeneity effect.
37. One personal variable related to a person’s tendency to stereotype is his or her need for
predictability and order in life. This is also known as
a. order preference.
b. obsessive compulsive disorder.
c. expectation.
d. need for structure.
38. According to Neuberg and Newsom (1993), people scoring higher on the Personal Need for
Structure scale are
a. less likely to stereotype.
b. find it more difficult to stereotype.
c. more likely to stereotype.
d. equally likely to stereotype as are individuals who score lower on the same scale.
39. When individuals in powerful positions were compared to individuals in less powerful
positions in likelihood of stereotyping, Fiske (1993) found
a. neither group relied on stereotypes.
b. individuals in positions of power were more likely to stereotype people in less powerful
positions than were the less powerful likely to stereotype powerful individuals.
c. compared to less powerful individuals, those in positions of power were less likely to
stereotype.
d. both groups were equally likely to stereotype the other group.
40. Goodwin and Fiske (1993) suggests one reason individuals in powerful positions may
differentially stereotype less powerful counterparts is
a. they have more to lose and are therefore more likely to engage in stereotyping.
b. they have more demands on their time and are therefore more likely to use stereotyping
to maintain cognitive efficiency.
c. stereotyping lower-level managers and secretaries takes more time and increases the
likelihood that supervisors will get to know their employees.
d. they all work in the same office climate.
41. Gracie just won $250 in a raffle. As she was cheerfully walking home from work, she saw a
homeless man and immediately the stereotypical characteristics of down on his luck,
mentally ill, and needy came to mind. According to Stroessner and Mackie (1992), this
would be an example of how people in a ________ mood are more complacent and,
therefore, more likely to engage in stereotyping.
a. bad
b. neutral
c. tearful
d. good
42. Which of the following individuals will be most likely to rely on a stereotype?
a. Austin, who is visiting New York City for the first time and is late for his seminar.
b. Jane, who is returning to New York City for the third time to visit relatives.
c. Justin, who is visiting New York City for the first time on vacation and has all day to
see the city.
d. Danielle, who is returning to New York City for the second time, this time for her
honeymoon.