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41. In white American culture, when we’re talking with someone, and he or she looks away, we
assume the person is
a. hiding something or not interested.
b. behaving respectively.
c. showing interest by thinking more deeply about the conversation.
d. confident in his or her position.
42. Linda became angry when she found out her son had skipped school. When she confronted
him, he looked away. In white American culture, Linda probably interpreted her son’s
behavior as a sign of
a. honesty.
b. interest.
c. sincerity.
d. deception.
43. In Asian cultures, it is _________ to look a potential employer in the eye.
a. common
b. disrespectful
c. respectful
d. necessary
44. Eye contact norms
a. rarely vary across cultures.
b. may vary in formal and informal social interactions.
c. are consistent within cultures in the same country.
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d. of one culture are easily translated into the eye contact norms of another culture.
45. Different cultures have different rules or guidelines governing conversation. These rules are
called
a. rules of contact.
b. speaking rules.
c. interaction guidelines.
d. talking rules.
46. Because talking is a dominant means of contact in the United States, we tend to avoid
conversations with
a. too many words.
b. periods of silence.
c. many interruptions.
d. other people.
47. In the United States, to keep conversation flowing, individuals often rely on _________ such
as “um,” “you know,” and “like” when looking for the right word or phrase.
a. conjunctions
b. filler words
c. connectors
d. spacing words
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48. When it comes to conversation, Asian cultures, as well as Native American cultures, place
great value on
a. talking.
b. silence.
c. filler words.
d. chatter.
49. Junichiro is from Japan and often feels overwhelmed when having a conversation with her
new friend, Angela, who is from the United States. Junichiro probably feels overwhelmed
because in her culture, great value is placed on
a. talking.
b. silence.
c. filler words.
d. chatter.
50. Another example of talking rules involves engaging in general conversation with others in
order to develop rapport before discussing the relevant issue. This general conversation is
also referred to as
a. warm-up.
b. efficient lingo.
c. pre-conversation.
d. small talk.
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51. When it comes to the use of small talk,
a. Americans value its use, whereas Asian, Southern European, and Middle Eastern
cultures value efficiency in conversation.
b. American, Asian, Southern European, and Middle Eastern cultures equally value the use
of small talk in conversation.
c. Americans value efficiency in conversation, especially when it comes to business,
whereas individuals from Asian, Southern European, and Middle Eastern cultures value
the use of small talk before conducting business.
d. Asian, Southern European, and Middle Eastern cultures do not value small talk before
business with acquaintances, but they are more likely to use it with strangers.
52. Which of the following is an example of an individual difference capable of influencing the
perceptions of others?
a. Eye contact
b. Personal space
c. Physical state
d. Talking rules
53. Which of the following is an example of a group difference or cultural factor capable of
influencing our perceptions of others?
a. Physical senses
b. Physical state
c. Physical appearance
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d. Eye contact
54. If you are unsure of another person’s behavior, one way to avoid misjudgments is to use
a. common sense.
b. your own cultural norms.
c. perception checking.
d. nonverbal behaviors.
55. Darren was a few minutes late coming home and noticed a mean look on his wife’s face
when he came in. If he was unsure of why she looked cross and relied on perception
checking, the first step he should take is
a. describe what he noticed to her (in this case, her cross face).
b. say, “I didn’t know if you were angry at me for being a little late or if you had a bad day
with kids or at work.”
c. ask her which interpretation is correct.
d. offer to take her to dinner.
56. The technique of perception checking works best in cultures which rely on ___________
communication.
a. direct
b. indirect
c. subliminal
d. nonverbal
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57. Which of the following strategies is the best for learning a new communication technique?
a. Practice when in a heated argument.
b. Practice only with those for whom you will use this strategy.
c. Practice in hypothetical situations.
d. No practice is necessary.
58. When using perception checking to evaluate ambiguous behavior, the benefit to offering a
couple of different ways you could interpret behavior is it
a. increases your partner’s defensiveness.
b. decreases the likelihood of reaching the truth.
c. conveys concern to your partner as well as acknowledging there could be a simple,
innocent explanation for the behavior.
d. increases the likelihood of confrontation.
59. Dr. Graham thought he noticed one of his students copying answers from another’s exam.
He comments, “I noticed your eyes were wandering. Were you reading another student’s
response or thinking of your own?” This question refers to which part of the perception
checking model?
a. Describe a person’s behavior.
b. Offer a couple of different ways you could interpret behavior.
c. Ask other person which interpretation is correct.
d. Substitute your interpretations for facts.
60. According to your text, memory is subject to errors when we try to retrieve information and
when we try to ________ information.
a. apply
b. encode
c. remember
d. recall
61. Meredith is studying for an exam, but doesn’t understand the material she is reading. If she
is confused about the information, she will have trouble ________, which will lead to
difficulty remembering.
a. encoding
b. recalling
c. recognizing
d. relearning
62. The memory process has three stages: encoding, ________, and retrieval.
a. storage
b. assessment
c. evaluation
d. articulation
63. ________ is a timeframe of about 30 seconds during which we either use and dispose of
information or work to retain it.
a. Encoding
b. Sensory memory
c. Working memory
d. Long-term memory
64. The ________ model of memory suggests that we learn information through a process
involving sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory.
a. universal
b. three-box
c. process
d. situational
65. Carson smelled the best banana bread at her friend Allison’s house. Encoding information
from her immediate experiences is known as __________ memory.
a. sensory
b. working
c. long-term
d. three-box
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66. According to the three-box model of memory, _________ memory is 1 to 2 seconds,
whereas _________ memory is about 30 seconds.
a. working; long-term
b. long-term; sensory
c. working; short-term
d. sensory; working
67. According to Hamilton, a set of beliefs and expectations we have about certain concepts,
events, and situations is also known as a
a. prediction.
b. schema.
c. scaffold.
d. concept.
68. Which of the following describes how schemas can influence encoding?
a. By modifying the way we interpret or perceive a situation
b. By interfering with how we recall information
c. By interfering with our organization of the information
d. By overriding the sensory input in a situation
69. Schemas can influence retrieval of information from memory by
a. influencing how we encode information.
b. interfering with storage of information.
c. decreasing the number of familiar items remembered.
d. filling in gaps of what we recall from memory.
70. Loftus’ (1974) study found that witnesses increased the estimated speed of a car in a crash
by 20 percent when
a. they were told the car was a sports car.
b. they were asked whether the cars smashed or hit one another.
c. they watched the videos of the crash multiple times.
d. they watched the video with the sound muted.
71. Scott and Janice took a trip to Hawaii for their anniversary. When Janice’s mom called to
see how their vacation was going, Janice told her that it was nice, but she was annoyed with
all the other tourists and wished they had picked a different time of year for their trip. A
couple months after they returned home, Janice was telling all her friends and relatives what
a wonderful time they’d had on their vacation. Janice’s behavior is an example of
a. a schema.
b. rosy retrospection.
c. positive reconstruction.
d. negative reconstruction.
72. The tendency to forget minor annoyances and remember pleasures of a positive experience
more vividly over time is referred to as
a. positive reconstruction.
b. negative reconstruction.
c. a schema.
d. rosy retrospection.
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73. Holmberg & Holmes (1994) surveyed married couples just after marriage and then again
after two years. What was the outcome of this study?
a. Couples whose marriages were going well remembered having problems as newlyweds,
while couples who were experiencing marital difficulties remembered being happy as
newlyweds.
b. Couples whose marriages were going well remembered being very happy as
newlyweds, while couples who were experiencing marital difficulties remembered
having problems even as newlyweds.
c. It didn’t matter whether the marriage was going well, as all participants remembered
being happy as newlyweds.
d. It didn’t matter whether the marriage was going well, as all participants remembered
having problems as newlyweds.
74. Jeff and Susan have just celebrated their five-year anniversary. Susan’s friend Sarah
comments to Susan at the reception that she has noticed that Susan and Jeff act the same
now as they did when they first got married. She goes on to ask Susan if their whole
marriage has been this way or if they ever experienced difficulty in their relationship. What
answer would you expect from Susan based on the study by Holmberg & Holmes (1994)?
a. As newlyweds, they did experience some problems in their marriage.
b. They have experienced marital problems which have weakened their marriage, but they
continue to work through their problems.
c. She remembers the happy times when they were first married even though money was
tight.
d. She finds it difficult to remember happy or sad times from her early marriage.
75. We tend to modify our recollections of people as our experiences with them
a. change.
b. remain the same.
c. become more frequent.
d. decrease.