39. People are more likely to do favors again when their favors are followed by thank-yous than
when followed by yelling. This is an example of
a. the law of negation.
b. reward.
c. the law of effect.
d. politeness.
40. Grant helped Morgan by taking out the trash at her apartment on pickup day. She thanked
him for his assistance, increasing the likelihood that he would do it again. In this case,
Morgan’s thank-you is an example of a
a. positive reinforcement.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. positive punishment.
d. negative punishment.
41. Grant helped Morgan by taking out the trash at her apartment on pickup day. He found that
his assistance reduced her stress level and made her less likely to get upset at him.
Therefore, he continued to take out her trash. In this case, Morgan’s reduction of stress and
anger toward Grant is an example of a
a. positive reinforcement.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. positive punishment.
d. negative punishment.
42. Meagan finds that studying for a test reduces her anxiety toward the test. As a result, she
continues to study for upcoming exams. This reduction in anxiety is an example of
a. positive reinforcement.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. positive punishment.
d. negative punishment.
43. Austin chose not to study for his first psychology exam and received a failing grade. As a
result, he studied for the second exam and even attended study groups. For Austin, receiving
a failing grade on the first exam is an example of a
a. positive reinforcement.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. positive punishment.
d. negative punishment.
44. Austin chose not to study for his first psychology exam and received a failing grade. As a
result, his parents reduced the amount of money they were sending him for personal
expenses. This reduction is money is an example of a
a. positive reinforcement.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. positive punishment.
d. negative punishment.
45. The major difference between negative punishment and negative reinforcement is negative
punishment ______________ and negative reinforcement
a. punishes a behavior by taking away something; encourages a behavior by taking
something away.
b. punishes a behavior by adding something; encourages a behavior by taking something
away.
c. punishes a behavior by adding something; punishes a behavior by taking something
away.
d. rewards a behavior by punishing another; rewards a behavior by taking something
away.
46. Ten-year-old Nora borrowed her mother’s scissors without asking permission. As a result,
she was spanked. When 6-year-old Angela played with Nora’s doll without asking, Nora
responded by hitting her. This example best represents which problem with physical
punishment?
a. It increases the chance of a behavior being repeated.
b. If punishment is physical, it may teach individuals that the appropriate response to
misbehavior is violence.
c. It teaches individuals to avoid getting caught, rather than eliminating the behavior.
d. It doesn’t teach individuals why the behavior was wrong.
47. In contrast to using punishment to stop behaviors, most experts believe in looking for
positive behaviors and ___________ them.
a. overlooking
b. avoiding
c. attending to
d. reinforcing
48. When considering why people do what they do, psychoanalytic approaches are to
behaviorist approaches as
a. punishments are to defense mechanisms.
b. internal programming is to avoiding conflict.
c. resolving unconscious conflicts is to external programming.
d. external programming is to resolving unconscious conflicts.
49. Compared to children in the control condition, children who watched adult models hit
inflatable dolls were
a. less likely to respond with similar behavior when given access to the inflatable dolls.
b. more likely to respond with similar behavior when given access to the inflatable dolls.
c. more likely to respond with similar behavior even when inflatable dolls were not
available.
d. equally likely to play with other items even when presented with the inflatable dolls.
50. Bandura was able to determine that the behavior was observed from the model rather than
typical play associated with the toy because
a. all children played with the Bobo doll in a generally aggressive way.
b. children playing with the Bobo doll used the exact phrases and actions as did the adult
model.
c. only children not exposed to the adult model played with the Bobo doll in an aggressive
way.
d. none of the children played with the Bobo doll.
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51. To determine whether the children would respond to frustration using the aggressive
behavior they had seen the model perform, Bandura created frustration by
a. allowing all children to play with the Bobo doll.
b. allowing children access to the best toys and then taking the toys away.
c. allowing only those children exposed to the aggressive model access to toys.
d. refusing access to the Bobo doll to children participating in the study.
52. In Bandura’s study on modeling aggression, compared to children in the experimental
condition, children in the control condition
a. were more likely to play with the Bobo doll.
b. were more likely to play with other toys rather than the Bobo doll.
c. were equally likely to play with the Bobo doll.
d. were more influenced by the model’s aggressive behavior.
53. ____________ is the process by which we learn behaviors by watching others engaged in
them.
a. Operant conditioning
b. Classical conditioning
c. Defense mechanism
d. Observational learning
54. Observational learning or learning behaviors by watching others engaged in them is also
known as
a. modeling.
b. classical conditioning.
c. studying.
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d. operant conditioning.
55. Social learning theorists differ from behaviorists in that social learning theorists
a. only focus on behavior in response to environmental stimuli, and behaviorists focus on
the mental activity that can accompany behavior.
b. are happier people, whereas behaviorists respond negatively to bells in their
environment.
c. focus on the mental activity that can accompany behavior, and behaviorists only focus
on behavior in response to environmental stimuli.
d. believe that most learning occurs in large groups of people.
56. Max doesn’t understand why Sharon refuses to study as much for the psychology exam as
he. Sharon explains that grades just aren’t as important to her. This difference in the
reinforcing power of good grades for Max and Sharon is related to
a. values.
b. prejudice.
c. expectations.
d. cues.
57. Which of the following theories views all humans as potentially good?
a. Psychoanalytic
b. Classical conditioning
c. Operant conditioning
d. Humanistic
58. A person who gets along well with others and offers unconditional positive regard is also
known as a
a. model.
b. reinforce.
c. stimulus person.
d. fully functioning person.
59. Although group projects are difficult for many college students, Dante soon emerged as a
well-liked leader who considered others’ viewpoints even when they were different from his
own. According to Rogers, Dante is
a. an optimist.
b. a fully functioning person.
c. self-actualized.
d. agreeable.
60. Rogers is to Maslow as
a. self-actualization is to self-esteem.
b. self is to others.
c. self-esteem is to self-actualization.
d. others is to self.
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61. ________ occurs when an individual has developed a complete sense of who he or she is,
strengths he or she possesses, and acts in a way consistent with that.
a. Need hierarchy
b. Conditional positive regard
c. Low self-esteem
d. Self-actualization
62. According to Maslow, the most basic needs to be met are
a. safety needs.
b. esteem needs.
c. physiological or biological needs.
d. belongingness needs.
63. Abe is concerned he doesn’t make enough money to feed and house his family. According to
Maslow, Abe’s primary concern is with his ______ needs.
a. physiological
b. safety
c. belongingness
d. esteem
64. Margie commented to her husband, Jake, “I don’t feel as close to you as I did when we first
got married.” According to Maslow, Margie is having trouble meeting her ______ needs.
a. physiological
b. safety
c. belongingness
d. esteem
65. Dr. Grayson was concerned her teaching wasn’t as successful as her colleague’s. To do
better, she started attending teaching seminars and workshops. Attending these classes
should satisfy Dr. Grayson’s ______ needs.
a. physiological
b. safety
c. belongingness
d. esteem
66. Characteristics that predict a person’s behavior consistently across a wide range of situations
are also known as
a. opinions.
b. personality traits.
c. personality states.
d. observations.
67. Sarah is very quiet, whereas Stacy is very outgoing. These differences suggest that Sarah
and Stacy are at different points on the ________ continuum.
a. agreeableness
b. conscientiousness
c. openness to experience
d. extraversion/introversion
68. The continuum of the Big Five personality theory that deals with tendency to be spontaneous
or self-disciplined is
a. extraversion/introversion.
b. neuroticism.
c. openness to experience.
d. conscientiousness.
69. ________ is characterized by anxiety, nervousness, self-consciousness, and moodiness.
a. Neuroticism
b. Extroversion
c. Openness
d. Conscientiousness
70. People low in _______ are more conventional, down to earth, and comfortable with
familiarity than are people who are high in this trait.
a. extraversion
b. neuroticism
c. openness to experience
d. conscientiousness
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71. Whenever her friends are in trouble, Suzanne can always be counted on to lend a hand.
Suzanne is high in
a. extraversion.
b. neuroticism.
c. openness to experience.
d. conscientiousness.
72. Sawyer is disappointed her boyfriend has failed to help her again. He always has good
intentions, but when it comes time to complete the task, he is nowhere to be found. Sawyer’s
boyfriend is low in
a. extraversion.
b. neuroticism.
c. openness to experience.
d. conscientiousness.
73. People high in _______ are described as kind, sincere, courteous, helpful, patient, honest,
and cooperative.
a. introversion
b. neuroticism
c. openness to experience
d. agreeableness
74. Which personality trait has the biggest effect on marital adjustment for men and women?
a. Extroversion/Introversion
b. Neuroticism
c. Agreeableness
d. Conscientiousness
75. Which of the following traits appears to be an influential factor in marriage for males and
females?
a. Agreeableness
b. Openness
c. Conscientiousness
d. Extraversion